We are waiting for Tina.

Tina is from Italy.

Same thing in different sentences.

D.O.

Subj

.

We are waiting for Tina,We are waiting for Tina, is from Italy.is from Italy.is from Italy.is from Italy.whowho

We are waiting for Tina , is fromItaly.who

We are waiting for Tina, who is from Italy.

This is the main clause.This is the subordinate clause.

Subordinate/Dependent clause

Its meaning is incomplete if we remove the main clause.

Main /independent clause

If we remove the subordinate clause from the sentence, its meaning is still complete.

The two sentences can be linked into one.We use a relative pronoun to substitute the common item and join the two sentences in one.

LINKING WORDSLINKING WORDS

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

WHO / THAT WHICH / THAT WHOSEPREPOSITION

+ WHOM or

+WHICH(Formal)

LINKING WORDSLINKING WORDS

Two types of relative clauses:Two types of relative clauses:Non-Defining

Extra information about a noun in a sentence

The new Brad Pitt film, which I saw last week, is very good.

Use commas Always use a relative

pronoun: who/whom ,which

whose, where, when

Defining

Essential information about a noun in a sentence

He is the man (who) I told you about.

No commas Can omit pronoun if it is

not the SUBJECT of the relative clause

That (informal) can replace which / who/ when / why but not where, whose or whom

Defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses = No commas= No commas

It It cannotcannot be left out of the sentence or the be left out of the sentence or the meaning of the sentence is incompletemeaning of the sentence is incomplete::

That’s the bookThat’s the book that I read last monththat I read last month. .

* * That’s the book.That’s the book. (this sentence is (this sentence is incomplete)incomplete)

Defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses = No commas= No commas You can You can omitomit the pronoun if it is the the pronoun if it is the

OBJECT of the relative clause (if there is OBJECT of the relative clause (if there is a a SUBJECTSUBJECT and a and a VERBVERB after the after the relative pronoun relative pronoun ))

It’ That’s the book I read yesterdayIt’ That’s the book I read yesterday..

The boy The boy whowho liveslives next door is Canadian. next door is Canadian.

We can never omit WHOSE and WHEREWe can never omit WHOSE and WHERE

Non-defining relative Non-defining relative clauses = with commasclauses = with commasThis kind of clause gives This kind of clause gives additional informationadditional information about a person or thing. about a person or thing.

It It still makes sense withoutstill makes sense without the relative clause: the relative clause:

My neighbour, My neighbour, who comes from Turkeywho comes from Turkey, is , is very noisy. very noisy. My neighbour is very noisy. My neighbour is very noisy.

Formal / InformalFormal / Informal

Non-DefiningNon-Defining relative clauses (with relative clauses (with commas) are more common in commas) are more common in written written EnglishEnglish because they are quite formal. because they are quite formal.

In In spoken Englishspoken English we would probably use we would probably use two sentences.two sentences.

Relative pronounsRelative pronounsPossessive: whosePossessive: whose It takes the place of It takes the place of his, her, theirhis, her, their or a noun or a noun

in possessive case in possessive case ‘s.‘s.

Mike, Mike, whose whose sister lives in Toronto,sister lives in Toronto,

is travelling to England this summer. is travelling to England this summer. ((Mike’s Mike’s sister lives in Toronto).sister lives in Toronto).