I

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAFETY CULTURE AND SAFETY

COMMITMENT AT WESTSTAR AVIATION SERVICES IN KOTA BAHARU

By

ABD LATIF BIN SAID

806355

A Project Paper is submitted to the School of Business Management, Universiti

Utara Malaysia, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Master of Science

(Occupational Safety and Health Management)

II

DECLARATION

The author is responsible for the accuracy of the information provided in this Project Paper.

The author bears full responsibility for the checking whether material submitted is

subjected to copyright or ownership right. University Utara Malaysia (UUM) does not

accept any liability for the accuracy of such comment, report and other technical and factual

information and the copyright or ownership right claims.

The author declares that this Project Paper is his own work and that none of this Project

Paper has been previously submitted for any academic Masters Program. All sources

quoted have been acknowledged in the references.

Date : …………………………… Student Signature : ……………………..

III

KOLEJ PERNIAGAAN

(College of Business)

Universiti Utara Malaysia

PERAKUAN KERJA KERTAS PROJEK

SSMZ 6699 CONSULTATION

(Certification of Project Paper)

Saya, mengaku bertandatangan, memperakukan bahawa

(I, the undersigned, certified that)

ABD LATIF BIN SAID (806355)

Calon untuk Ijazah sarjana (Candidate for the degree of)

MASTER OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT

telah mengemukakan kertas projek yang bertajuk (has presented his/her project paper of

the following title)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAFETY CULTURE AND SAFETY

COMMITMENT AT WESTSTAR AVIATION SERVICES IN KOTA BAHARU.

Seperti yang tercatat di muka surat tajuk dan kulit kertas project

(as it appears on the title page and front cover of the project paper)

Bahawa kertas projek tersebut boleh diterima dari segi bentuk serta kandungan dan

meliputi bidang ilmu dengan memuaskan.(that the project paper is acceptable in the form

and content and that a satisfactory knowledge of the field is covered).

Nama Mentor : DR FADZLI SHAH BIN AB AZIZ

(Name of Mentor)

Tandatangan : ______________________________

(Signature)

Tarikh :

(Date)

IV

PERMISSION TO USE

In presenting this Project Paper as partial requirement for the Masters of Science

(Occupational Safety and Health) in Universiti Utara Malaysia, I agree that the Universiti

may make it freely for inspection. I further agree that the permission for copying of this

Project Paper in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purpose may be granted by

my supervisor, or in his absence, by the Dean of School of Business Management. It is

understood that any copy or publication or use of this Project Paper or parts there of for

financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood

that due recognition shall be given to me and to Universiti Utara Malaysia for any scholarly

use which may be made of any material from the Project Paper.

Request for permission to copy or make use of the material in this Project Paper in whole

or in part should be address to :

Dean of School of Business Management

Universiti Utara Malaysia

06100, UUM Sintok

Kedah Darul Aman

V

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to determine the relationship betIen safety culture and safety

commitment as Ill as level of safety culture and safety commitment of employees in Iststar

Aviation Services Sdn Bhd (WASSB). This survey was distributed among 200 respondents

at WASSB by using Loughbourough university safety climate assessment tool kit (2003)

to measure safety culture and safety commitment questionnaire developed by Abd Aziz

(2008). 140 valid responses was received, all the results of measurement Ire then analysed

statistically using SPSS version 22, with descriptive frequencies on demography,

correlations and regression analysis. The findings indicated that the level of safety culture

and safety commitment is moderately high. Result also indicate that safety culture and

safety commitment was partially mediated by employee commitment. Further suggestions

Ire discussed according to the findings to complete the conclusions and recommendations.

VI

ABSTRAK

Kajian telah dilakukan untuk menentukan kaitan antara budaya keselamatan terhadap

penglibatan keselamatan dan begitu juga kaitan tahap budaya keselamatan terhadap

penglibatan keselamatan olih pekerja Iststar Aviation Services Sdn Bhd (WASSB). Kaijian

ini telah dilakukan kepada 200 pekerja dalam WASSB dengan menggunakan alat

mengukur budaya keselamatan university Loughbourough (2003) bagi mengukur budaya

keselamatan dan penglibatan keselamatan dalam soalselidik yang dibentuk olih Abd Aziz

(2008). 140 maalum balas yang layak telah diperolihi, semua keputusan penilaian statistic

telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan SPSS versi 22, penjelasan setiap tahap telah

dianalisa menurut demografi, yang ada kaitan dan tiada kaitan antaranya. Keputusan

menunjukan tahap budaya keselamatan dan penglibatan keselamatan adalah agak tinggi.

Keputusan juga menunjukan budaya keselamatan dan penglibatan keselamatan olih

pekerja adalah separuh tinggi. Cadagan kajian yang selanjutnya akan dibincangkan untuk

mengemukan penemuan dan kesimpulan bagi melengkapkan pengkajian ini.

VII

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, II would like to thank to my supervisor of this project, Dr. Fadzli Shah

Bin Abd. Aziz for the valuable guidance and advice. He inspired me greatly to work in this

project. I also would like to thank him for showing me some examples that related to the

topic of our project which helped to strengthen my humble Project Paper. Besides, I would

like to thank the authority of Graduate School of Business Management, Universiti Utara

Malaysia (UUM) for providing me with a good environment and facilities to complete this

project. Also, I would like to take this opportunity to thank the School of Business

Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) for offering this program, Master of

Science (Occupational Safety and Health Management). It gave me an opportunity to

participate and learn about the OSH management. Grateful acknowledgment is also

extended to Weststar Aviation Services Sdn Bhd. which provides me valuable information

and cooperation in the feedback questionnaire that was being distributed. I would also like

to extend my appreciation to Weststar Aviation Services CEO, General Tan Sri

Muhammad Ismail Jamaluddin, for his continuous support and cooperation during the

completion of this project.. Finally, an honorable mention goes to my families especially

my beloved mother Habshah Bte Shariff for her valuable advice and support and mostly to

my beloved wife, Siti Mariam Bte Ismail, my son Muhammad Asyraf and Muhammad Adli

, my daughter Nor Diyana and Nur Dayini for being patient to support and sacrifice in order

for me to complete this study. With their help, support and encouragement, , I had faced

challenges while doing this project successfully

VIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

DECLARATION II

CERTIFICATION OF PROJECT PAPER III

PERMISSION TO USE IV

ABSTRACT V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS VIII

LIST OF APPENDICES XII

LIST OF TABLES XII

LIST OF FIGURES XIII

ABBREVIATIONS XIV

IX

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Background of Study 3

1.3 Organization Background 6

1.4 Problem statement 8

1.5 Research Questions 10

1.6 Research Objective 11

1.7 Research Scope 11

1.8 Significance of Research 12

1.9 Organizing Chapter 12

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 14

2.2 Safety Culture 14

2.2.1 Management commitment 17

2.2.2 Communication 20

2.2.3 Priority of safety 20

2.2.4 Safety rule and procedures 21

2.2.5 Supportive environment 21

2.2.6 Employee Involvement 22

2.2.7 Personal priorities and need for safety 22

X

2.2.8 Personal appreciation of risk 23

2.2.9 Physical works environment 24

2.3 Safety Commitment 24

2.3.1 Priority On Safety 28

2.3.2 Compliance Safety Commitment 29

2.3.3 Involvement on safety Commitment 30

2.4 Employee Competency 30

2.5 Theory of Accident Causation 31

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLGY

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Conceptual Framework 35

3.3 Research Design 36

3.4 Operational Definition 37

3.4.1 Safety Culture 38

3.4.2 Safety Commitment 39

3.4.3 Employee Competency 40

3.5. Research Instruments 40

3.5.1 Instruments of safety commitment 41

3.5.2 Instruments of safety culture 43

3.5.3 Instruments of employee competency 47

3.5.4 Data collection by survey 47

XI

3.6 Population And Sampling 49

3.7 Data Collection 49

3.8 Pilot Test And Reliability Test 50

3.9 Data Analysis 51

3.9.1 Data Screening 56

3.10 Summary 56

4.0 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 57

4.2 Response Rate 57

4.3 Profile of Respondents 58

4.4 Reliability Analysis 63

4.5 Statistic of Variable 66

4.6 Correlation Test 67

4.7 Summary 67

5.0 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 69

5.2 Discussion On The Findings Torwards

Research Objectives 71

XII

5.3 Implications To Managers And Organizations 73

5.4 Implications For Future Researchers 75

5.5 Limitation of the Study 76

5.6 Conclusion 77

REFERENCES 81

LIST OF APPENDICES 90

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.2: Accident from year 2010 to 2014 4

Table 3.1: Independent Variable in the studies 38

Table 3.2: Dependent Variable in the studies 39

Table 3.3: Questionnaires on Commitment 41

Table 3.4: Questionnaires on Culture 44

Table 3.5: Questionnaires on Competency 47

Table 3.6 Items in the Survey Feedback Form 48

Table 3.7 Number of Survey Feedback Form Distributed and Collected 49

Table 3.8: Reliability of Research items 51

Table 4.1: Response Rate 58

Table 4.2: Distribution of sample based on Gender 58

Table 4.3: Distribution of sample based on Age 59

Table 4.4: Distribution of sample based on Status 59

XIII

Table 4.5: Distribution of sample based on Education 60

Table 4.6: Distribution of sample based on Department 61

Table 4.7: Distribution of sample based on Job Category 61

Table 4.8: ANOVA (Job Categories) 62

Table 4.9: Distribution of sample based on Employment Status 63

Table 4.10: α-cronbach for Safety Culture 63

Table 4.11: α-cronbach for Safety Commitment 64

Table 4.12: α-cronbach for Safety Competency 64

Table 4.13: Means of the response based on Variables 66

Table 4.14: Correlation 67

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.2: Pie chart on Aircraft Accidents 5

Figure 2.1: Safety Culture Model 32

Figure 2.2: Geller Total Safety Culture 33

Figure 2.3: A systems Model of Safety Culture 34

Figure 3.1 : Research Conceptual Framework 36

Figure 3.2: Likert Rating Scale 48

Figure 3.3: Negative Correlations 52

Figure 3.4: No Correlations 53

XIV

Figure 3.5: Positive Correlations 53

Figure 3.6: r=1; Perfect Positive Correlation 54

Figure 3.7: r = 0; No Correlation 54

Figure 3.8: r = -1; Perfect Negative Correlation 55

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS

CEO Chief Executive Officer

DCA Department of Civil Aviation

DOSH Department of Occupational Safety and Health

HR Human Resource

HRM Human Resource Management

HSES Health, Safety, Environmental and Security

ILO International Labour Organization

PETRONAS Petroliam Nasional Berhad

SRP Sijil Rendah Pelajaran

SPM Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia

STPM Sijil Tinggi Perlajaran Malaysia

XV

WASSB Weststar Aviation Services Sendirian Berhad

SOCSO Social Security Organization (Malaysia)

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

In the past two decades there has been an increasing interest in the concept of safety culture

as a mean of reducing potential accidents at the workplace. Notwithstanding its recent

appearance in the field of safety management, safety culture is gaining acceptance due to

its critical role for improving organizational safety performance. Safety culture influences

not only accident rates, but also on work methods, absenteeism, quality, productivity,

commitment, loyalty and work satisfaction (Teo and Feng, 2008).

Teo and Fang (2008) explain that safety culture is a concept defined at the group level or

higher. The concept refers to the shared values among all members in the organization who

are concerned with safety issues at the workplace. It relates to the safety management

system at the upper and lower level and emphasizes everyone’s participation to practice

and promote safety. It reflects the physical behavior of employees, willingness of

organization for continual improvement in safety and the reward system for the individual

safety performance.

The studies had shown that between 5 to 15 percent of accident at the workplace were

caused by inherent job hazards and 85 to 95 percent of accidents were caused by the failure

The contents of

the thesis is for

internal user

only

81

REFERRENCES

Abd Aziz, F. S. (2008). Safety culture and commitment to safety in the Malaysian railway

system. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham, UK.

Adams-Roy, J. E., Knap, M. A., & Barling, J. (1995). Commitment to occupational health

and safety in management training.

Allen, N.J. & Meyer, J.P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective,

continuance and normative commitment to the organisation. Journal of

Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human

decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.

Arfanis, K., Shillito, J. and Smith,A.F. (2011). Risking safety or safely risking? Healthcare

professionals’ understanding of risk-taking in everyday work. Psychology, Health

& Medicine Vol. 16, No. 1, January 2011, pp. 66–73.

Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., & Williams, T. A. (2000). Quantitative methods for

business (8th ed.). Dallas, Texas: South-Western Educational Publishing.

Barling, J. & Hutchinson. (2000). Commitment vs. control-based safety practices, safety

reputation and perceived safety climate. Canadian Journal Administrative Sciences,

17(1), 76-84.

Berge, Z., Verneil, M., Berge, N., Davis, L., & Smith, D. (2002).The increasing scope of

training and development competency. Benchmarking: An International

Journal,9(1), 43-61.

Boeing. (2014), Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Aircraft Accidents, Worldwide

Operations 2010-2014. Boeing Commercial Airplane Group. Seattle, W.A.

Becker, H.S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology,

66, 32-40.

Becker, T. E. & Randall, D.M. (1995). The multidimensional view of commitment and the

theory of reasoned action: A comparative evaluation. Journal of Management,

21(4), 617-638.

Brown, M.E. (1969). Identification and some conditions of the organisational involvement.

Administrative Science Quarterly, 14 (3), 346-355.

82

Bowander, B. (1987). The Bhopal accident. Technological Forecasting and Social hange

32 (2), 169–182.

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor (2006). Industry injury and illness

data. Retrieved June 6, 2015, from

http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshsum.htm#06summary%20News%20Release.

Cascio J. & Baughn K.T. (2000). Health, safety and ISO 14001. Manufacturing

Engineering, 124(5), 126-135.

Chai, W. (2005). The impact of safety culture on safety performance: A case study of a

construction company. Apublished doctoral dissertation thesis. Department of

Instructional System Technology, Indiana Universiti, USA.

Chen, C.F., & Chen, S.C. (2014). Measuring the effects of Safety Management System

practices, morality leadership and self-efficacy on pilots’ safety behaviors: Safety

motivation as a mediator. Safety Science, 62 (2014) 376–385.

Cheyne, A., Cox, S., Oliver, A., & Tomás, J. M. (1998). Modelling safety climate in the

prediction of levels of safety activity. Work & Stress, 12(3), 255-271.

Cheyne, A., Cox, S., Oliver, A., & Tomas, M. (1998). Modeling safety climate in

prediction of level of safety activity. Work and Stress, 12(3), 255-271.

Choudhry, R. M., Fang, D., & Mohamed, S. (2007). The nature of safety culture: A survey

of the state-of-the-art. Safety science, 45(10), 993-1012.

Chouhan, T.R. (2005). The unfolding of Bhopal disaster. Journal of Loss Prevention in the

Process Industries, 18 (4–6), 205–208.

Clarke, S. (1998). Organisational factors affecting the accident reporting of train drivers.

Work and Stress, 12, 285-292.

Clarke, S. (1999). Perceptions of organisational safety: implications for the development

of safety culture. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 20, 185-198.

Clinton, V.O., Strong, J.S. & Zorn, C.K. (2013), Analyzing Aviation Safety: Problems,

Challenges, and Opportunities. Research In Transport Economics, Vol. 43, pp148-

164.

Cohen, A. (1977). Factors in successful safety programs. Journal of Safety Research

9,168–178.

http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshsum.htm#06summary%20News%20Release

83

Cohen, H. H., & Cleveland, R. J. (1983). Safety program practices in record-holding

plants. Professional Safety, 28(3), 26-33.

Cohen, A., Smith, M., Cohen, H.H. (1975). Safety Program Practices in High Versus Low

Accident Rate Companies. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 75-185. National

Institute of Occupational Health and Safety, Cincinnati, OH.

Cooper, D. (1998). Improving safety culture: A practical guide. England: John Wiley and

Sons Ltd.

Cooper, D. (1999). Behavioral Safety: Acase study from ICI Autocolours, Stownmarket.

Management of Occupational Health, Safety and Environment, 3, 10.

Cox, S. J., & Cheyne, A. J. T. (2000). Assessing safety culture in offshore

environments. Safety science, 34(1), 111-129.

Cox, S. & Flin, R. (1998). Safety culture: philosopher’s or man of stew. Work and Stress,

12(3), 189-201.

Creswell, J. W. (2003) Research design : Qualitative, quantitative and mix methods

Approaches. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks. Sage Publication.

Creswell, J. W.(2005). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating

quantitative and qualitative Research.

Dedobbeleer, N. & Beland, F. (1991). A safety climate measure for construction sites.

Journal of Safety Science, 22, 97-103.

DePasquale, J.P., Geller, E. (1999). Critical success factors for behaviour based safety: a

study of twenty industry-wide applications. Journal of Safety Research 30, 237–

249.

Diaz, R.I. & Cabrera, D.D. (1997). Safety climate and attitude as evaluation measures of

organisational safety. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 29 (5) 643-650.

Donald, I., Canter, D. (1994). Employees attitudes and safety in the chemical industry.

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 7, 203–208.

Duta, N. and Rafaila, E. (2014). Training the competences in Higher Education – a

comparative study on the development of relational competencies of university

teachers. Romania: Elsevier Ltd.

84

Dyer, W. G. (1994). Potential Contributions of Organizational Behavior to the Study of

Family‐Owned Businesses. Family Business Review, 7(2), 109-131.

Fernández-Muñiz, B., Montes-Peón, J. M., & Vázquez-Ordás, C. J. (2009). Relation

between occupational safety management and firm performance. Safety

science, 47(7), 980-991.

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction

to theory and research.

Flin, R., Mearns, K., O'Connor, P., & Bryden, R. (2000). Measuring safety climate:

identifying the common features. Safety science, 34(1), 177-192.

Glendon, A. I., & Litherland, D. K. (2001). Safety climate factors, group differences and

safety behaviour in road construction. Safety science, 39(3), 157-188.

Garrett, R. B., & Perry, A. J. (1996). A safer way to move patients. Occupational health &

safety (Waco, Tex.), 65(9), 60-1.

Geller, E.S. (2001). The Psychology of safety handbooks, Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis

Publisher.

Geller, E.S. (1994). Safety Management: Ten Principles for Achieving a Total Safety

Culture. Professional Safety, 39 (9), 18-24.

Goetsch, D.L. (2005). Occupational Health and Safety for Technologists, Engineers and

Managers, 5th Ed. Prentice Hall.

Goetsch, D.L. (1999). Occupational safety and health for technologists, engineers and

managers. (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Goodrum, P. M., & Gangwar, M. (2004). Safety incentives. A study of their effectiveness

in construction. Professional Safety, 49(7), 24–34.

Griffin, M.A., Neal, A. (2000). Perceptions of safety at work: a framework for linking

safety climate to safety performance, knowledge, and motivation. Journal of

Occupational Health and Psychology 5, 347–358.

Griffiths, D.K. (1985). Safety attitudes of management. Ergonomics 28, 61–67.

Gupta, J.P. (2002). The Bhopal gas tragedy: could it have happened in a developed

country? Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 15 (1), 1–4.

85

Hagan, P.E., Montgomery, J.F., O’Reilly, J.T. (2001). Accident Prevention Manual for

Business and Industry, 12th ed. NSC, Illinois, USA.

Hall, D. T., Schnieder, B., & Nygren, H. T. (1970). Personal factor in organisational

identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15 (2), 176-190.

Hajmohammad, S., & Vachon, S. (2014). Safety culture: A catalyst for sustainable

development. Journal of business ethics, 123(2), 263-281.

Hair, J. F., Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. (2006). Multivariate data

analysis (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Hair, J. F., Wolfinbarger, M. F., Ortinau, D. J., & Bush, R. P. (2010). Essentials of

marketing research. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Healey, M. (2005) Linking research and teaching: disciplinary spaces. In: R. Barnett (Ed.)

Reshaping the University: New Relationships between Research, Scholarship and

Teaching, 30-42. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press.

Harper, A.C., Cordery, J.L., de Klerk, N.H., Sevastos, P., Geelhoed, E., Gunson, C.,

Robinson, L., Sutherland, M., Osborn, D., Colquhoun, J. (1997). Curtin industrial

safety trial: managerial behavior and program effectiveness. Safety Science 24,

173–179.

Harvey, J., Erdos, G., Bolam, H., Cox, M.A.A., Kennedy, J.N.P. & Gregory, D.T. (2002).

An Analysis of Safety Culture Attitudes in a Highly Regulated Environment. Work

& Stress, 2002, vol. 16, no. 1, 18± 36.

Haytham Remawi, Paul Bates, Ian Dix. (2011). The Relationship Between The

Implementation Of A Safety Management System And The Attitudes Of

Employees Towards Unsafe Acts In Aviation. Safety Science, Vol. 49, pp 625 –

632.

Hinze, J. (2002). Safety incentives: do they reduce injuries? ASCE Practice Periodical on

Structures and Construction 7 (2), 81–84.

Hofmann, D., Jacobs, R., Landy, F. (1995). High reliability process industries: individual,

micro, and macro organizational influences on safety performance. Journal of

Safety Research. 26, 131–149.

Hopf, H. (1994). Safety culture, corporate culture, organisational transformation and the

commitment to safety. Disaster Prevention and Management, 3 (30), 49-58.

86

Ivancevich, J.M. (1995). Human Resource Management. 6th Ed. Chicago: Irwin.

International Labor Organization, (2014). Retrieved on 5 Mei 2014 at

http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/lang--en/index.htm

Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Working

Paper Series-Henley Management College Hwp.

Kathryn Mearns, Barry Kirwan, Tom W. Reader, Jeanette Jackson, Richard Kennedy,

Rachael Gordon. (2014), Development of A Methodology For Understanding And

Enhancing Safety Culture in Air Traffic Management, Safety Science, Vol.53, pp

123 – 133

Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research

activities. Educ Psychol Meas.

Krueger, R. A. (86). Casey. MA (2000). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied

research.

Krueger, N.F. and Carried, A.L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory

of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship for Regional Development, 5, 315-330.

Labodová, A. (2004). Implementing integrated management systems using a risk analysis

based approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 12(6), 571-580.

Loughborough University Business School (2003), Safety climate Measurement: User

guide and Toolkit, Retrieved November 4, 2003 from

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/bs/safety/document.pdf.

Majid, S. (2000). Foundations of quantum group theory. Cambridge university press.

Mars, G. (1996). Human factor failure and the comparative structure of jobs: the

implications for risk management. Journal of Managerial Psychology 11, 4–11.

Martyka, J. & Lebecki,K. (2014). Safety Culture in High-Risk Industries. International

Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 20:4, 561-572.

Mattson, M., Torbiörn, I & Hellgren, J. (2014). Effects of staff bonus systems on safety

behavior. Human Resource Review 24. 17-30.

Mearns, K., Whitaker, S. M., & Flin, R. (2003). Safety climate, safety management practice

and safety performance in offshore environments. Safety Science, 41(8), 641-680.

http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/lang--en/index.htm

87

Melamed, S., Yekutieli, D., Froom, P., Kristal-Boneh, E., & Ribak, J. (1999). Adverse

Work and Environmental Conditions Predict Occupational Injuries The Israeli

Cardiovascular Occupational Risk Factors Determination in Israel (CORDIS)

Study. American journal of epidemiology, 150(1), 18-26.

Mohamed, S. (2003). Scorecard approach to benchmarking organizational safety culture in

construction. Journal of Construction Engineering Management, 129 (1), 80–88.

Meyer, J.P. & Allen, N.J. (1990). Affective and continuance commitment to organisation:

Evaluation of measures and analysis of concurrent and time-lagged relation.

Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 710-720.

Morrow, P.C. (1983). Concept redundancy in organisational research: The case of work

commitment. Academy of Management Review, 8(3), 486-500.

Morrow, S. L., Koves, G. K., & Barnes, V. E. (2014). Exploring the relationship between

safety culture and safety performance in US nuclear power operations. Safety

Science, 69, 37-47.

Neal, A., & Griffin, M. A. (1997, April). Perceptions of safety at work: Developing a model

to link organizational safety climate and individual behavior. In 12th Annual

Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, St. Louis,

MO.

Neal, A., & Griffin, M. A. (2000). Perceptions of safety at work: A framework for linking

safety climate to safety performance, knowledge, and motivation. Journal of

Occupational Health Psychological. 5(3), 347-358.

Neal, A., & Griffin, M. (2004). Safety climate and safety at work. In J. Barling & M.R.

Frone (Eds.). The psychology of workplace safety 34-15.

Nicoleta Duta and Elena Rafaila, 2014. Training the competences in Higher Education – a

comparative study on the development of relational competencies of university

teachers. Romania: Elsevier Ltd.

O’Toole, M.F. (1999). Successful safety committees: participation not legislation. Journal

of Safety Research, 30, 39-65.

O’Toole, M. (2002). The relationship between employees, perception of safety and

organisational safety. Journal of Safety Research, 33, 231-243.

Pidgeon, N. F. (1991). Safety culture and risk management in organizations. Journal of

cross-cultural psychology, 22(1), 129-140.

88

Reason, J. (1997). Safety paradoxes and safety culture. Injury Control and Safety

Promotion, 7:1, 3-14.

Reason, J. (1990). Human error. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Rundmo T. (1996) Associations between risk perception and safety. Safety Science 24, 3,

197-209.

Salleh, A. (2010). Safety behavior in the Malaysian petrochemical industry. Unpublished

doctoral dissertation. University Utara Malaysia,

Saidin Misnan & Abdul Hakim. (2007). Pembangunan Budaya Keselamatan dalam

Industri Pembinaan. The Malaysian Surveyor, 20-33.

Sekaran, U. (2000). Research Methods for Business; A skill business approach. New York:

JohnWiley and Sons.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building

approach. Wiley.

Shafai-Sahrai, Y. (1971). An Inquiry into Factors that Might Explain Differences in

Occupational Accident Experience of Similar Size Firms in the Same Industry.

Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Michigan State

University, East Lansing, MI.

.

Shannon, H., Mayr, J., Haines, T. (1997). Overview of the relationship between

organizational and workplace factors and injury rates. Safety Science 26, 201–217

Sherry, P. (1992). Peer involvement and behavioral safety: a case study. In: Paper at the

Annual Meeting of the American Association of Railroads. Safety Conference 8,

June, Little Rock, AR.

Smith, M.J., Cohen, H.H., Cohen, A., Cleveland, R.J. (1975). On-site observations of

safety practices in plants with differential safety performance. In: National Safety

Congress Transactions, vol. 12, National Safety Council, Chicago. Tabachnick, B.

G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Multivariate Statistics (5 th).

Talley, W.K., Jin, D., Kite-Powell, H. (2005). Determinants of crew injuries in vessel

accidents. Maritime Policy and Management 32, 263–278.

Teo, E.A., & Feng, Y. (2008). The Role Of Safety Climate In predicting Safety Culture On

Construction Sites. Architectural Science Review Volume 52.1, pp 5-16.

89

Teo, E.A.L., Ling, F.Y.Y., Ong, D.S.Y. (2005). Fostering safe work behaviour in workers

at construction sites. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. 12

(4), 410–422.

Usanmaz, O. (2011), Training Of The Maintenance Personnel To Prevent Failures In

Aircraft System. Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol.18, pp 1683 - 1688

Verma, D. (1996). Workplace organizational correlates of lost-time accident rates in

manufacturing. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 29, 258–268.

Vinodkumar, M. N., & Bhasi, M. (2010). Safety management practices and safety

behaviour: Assessing the mediating role of safety knowledge and

motivation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(6), 2082-2093.

Vredenburgh, A. G. (2002). Organizational safety: which management practices are most

effective in reducing employee injury rates?. Journal of safety Research, 33(2),

259-276.

Wiersma, W. (1998). Research Methods In Education: An Introduction. Boston: Allyn &

Bacon.

Wilpert, B. (1994). Industrial/organizational psychology and ergonomics toward more

comprehensive work sciences. Proceedings of the 12th Triennial Congress of the

International Ergonomics Association,1,(37–40).

Williamson, A. M., Feyer, A. M., Cairns, D., & Biancotti, D. (1997). The development of

a measure of safety climate: the role of safety perceptions and attitudes. Safety

Science, 25(1), 15-27.

Zhang, R.Q. & Yang, J.L. (2006), Association Rules Based Research On Man-Made

Mistakes In Aviation Maintenance: A Case Study. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE,

Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications

Zacharatos, A. (2001). An Organization and employee level investigation of the

relationship between high performance work systems and workplace safety. A

published doctoral dissertation, Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario.

Zohar, D. (1980). Safety climate in industrial organizations: theoretical and applied

implications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 96–102.

Zikmund, W. G. (2003). Business Research Methods. Mason: Ohio: South-Western.

TITLE PAGEDECLARATIONPERAKUANPERMISSION TO USEABSTRACTABSTRAKACKNOWLEDGEMENTTABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLESLIST OF ABREVIATIONSCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONIntroductionBackground of StudyOrganization BackgroundProblem StatementResearch QuestionsResearch ObjectiveResearch ScopeSignificance of ResearchOrganizing Chapter

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWIntroductionSafety CultureManagement commitmentCommunicationPriority of safetySafety rules and proceduresSupportive environmentEmployee InvolvementPersonal Priorities and need for safetyPersonal Appreciation of riskPhysical works environment on Safety

Safety CommitmentPriority on SafetyCompliance on Safety commitmentInvolvement on Safety Commitment

Employee CompetencyTheory of accident causation

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIntroductionConceptual FrameworkResearch DesignOperational DefinitionSafety CultureSafety CommitmentEmployee Competency

Research InstrumentsInstruments of Safety CommitmentInstruments of Safety CultureInstruments of Employee CompetencyData Colection by Survey

Population and SamplingData CollectionPilot Test and Reliability TestData AnalysisData Screening

Summary

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND ANALYSISIntroductionResponse RateProfile of RespondentsReliability AnalysisStatistics of VariablesCorrelation TestSummary

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONIntroductionDiscussion on the Findings towards Research ObjectivesImplications to managers and organizationsImplication for future researchLimitation of the studyConclusion

REFERRENCES