Regional dynamics of production and consumption of ICRISAT mandate crops

Sorghum Millets Chickpea Pigeonpea Groundnut

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Sorghum area graph. Millet area graph. Chickpea area graph. Pigeonpea area graph. Groundnut area graph.

Groundnut yield graph.Sorghum yield graph. Millet yield graph. Chickpea yield graph. Pigeonpea yield graph.

Top producing countries: USA (16%); Nigeria (15.5%); India (12%)

Yield and production trends

• Global yield levels are largely stagnant. However, yields in West and Central Africa (WCA) are rising.

• In Asia, area and production are declining; yield levels showing a positive growth for the past five years

• In WCA, increasing trend for area, production and yield attributed to increased demand for cereals (food, feed, brewing industry)

Top exporters: USA (82%); Argentina (9%); France (2%)

Top importers: Mexico (39%); Japan (21%); Spain (12%)

Consumption patterns

• Sorghum consumed as both feed and food. Close substitute for maize in the feed industry.

• In developed countries, nearly 80% goes for feed use.

• In developing countries, food use is more important. However, popularity of sorghum as food is reducing with rising incomes, particularly in Asia. Alternative industrial uses (poultry feed, alcohol) are increasing.

Production constraints

Biotic and abiotic factors

• Pests and diseases (Striga, grain molds, anthracnose, charcoal rot, downy mildew, leaf blight and ergot)

• Striga-resistant varieties generally have lower yield levels than prevailing cultivars, and are not adopted

• Variability of rainfall results in fluctuations in produced quantities

Socio-economic and policy factors

• Policy induced preference for cereals such as rice, wheat, and cash crops

• Changing food preferences as income rise results in a substitution to fine cereals

Top producing countries: India (34%); Nigeria (24%); Niger (8%)Yield and production trends• Globally, area under millets has gradually decreased; increases in productivity

contributed significantly to increase in production in the last five years• In Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA), area, productivity and production have shown

increasing trends, more so in the last five years• In WCA, the yield increase per ha (especially in the past five years) attributed to

increased use of improved cultivars and fertilizer (micro-dosing).Top exporters: India (32%); USA (12%); Ukraine (11%)Top importers: Belgium (9%); Netherlands (7%); Germany (5%)Consumption patterns• Millets are consumed as both feed and food. In developed countries, nearly 70% goes for feed use. • In developing countries, nearly 80% is consumed as food. Production constraintsBiotic and abiotic factors• Widespread Striga infestation• Loss of grain to birds and to downy mildew disease • Low and erratic rainfallSocio-economic and policy factors• Policy induced preference for cereals such as rice, wheat, and cash crops • Poor soil fertility owing to soil management practices and expansion of millet production

on marginal lands

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Top producing countries: India (65%); Pakistan (8%); Turkey (6%)Yield and production trends• Global production and area increasing sharply due to the entry of Canada,

Australia and Myanmar as significant producers since the mid-nineties • In Asia, productivity and production show increasing trend in the past three

decadesTop exporters: Australia (23%), Mexico (12%); Turkey (11%)Top importers: India (23%); Pakistan (13%); Bangladesh (8%)Consumption patterns• Chickpea is consumed mainly as food.• It is more popular in the developing countries as it is a source of cheap protein.• Demand for chickpea for feed has been growing in the developed countriesProduction constraintsBiotic and abiotic factors• Pests and diseases such as pod borers, Asochyta blight, Botrytis grey mold are

widespread and have developed a resistance to most commercial pesticides• Chickpea is grown on residual moisture and is consequently more

vulnerable to heat stress and terminal droughtSocio-economic and policy factors• A lack of good quality improved variety seeds in South Asia• Adoption of high yielding varieties constrained by higher risk • Lack of incentives to growers in India renders chickpea cultivation less competitive

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Top producing countries: India (72%); Myanmar (16%); Malawi (3%)Yield and production trends• Global area and production increasing while productivity is relatively stagnant• In Asia, area and production increasing since the mid-nineties while

productivity remained stagnant• In ESA area and production increasing since 1990 due to productivity gains

mainly in Kenya, Tanzania and UgandaTop exporters: Myanmar (55%); Malawi (22%)Top importers: India (90%)Consumption patterns• Pigeonpea is consumed as food in Africa and Asia.• Food demand from India most significant, accounting for 80% of all

pigeonpea consumedProduction constraintsBiotic and abiotic factors• Diseases such as sterility mosaic, fusarium wilt and phythophthora blight

are widespread• Pod fly (Melanagromyza spp.) and pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) are

important loss causing insects.• Lack of moisture during the reproductive phase in the regions where

farmers grow medium-to-long duration varieties Socio-economic and policy factors• Lack of well developed seed production and distribution systems• Low level of public support to growers in India led to stagnant yield levels

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Top producing countries: China (38%); India (20%); Nigeria (10%)

Yield and production trends• Production largely concentrated in the Asia and Africa. • Production in Asia exhibits increasing trend, mainly driven by productivity

increases • In WCA, area, production and productivity showed significant increases

especially in the last five yearsTop exporters of shelled groundnut: China (24%); India (17%); Argentina (14%)Top exporters of groundnut oil: Argentina (27%); Senegal (23%); Belgium (9%)Top exporters of groundnut cake: India (62%); Argentina (10%); Senegal (8%)

Top importers of shelled groundnut: Netherlands (19%); Russia (7%); UK (6%)Top importers of groundnut oil: France (21%); Italy (18%); USA (13%)Top importers of groundnut cake: China (37%); France (18%); Thailand (9%)

Consumption patterns• Over 50% of the total groundnut production is crushed for edible oil• Food use accounts for 40% • Popularity of groundnut oil waning with freer trade in cheaper oils such as

palm oil

Production constraints

Biotic and abiotic factors

• Bacterial wilt causes considerable yield losses in East and Southeast Asia• Aflatoxin contamination is main constraint affecting the quality of groundnut

in Africa and Asia.• Lack of improved varieties adapted to ecologies found in the semi-arid

tropics in Africa and Asia

Socio-economic and policy factors

• Prevalence of poor quality seed owing to poor storage practices • Unavailability of effective multiplication and delivery systems• Ineffective government policies in South Asia provide no incentives to the

growers.

Price graphsCoarse cereals, 1970 to 2005 Grain legumes, 1970 to 2005

• Real export prices (in 1993-94 terms) of the ICRISAT mandate crops have been falling over the past 3 decades.

• There has been an increase in the export prices of all the crops since 2006, in keeping with rising food prices.

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groundnutGroundnut oil

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US $/

tonne

Nov 2009