regional cooperative and competitive forces driving industry cluster development and renewal in the...

8/2/2019 Regional Cooperative and Competitive Forces Driving Industry Cluster Development and Renewal in the Swedish P

1/27

Lkrwjfd k` Wrwfd fje Okhhrjiuy Ebpbdkshbju

I__J< 6167(=711 Lkrwjfd k` Wrwfd fje Okhhrjiuy Ebpbdkshbjuqqq*lwoe*of

Wbaikjfd Okksbwfuipb fje Okhsbuiuipb @kwob

Ewipija Ijeruwy Odrubw Ebpbdkshbju fje Wbjbqfd

ij umb _qbeim Sbwismbwy

Fjewbq FwgrumjkuuRhb Rjipbwiuy

Rhb _omkkd k` Grijb$ _qbebjfjewbq*fwgrumjkuuCrgb*rhr*b

Fguwfou

Umi wbbfwom sfsbw fbhgdb wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw okksbwfuipb fjeokhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj ijuk f okjobsurfd `wfhbqkwn fje wbskwu rskj fj bhsiwiofdurey umfu ofsurwbe ijiuifd ebpbdkshbju k` f wbaikjfd gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy odrubwij f sbwismbwfd wbaikj k` _qbebj* Nby ìjeija `wkh umb wbbfwom iddruwfub mkq`kwob kìjuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj fje ijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuikj ewkpb umb jbqgikwbìjbwy ijeruwy odrubw ebpbdkshbju$ qmiom ij urwj fiebe umb sbwismbwfd

wbaikj wbjbqfd* @kw umb ebpbdkshbju fje wbjbqfd k` wbaikjfd ijeruwy$ umb wkdb k`jku(`kw(swkìu okddfgkwfuipb kwafjifuikj i bpiebju* F f wbrdu$ umi ijadb ofb(urey swkpieb jbq ihsdiofuikj `kw wbbfwom fje swfouiob ij sboiìo wbdfuikj ukwbaikjfd wbjbqfd fje ijeruwy odrubw ebpbdkshbju qiumij sbwismbwfd wbaikj*

Nbyqkwe< wbaikjfd wbjbqfd$ ijeruwy odrubw$ sbwismbwfd$ ijubw(wbaikjfd$ okhsbuiuikj$ijuwf(wbaikjfd$ okksbwfuikj$ _qbebj$ dkofd ijeruwy ebpbdkshbju$ gikwbìjbwy

6*3 Ijuwkerouikj

Ij wbobju ebofeb$ wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw mfpb gbokhb ihskwufju `kw dkofdebpbdkshbju sdfjjija$ swfouiob fje wbbfwom b``kwu -Hidd$ Wbyjkde$ & Wbfhbw$733=)* Wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw fwb abjbwfddy njkqj f awkrs k` ijubwokjjboubegrijbb fje kwafjifuikj ij f sboiìo wbaikj umfu$ umwkram okksbwfuipb fjeokhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj ijpkdpija f dkofdibe grijb$ rsskwu ij`wfuwrourwb fjemfwbe piikj$ fje adbfj swkerouipb yjbwaib `kw umbhbdpb fje umbiw sfwuiordfwdkofd ijeruwy -Okknb & Mraaij$ 733?> Bjwiamu$ 733?> Skwubw$ 7333> Qkd`b &Abwudbw$ 7335)* F awkqija ijubwbu ij odrubw f f okjobsu fje ijuwrhbju `kwij`drbjoija wbaikjfd wbjbqfd mf ebpbdksbe qiumij skdioyhfnbw k` ijeruwifd fjesku(ijeruwifd jfuikj* F rom$ hfjy dkofd sdfjjbw fje okhhrjiuy ebpbdksbwmfpb gbbj uwipija uk ihswkpb umbiw wbaikj gy ebpbdksija jbq fje wblrpbjfuijakde wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw -Nfwdkj$ 733=)* Umi i b}bhsdiìbe ij _qbebj$ umbKBOE fje Brwksbfj Rjikj qmbwb dkofd$ jfuikjfd fje ijubwjfuikjfd frumkwiuibmfpb wbokajibe wbaikjfd odrubw f ihskwufju `kw wbjbqfd$ ijeruwifdhkebwjifuikj fje qbfdum owbfuikj -bb Brwksbfj Okhhiikj$ 733=f> Nbubd$Dijevpiu$ & _dpbdd$ 733=> Hfariwb & Efpib$ 7331)*

B}ufju wbbfwom kj wbaikjfd wbjbqfd fje ijeruwy odrubw ebpbdkshbju mf `korbekj roob`rd kùbj miam(ubom odrubw dkofube ij `dkrwimija wbaikj -b*a*Wkgbwu & Bjwiamu$ 7335> _f}bjifj$ 6995> Qfdr|bqni$ 7335)* Swikw wbbfwomijeiofub umfu ijubjb okhsbuiuikj gbuqbbj dkofd kwafjifuikj i owiuiofd `kw dkofdebpbdkshbju* Umb ijubwwbdfubejb fje owiuiofd hf k` odrubwbe kwafjifuikj ifwarbe uk bjokrwfab hrurfd hkjiukwija$ okddfgkwfuikj fje kgbwpfuikj -Nbubd &
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/27

FwgrumjkuuLkrwjfd k` Wrwfd fje Okhhrjiuy Ebpbdkshbju 0$ 6 -7366) 775= 7?

Hbhbekpio$ 733=> Skwubw$ 733=)> fje f kjb odrubw foukw fou bjuwbswbjbrwifddy$kumbw fwb okhsbddbe uk `kddkq$ uwipija uk ek gbuubw* Umr$ wbaikjfd ijeruwyodrubw fwb njkqj uk bjufid srgdio fje swipfub kwafjifuikj bhgwfoija pfwikrokhsbuiuipb fje okksbwfuipb fouipiuib umfu owbfub bjuwbswbjbrwifd$ fje khbuihb(rjb}sboube dkofd ebpbdkshbju -Lkmfjjikj$ 69=1> Jbqdfje$ 733?> Qf}bdd &Hfdhgbwa$ 7331)*

Fdumkram umb f`kwbhbjuikjbe wbbfwom k``bw pfdrfgdb okjuwigruikj uk krwnjkqdbeab k` dkofd okhhrjiuy fje wbaikjfd ijeruwy ebpbdkshbju$ iu kjdyswkpieb ijiamu ijuk okhsbuiuipb fje okksbwfuipb wbdfuikj k` roob`rd fje qbdd(ebpbdksbe smbjkhbjf$ koorwwija ij objuwfd fje `dkrwimija wbaikj* F rom$ umbbhbwabjob fje ebpbdkshbju k` jbq ijeruwib mf gbbj jbadboube -@kwgb &Niwom$ 7363)> fje bhsiwiofd b}fhsdb k` wbjbqfd fje wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubwijaij sbwismbwfd dkofuikj fwb `bq* _khb jkufgdb b}obsuikj fwb Ofhfaji -6992)> Mfdd& Ekjfde -7339)> Nfr`hfjj & Ueudija -7333)> Jrrw & Dfbufeir -7331$ 7363)>Wbb -7332)> Piwnnfdf -7331) fje pkj @wibewiom -733?)> fje umbb omkdfw fwarbumfu njkqdbeab k` ijeruwy odrubw ij sbwismbwfd wbaikj$ fje umbiw okhsbuiuipb fjeokksbwfuipb eyjfhio$ i dihiube*

Wbbfwom raabu umkram$ umfu sbwismbwfd wbaikj kùbj dfa ij ubwh k` dkofdgrijb ebpbdkshbju$ ijpbuhbju fje rsskwu kwafjifuikj okjeroipb uk fjbjuwbswbjbrwifd dkofd grijb bjpiwkjhbju -Brwksbfj Okhhiikj$ 733=g>Wkbj`bde$ 7337> Uiskrwi$ 7332)* Umb abkawfsmiofd wbhkubjb `wkh dfwabhfwnbu$ okhgijbe kùbj qium dkq dbpbd k` mrhfj ofsiufd$ dihiube dkofdokhsbuiuikj ij swkerou hfwnbu fje jfwwkq wbaikjfd hfwnbu ksskwurjiuib abjbwfddyebubw ebpbdkshbju ij sbwismbwfd wbaikj -Jkwum & _hfddgkjb$ 7333)* Swipfubboukw fouipiuib$ ij umbb kùbj(wrwfd fwbf$ fwb abjbwfddy sfwb$ fje fwb ekhijfubegy hfdd grijbb ij uwfeiuikjfd ijeruwib*

Ebpbdkshbjufd bwpiob$ fje jbobfwy rsskwu uwrourwb `kw `foidiufuija `wriu`rdfje swkerouipb jbuqkwnija$ rs(niddija fje ubomjkdkaiofd uwfj`bw ubje uk gbdfonija ij sbwismbwfd wbaikj -Hfdboni$ 733?> Ueudija & Uwissd$ 7332)*Okjbvrbjudy$ sboifdibe okddfgkwfuipb bwpiob hkwb kùbj umfj jku `fid uk b}iuqiumij wbhkub dkofuikj* Umi hfnb okksbwfuikj gbuqbbj dkofd grijbb$rjipbwiuib fje srgdio W&E objuwb qbfn -Ekdkwbr}$ 733?)* Iu i umbwb`kwbokjuwrbe umfu ij sbwismbwfd wbaikj$ ijeruwy odrubw okhsbuiuipb fje okksbwfuipbwbdfuikj hfy koorw ei``bwbjudy*

Uk umi gfonawkrje umb srwskb k` umi wbbfwom sfsbw i umwbb`kde< ìwu$ uk krudijb umbokjobsurfd jfurwb k` wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw okksbwfuipb fje okhsbuiuipbwbdfuikj> bokje$ uk `rwumbw rjebwufje okksbwfuipb fje okhsbuiuipb `kwob ewipija fjbq ijeruwy odrubw ij f sbwismbwfd wbaikj> fje umiwe$ uk fonjkqdbeab umbihsdiofuikj k` umi urey `kw `rurwb wbaikjfd wbjbqfd sdfjjija$ swfouiob fje wbbfwom*F f wbrdu$ umi wbbfwom raabu umfu ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj fje ijubw(wbaikjfd

okhsbuiuikj i objuwfd `kw jbq wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw uk bhbwab$ fje umfu wbaikjfdijeruwy odrubw fwb fgdb uk sdfy f nby wkdb ij f sbwismbwfd wbaikj wbjbqfd*

7*3 Okjobsurfd @wfhbqkwn

Ij umi bouikj$ swikw wbbfwom wbafweija wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw okksbwfuipb fjeokhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj fwb fbhgdbe ijuk f lkiju okjobsurfd `wfhbqkwn* Iu mkrde gbjkuiobe umfu wbbfwom -i*b* Mbjewy$ Gwkqj$ & Ebìddissi$ 7333> Jbqdfje$ 733?)


3/27

FwgrumjkuuLkrwjfd k` Wrwfd fje Okhhrjiuy Ebpbdkshbju 0$ 6 -7366) 775= 75

ijeiofub dkofd ijeruwy odrubw okhsbuiuipb fje okksbwfuipb wbdfuikj uk bjokhsfgkum bokjkhio fje koifd swkobb fkoifube uk kwafjifuikjfd ijubwebsbjebjob*

7*6 Ijuwf(wbaikjfd Okksbwfuikj

Fookweija uk Skwubw -6993$ 733=)$ Ykr fje Qidnijkj -6995)$ fje Kdipbw -7335)$

wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw ijpkdpb fj fkwuhbju k` dkofd ìwh fje kwafjifuikjokksbwfuija fwkrje okhhkj grijb fouipiuib$ fje rija nby kwafjifuikjfdokhsbubjoib uk okhsdbhbju bfom kumbw* Umi ebpbdks swkobb k` dkofddykwibjufube okksbwfuikj qmbwb umb wbaikjfddy odrubwbe foukw b}omfjab pfwikrgrijb bwpiob$ wbkrwob$ njkqdbeab$ nidd fje sbwkjjbd* Wbaikjfd ijeruwyodrubw fwb$ umr$ omfwfoubwibe gy miam dbpbd k` ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj ijqmiom okhsdbhbjufwy fouipiuib fje wboiswkofd b}omfjab k` dkofd grijb$ij`kwhfuikj$ nidd fje njkqdbeab gbokhb ufjefwe swfouiob -Nfwdkj$ 733=)*

Kuufui -6995) fwarb umfu ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj i ebsbjebju kj fembwbjob ukdkofd ijeruwy okjpbjuikj fje kwafjifuikj hbbuija wbaikjfd grijbgbmfpikrwfd wbvriwbhbju* Umr$ wboiswkofd okjpbjuikj sdfy fj ihskwufju wkdb gyhfnija ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj fomibpfgdb -Kuufui$ 6995$ 7337)* Jbqdfje

-733?) jkub umfu hku nby ebpbdkshbju fje iajiìofju bpbju `kw wbaikjfdodrubw koorw qmbj wboiswkofd ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj uwfjsiwb gbuqbbj fddkwafjifuikj fje sbksdb bjafabe ij f odrubw* Umb wbbfwom `wkh Kuufui -6995$7337) fje Jbqdfje -733?) i rb`rd uk mbds b}sdfij umfu dkofd okjpbjuikj ij fwbaikj bjfgdb odrubwbe foukw uk ksbwfub -pbwy swkerouipbdy) rjebw ij`kwhfdfawbbhbju$ fje bpbj uk swbeiou umb vrfdiuy k` bwpiob$ ij`kwhfuikj$ njkqdbeabfje akke umfu umby b}omfjab* Umb swksbou k` wbardfw ijubwfouikj qiumij f odrubwuihrdfub ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb gbmfpikrw uk miambw umfj jkwhfd dbpbd$jfhbdy umwkram dkofd fouipiuib dinb skkdija wbkrwob fje mfwija win* Ijfeeiuikj$ Hfnbdd fje Hfdgbwa -6999) fwarb umfu odrubwbe kwafjifuikj qiddwberob oku gy ebpbdksija okhsdbhbjufwy `rjouikj$ fje jbq uysb k` wbaikjfdkwafjifuikj umfu mbds afij bokjkhib k` ofdb fje oksb qiumij f dkofd grijb

bjpiwkjhbju* Mbjob$ ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj i okjiebwbe f owiuiofdebpbdkshbju kwob qiumij wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw*

Iu mkrde gb jkuiobe$ mkqbpbw$ umfu fgrb k` ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb okjpbjuikjokrde owbfub ubjikj fje bpbj qiumewfqfd$ qmiom ij umb odkb(njiu koikbokjkhiobjpiwkjhbju k` f wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw ofj gb efhfaija* Fjebwkj$ _bwabw$_wpin$ fje Mfjjkj -7335)$ fje Kuufui -6995$ 7337) ijeiofub umfu umbb ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb `kwob ebsbje kj koifdifuikj swkobb fje koifd okjuwkd ijqmiom umb wkdb sdfybe gy `kwhfd ijuiuruikj ij rsskwuija$ skdioija fje swbfeijaijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj i objuwfd* F Skwubw fje Bhhkj -733?) ubfom$ umbbijuiuruikj kw okddfgkwfuikj -mbwbfùbw I@O) fwb ijubwhbeifwy fje fwb wbaikjfddygfbe kwafjifuikj umfu rufij okksbwfuipb ijubwbu fhkjau umb dkofd foukw*I@O ofj ufnb pfwikr `kwh rom f omfhgbw k` okhhbwob$ ijeruwyfkoifuikj$ swk`bikjfd fkoifuikj$ ubomjkdkay uwfj`bw kwafjifuikj$ vrfdiuyobjuwb$ umijn ufjn fje okhhrjiuy ebpbdkshbju kwafjifuikj -Gbfju$ 7332>Skwubw bu fd*$ 733?)*

Ij eyjfhio wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw buuija$ Nbubd$ Dijevpiu fje _dpbdd -733=)jkub umfu f odrubw kwafji|fuikj -OK) qidd kùbj fou f umb I@O * Fj I@O fje OKhfij wkdb ubje uk `foidiufub okjuwrouipb ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj$ qmiom ofj pfwy`wkh bjafaija dkofd kwafjifuikj ij okddbouipb swklbou fje grijb fouipiuib$ uk


4/27


wbswbbjufuikj k` umb awkrs jbq fje+kw bufgdimbe kwafjifuikj$ fje abjbwfdswkhkuikj k` umb odrubw -Gbfju$ 7332> Skwubw bu fd*$ 733?)*

Fdumkram ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj owbfub `wriu`rd wbrdu `kw dkofd ijeruwyebpbdkshbju$ Dfabjeiln -7337) wbhije r umfu ukk hrom kj ijuwf(wbaikjfd fouipiuyofj owbfub f wbaikjfd af|b umfu `fid uk dkkn gbykje umb gkrjefwib k` umb odrubw*

Ij umb dkja ubwh$ umi ofj gb mfwh`rd `kw dkofd grijb fje ijeruwy ebpbdkshbju*Pibw fje Gkomhf -7335) fepib umfu fj kpbwwbdifjob kj dkofd okddfgkwfuikjokrde$ kpbw uihb$ wbuwiou ebpbdkshbju gy owbfuija jbafuipb okajiuipb fjekwafjifuikjfd dkon(ij$ miamdiamuija rgbvrbjudy f qbfnjb k` uwkja dkofd uib-bb Hkwafj & Jfrqbdfbw$ 733?$ s* =)* Umi dbfe wbaikjfddy odrubwbe foukw ukk``bu ijuwf(wbaikjfd wbdfuikj fje b}sdkwb kumbw okksbwfuipb fouipiuib `kwb}fhsdb$ ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj*

7*7 Ijubw(wbaikjfd Okksbwfuikj

Wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw b}migiu `dkq fje b}omfjab k` bwpiob$ wbkrwob$njkqdbeab$ nidd$ fje sbwkjjbd qium kumbw ijeruwy odrubw$ ìwh fje ijuiuruikjdkofube kruieb umbiw sboiìo wbaikjfd grijb bjpiwkjhbju -Bjwiamu$ 733?)$ fje

fwb umbwb`kwb okjiebwbe uk okksbwfub ijubw(wbaikjfddy* Wbbfwom mf jkube umfupfdrfgdb jbq nidd$ grijb ijiuifuipb fje ijjkpfuikj qidd gb owbfube ijjrhbwkr wbaikj$ fje ij kumbw wbaikjfd odrubw* F f wbrdu Hfdboni -7335) fjeJbqdfje -733?) fwarb umfu roob`rd ijeruwy odrubw fwb kruqfwe dkknija fjebjafabe ij hfjy jkj(dkofd fje ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb fouipiuib*

Kijf fje Hfdboni -7337) fwarb umfu ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj i piufd `kw umbwbjbqfd k` wbaikjfd grijb bjpiwkjhbju gbofrb iu `foidiufub jbq iebf fjeijeruwy ubomjivrb umfu qkrde jku gb ebpbdksbe dkofddy* Hkwbkpbw$ Gfumbdu$Hfdhgbwa fje Hfnbdd -7335) jkub umfu ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj i ebsbjefju kjqbdd(kwafjibe okksbwfuipb wbdfuikj$ okjjbouija umb odrubw uk kumbw wbaikjfdgrijb bjpiwkjhbju* Gfumbdu bu fd* -7335) raabu umi uk gb gbjbìoifd `kw fodrubw ebpbdkshbju$ jfhbdy gbofrb ijeipierfd ìwh -f hbhgbw k` f odrubw)ofj gbjbìu `wkh bufgdimija okhsbubjob fje ebpbdkshbjufd wbdfuikj qium foukwkruieb umbiw sboiìo wbaikj*

Ij f urey k` fj bhbwaija miam(ubomjkdkay fje njkqdbeab(gfbe Ofjfeifj odrubw$Wbb -7332) b}sdfij mkq jkj(dkofd okddfgkwfuikj fwb fj ihskwufju krwob kòkhsbuiuipbjb$ qmiom hbfj umfu bpbj qkwde(odf ijeruwy odrubw ofjjku gbsbwhfjbjudy bd`(r`ìoibju ij ubwh k` fpfju(afweb nidd$ grijb kwbjuwbswbjbrwmis* Mbjob iu i raabube umfu odrubw k` dkofd kwafjifuikj umfugride okddfgkwfuipb dijn qium kumbw odrubw$ ij kumbw wbaikj$ afij hromokhsbuiuipb fepfjufab -_bhdijabw$ 733=)*

Gfumbdu fje Ufydkw -7337) ijeiofub umfu fepfjufab `wkh fj ijeruwy odrubw ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb fouipiuib ebwipb `wkh umb ijubawfuikj k` kwafjifuikj dkofube

ij hrduisdb grijb bjpiwkjhbju* Ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb fouipiuib ofj `bbedkofd ijubwswbufuikj fje rfab k` njkqdbeab$ nidd fje okhsbubjoib umfu mbdsbeumb ebpbdkshbju k` roob`rd grijbb fje ijeruwib ij kumbw wbaikj* Ij urwj$umi kùbj swkpieb wbaikjfd odrubw qium `wbm wbkrwob$ sboifdibe nidd fjejbq skigidiuib uk gbjomhfwn wkh kjb fjkumbw*

Fdumkram ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj ofj rsskwu wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubwebpbdkshbju$ qmbj iu gbokhb ukk ekhijfju ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj mfskubjuifd uk umwbfubj f odrubw dkja(ubwh b}iubjob* Qmbj wbaikjfddy odrubwbe


5/27


foukw fwb ukk `korbe kj ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj$ rom fouipiuib ofj ufnbkpbwumb dkofd grijb bjpiwkjhbju$ fje wbaikjfd foukw ofj gbokhb db qiddija ukbjafab ij dkofd b``kwu fje dkofd ij`kwhfuikj `dkq* Iu i jkube umfu f wbaikjfdijeruwy odrubw$ qmkb okwb foukw okjufjudy uwfpbd kruieb umb wbaikj -ij kwebw ukgride fje hfijufij ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj) okrde wrj win k` gbokhija ufuio fuumb dkofd dbpbd$ fje kru k` ukrom qium umbiw kqj wbaikjfd grijb bjpiwkjhbju*

Umr$ Fmbih fje Okknb -6999$ s* 620) fwarb umfu ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikjmkrde jku wbsdfob dkofdibe okddfgkwfuikj$ gru fih ijubfe uk owbfub uwfubaiofepfjufab kpbw ijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiukw*

7*? Ijuwf(wbaikjfd Okhsbuiuikj

Fdumkram ijuwf( fje ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj i jkube uk swkawb ijeruwy odrubwebpbdkshbju$ wbbfwom fje swfouiob ijeiofub umfu okhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj fwb bvrfddyihskwufju* Umb rjebwdyija ewipbw k` rom eyjfhio fwb dkofd bpbju$ fouikj kwijubwfouikj aipija wib uk f okjufju bfwom `kw khb nije k` fgkdrub kwokhsfwfuipb fepfjufab -Hfdboni$ 7335> Skwubw 733=)*

Fjebwkj bu fd* -7335)$ Kuufui -6995)$ fje Skwubw -6993$ 733=) bfom jkub umfu dkofd

okhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj swkhsu wipfdwy fje ijowbfbe hkuipfuikj fhkja f odrubwokwb foukw* Umby jkub umfu f kjb kwafjifuikj fou bjuwbswbjbrwifddy$ kumbw ij umbodrubw fwb okhsbddbe uk `kddkq$ fje ij hfjy ofb uwipb uk ek gbuubw* Umr$ ijuwf(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuikj i okjiebwbe f f okwb uihrdfju `kw wbaikjfd ijeruwyebpbdkshbju -bb fdk Bjwiamu$ 733?> Nbubd & Hbhbekpio$ 733=> Skwubw$ 733?)*Ijuwf(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj ijpkdpb jrhbwkr dkofd grijbb fjeijeruwy kwafjifuikj okhsbuija$ okjoikrdy hkjiukwija fje kgbwpija bfomkumbw$ `foidiufuija okjpbjuikjfd okhsfwfuipb wbdfuikj uk uwfjsiwb rom f oku fjeswiob okhsfwikj*

Ihskwufju okhsbuiukw(gfbe njkqdbeab fje hfwnbu ij`kwhfuikj ofj gb uwfjhiuubeqiumij f wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw pif f pfwibuy k` `kwhfd fje ij`kwhfd ijuwf(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj* Umb hku ihskwufju k` umbb i `wbvrbju hkjiukwijafje kgbwpfuikj -Skwubw$ 733?)$ fje umb fepfjobhbju fje bjuwbswbjbrwifdebpbdkshbju umfu ijuwf(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj owbfub qidd pfwy* Fjebwkjbu fd* -7335) fwarb umfu hfwnbu omfwfoubwiuio k` f odrubw qidd ebubwhijb qmbumbwdkofd grijb foukw fuubhsu uk afij fj fepfjufab gy wberoija oku kw swiob$wfiija vrfdiuy$ fovriwija jbq orukhbw$ kw bjubwija jbq hfwnbu* Mbjob$ umbijuwf(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb fouikj fje eboiikj k` odrubwbe kwafjifuikj mbdswfib umb gfw `kw fdd foukw* Umr$ swikw wbbfwom ijeiofub ijubjb ijuwf(wbaikjfdokhsbuiuikj mkrde gb umb ekhijfju `kwob k` fj ijeruwy odrubw*

Kj umb kumbw mfje$ ijuwf(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuikj okrde fdk gb ebuwrouipb fje owbfubmiam bjuwy kw fepfjobhbju gfwwibw `kw jbqokhbw* Kuufui -6995) raabu umfuijuwf(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuikj ofj aipb obwufij dkofd foukw rjmbfdumy swipidbab$

qmiom wberob dkja(ubwh okddbouipb ebpbdkshbju fje mijebw okhhrjiuyfepfjobhbju* _rgbvrbjudy$ ukk hrom -kw kpbwdy ekhijfju) ijuwf(wbaikjfdokhsbuiuikj eiokrwfab f odrubw jbq bjuwfju ijubfe k` `kubwija umbiwebpbdkshbju* Wbafwedb k` umb ihskwufjob k` dkofd wipfdwy fje ijuwf(wbaikjfdokhsbuiuikj$ umbb wbdfuikj fwb f hrom f sfwu k` umb wbaikjfd wbjbqfd siourwb fijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuikj fje wipfdwib qium kumbw wbaikjfd odrubw*


6/27


7*5 Ijubw(wbaikjfd Okhsbuiuikj

_omkdfw -i*b* Okwuwiamu$ 7330> Skwubw$ 6993) fwarb umfu ijeruwy odrubw okhsbubqium bfom kumbw gbofrb$ vriub sdfijdy$ umby fwb fgdb uk ak kru k` grijb* Fjijeruwy odrubw ijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb fouipiuib bjokhsf umb okddbouipbawkrs k` kwafjifuikj okhsbuija qium kumbw grijbb$ ijeruwy odrubw$

kwafjifuikj fje ijuiuruikj dkofube kruieb umbiw sboiìo wbaikj*Ijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj frhb pfwikr `kwh* @fabwgbwa -69==) jkubumfu okjpbjuikjfd okhsfwfuipb eyjfhio rom f oku fje swiob okhsfwikj$ qmiomrrfddy uwfjsiwb gbuqbbj grijbb$ gbokhb db ihskwufju gbuqbbj ijeruwyodrubw fje umby fwb wbsdfobe gy ubomjkdkaiofd okhsbuiuipbjb fje umb fgidiuy ukokhsbub kj ebdipbwy* @rwumbw uk umi$ @`kqo(Qiddifh -6991$ 7335) ijeiofub kjb kùmb ihsdbu fje hku okhhkj `kwh k` ijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuikj `kw odrubw iswkhkuikj fje hfwnbuija* Mkqbpbw kj odkbw ijsbouikj$ hrom ijubw(wbaikjfdokhsbuiuikj qiumij fje gbuqbbj odrubw ijpkdpb hkwb umfj hfwnbuija kw fuubhsuijauk bdd okwb swkerou fje bwpiob* Iu ijpkdpb bjmfjobhbju fje ihswkpbhbju k` umbodrubw okwb fuuwigrub umfu fuuwfou ijpbuhbju fje niddbe dfgkrw uk umb dkofuikj fjehfnb umb wbaikjfd grijb buuija uiony -bb Hfwnrbj$ 699=)*

Hfdboni -7335) raabu umfu ijuwf(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuikj qidd bjufid eiwbou mbfe(uk(mbfe okjubu `kw sfwuiordfw swklbou kw bpbju$ fje ij kumbw oiworhufjob ukbjokhsf hkwb ijeiwbou fje rgudb wbdfuikj dinb fuufijija hbeif fuubjuikj*_rgbvrbjudy dkofd ijeruwy odrubw ijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj fwb kùbjfuuwigrube uk jkj(swiob okhsbuiuikj qmbwb wbaikjfd odrubw okhsbub ij hbfrwfgdbfwbf$ rom f mrhfj ofsiufd fje ij`wfuwrourwb fje ij kumbw$ db hbfrwfgdb qfy$rom f koifd ofsiufd$ okddbouipb okksbwfuikj$ okddbouipb dbfwjija fje rjuwfebeijubwebsbjebjoib -Hfdboni$ 7335)*

Iu mkrde gb jkube umfu ijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj ubje jku uk ijpkdpb fwbardfw kw ijubjb bpbju kw ijubwfouikj f kj umb ijuwf(wbaikjfd dbpbd* Fookweija ukSkwubw -733=)$ umi i gbofrb ijuwf(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuikj i bjmfjobe umwkram dkofd

ijubwwbdfubejb fje abkawfsmio swk}ihiuib* Kùbj wbaikjfd odrubw fwb dkofube kjksskiub ieb k` umb qkwde uk umb kumbw odrubw qium qmiom umby fwb okhsbuija> umr$ijubjb okhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj ubje jku uk uwfjsiwb* Jbpbwumbdb$ umb rjebwdyijaokhsbuiuipb swijoisdb -i*b* bpbju$ fouikj kw ijubwfouikj umfu aipb wib uk f okjufjubfwom `kw khb nije k` fgkdrub kw okhsfwfuipb$ fepfjufab) uidd b}iu ijubw(wbaikjfddy* F odrubwokhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj qium kumbw wbaikjfd$ jfuikjfd fje `kwbiajbjuiuib bjokrwfab iu okwb foukw uk wbfou uk ihswkpbhbju fje ebpbdkshbjuijuwkerobe umwkram b}ubwjfd okhsbuiukw* Umi ebpbdks umb swkob k` ijubw(wbaikjfdokhsbuiuikj qiumij umb wbaikjfd odrubw$ fje sdfy f iajiìofju wkdb ij uihrdfuijaumbh uk ebpbdks$ ihswkpb fje krusbw`kwh kumbw wbaikjfd grijb bjpiwkjhbju*

Umi umbkwbuiofd kpbwpibq mf owbfube f lkiju `wfhbqkwn umfu iddruwfub wbaikjfdijeruwy odrubw okksbwfuipb fje okhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj fje ijeiofub umfu umbyuwfjsiwb gkum ijuwf fje ijubw(wbaikjfddy* Qmbwbf ij hku ofb `kwhfd fjeij`kwhfd ijubw(kwafjifuikjfd uwfubaib dbu okhsbuija bjuiuib qiumij umb wbaikjhfjfab sfwuifddy okjpbwabju ijubwbu gy okksbwfuipb fepfjufab -Skwubw bu fd*$733?)$ ij khb ofb$ `kwhfd I@O fje Odrubw Kwafjifuikj mbds ukfookhhkefub wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb fje okksbwfuipb `kwob* Umbwb fwb$ mkqbpbw$`bq srgdimbe bhsiwiofd ureib fpfidfgdb ij umi fwbf* Mbjob$ fu swbbju$ diuudb injkqj fgkru okhsbuiuipb fje okksbwfuipb `kwob wbdfube uk bhbwaija wbaikjfdijeruwy odrubw ij sbwismbwfd wbaikj*


7/27

FwgrumjkuuLkrwjfd k` Wrwfd fje Okhhrjiuy Ebpbdkshbju 0$ 6 -7366) 775= 7=

?*3 Wbbfwom _iub

Umi wbbfwom qf okjeroube ij f sbwismbwfd _qbeim wbaikj -wjndepin) umfuswbfe kru fwkrje f hfdd okfufd oiuy qium 22$?=1 ijmfgiufju -_OG$ 7339)* Umbwjndepin wbaikj i dkofube ij kjb k` _qbebj dbfu bjubwswiija okrjuib -bbNwbiogbwa$ 7363) fje mf f sksrdfuikj ebjiuy k` =*2 ijmfgiufju sbw vrfwb

nidkhbuwb* Ij 733=$ umbwb qbwb 7$155 bokjkhiofddy fouipb grijbb ksbwfuija ijwjndepin* Umb dfwabu fje hku ekhijfju grijbb ij umb wbaikj qbwb qiumij`kwbuwy$ srds(fje(sfsbw fje bjaijbbwija boukw -_OG$ 733=)* Uqbjuy bpbjsbwobju k` wjndepin wbiebju qkwn ij hfjr`fourwija okhsfwbe uk umb jfuikjfd_qbeim fpbwfab k` 6="* F hidiufwy pbmiodb swkerouikj boukw$ hfdd dkofd ukrwihfje swk`bikjfd bwpiob eipiikj b}iu fdkjaieb f greeija gikwbìjbwy boukw*@iarwb 6 mkq umb wjndepin wbaikj dkofuikj ij _qbebj$ _ofjeijfpif fjejkwum Brwksb> @iarwb 7 iddruwfub umb wbaikj gkwebw fje dkofdiuy ij hkwb ebufid*

@iarwb 6* Dkofuikj k` umb Wbbfwom _iub

Jrrw fje Dfbufeir -7331$ s* 51) skiju kru umfu hfjy sbwismbwfd wbaikj ij_qbebj `fdd piouih uk Gwrnfjef ( umb siwiu k` b}sbouija bpbwyumija `wkh f ijadb

piddfab `foukwy* Umi i fjfdkakr uk Gwrnhbjufdiubu uwkja okj`kwhih$ dkqijubwbu ij berofuikj$ qbfn bjuwbswbjbrwifd swiu fje mfws gkrjefwib gbuqbbjkoifd awkrs umfu awissbe hfjy wrwfd okhhrjiuib ij _qbebj erwija umb ìwumfd` k` umb 69um objurwy$ fje ubh fdk `wkh wbdifjob kj f kdb -kùbjhfjr`fourwija) ìwh kw gwfjom sdfju -Smbds$ 699?)* B}migiuija eboiebedy ihidfwomfwfoubwiuio ij wjndepin$ umb wbbfwom iub ijeruwifd uwfeiuikj$gwrnhbjufdiubu fje koikbokjkhio ebpbdkshbju uwfob gfon uk umb ìwu dkofdfqhidd gbija bufgdimbe$ fje srds swkerouikj gbokhija ekhijfju ij jkwumbwj_qbebj erwija umb bfwdy 6933*


8/27


F nby ebpbdkshbju smfb `kw umb wjndepin wbaikj koorwwbe erwija QQII$qmbj ihskwuija ombhiofd swkerou ijuk _qbebj qf ei``iordu* Uk ufnb ofwb k`_qbebj ombhiofd wbkrwob jbbe hfijdy omdkwijb fje bumfjkd f dkofdwjndepin okjadkhbwfub -HkEk)$ qium uwkja uib uk _qbebj qkke(gfbeijeruwib$ ukkn umb dbfe gy ebpbdksija wbbfwom fje swkerouikj `foidiuib umfuqkrde owbfub ombhiofd `wkh umb fgrjefju dkofd `kwbuwy rssdy* Afijija uwkja

okhhiuhbju `wkh dkofd bhsdkybb fje rssdibw$ f qbdd f gbokhija fouipb ijdkofd omrwom fje skwuija fkoifuikj -hfijdy iob mkonby)$ HkEk gbofhb fwbaikjfd dkokhkuipb> Iu gridu umb `krjefuikj `kw umb wjndepin grijb$ijeruwifd fje koibufd dfjeofsb -Owkkj$ 7332> Sbubwkj$ 7339)*

Mkqbpbw ij umb dfub 69=3 _qbebj qkke(gfbe ijeruwib `fobe bokjkhioei``iorduib$ qmiom `kw hku k` umb jfuikj wrwfd fwbf$ bsboifddy umkb jkwum k`_ukonmkdh$ sbwhbfube ijuk koikbokjkhio omfddbjab -Dbmuijbj$ Ekjjbw(Fhjbdd$& _umbw$ 7335> Qfdebjuwh & Qbumkdh$ 7339)* F f wbrdu$ umb wjndepinijeruwifd fje koibufd dkokhkuipb ebgfbe erwija umb 6993* Fje hfjy dkofdgrijbb odkbe$ ekqji|be kw wbdkofube uk hkwb objuwfd wbaikj ij _qbebj* Umiwbrdube ij f dk k` fwkrje 2333 lkg ij umb wjndepin wbaikj -Bjahfj$ 6990)*Erwija umi uihb$ iu qf jku rjokhhkj uk mbfw dkofd wbiebju ebowigb umbiw wbhkubwbaikjfd okhhrjiuy fEpinhbfjija Ebfe Gfy*

@iarwb 7* Umb wjndepin Wbaikj$ _qbebj

_krwob* wjndepin hrjioisfdiuy 7363


9/27

FwgrumjkuuLkrwjfd k` Wrwfd fje Okhhrjiuy Ebpbdkshbju 0$ 6 -7366) 775= ?3

Fqfwb k` wbaikjfd ebodijb fje f skubjuifd ekwhfju ufur$ dkofd hbeif f qbdd fgrijb dbfebw$ bjuwbswbjbrw$ fje skdiuioifj$ wbskwube umb jbbe `kw jbqgrijbb$ jbq ijeruwib$ fje f abjbwfd jbbe `kw wbjbqfd ij wjndepin*Fhkja pfwikr iebf uk hbbu umb jbq jbbe$ f jkpbd gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy fjeodrubw ijiuifuipb$ gfbe kj fj fdhku eb`rjou ijeruwifd iub$ bhfjfube gbuqbbjdkofd bjuwbswbjbrw* Umb bjuwbswbjbrw sdfj qbwb uk ijiuifub jbq okddbouipb

grijb fje uk afumbw kdebw grijbb odkbw ukabumbw ij kwebw uk ebpbdksijjkpfuipb fje hkwb pbwfuidb ijeruwifd `foidiuib fje swkobija yubh umfuijubawfube gikhf okjpbwikj bvrishbju fje swkobb$ uk wbìjb wfq `kwbuhfubwifd ijuk hkebwj swkerou* Kjob ebpbdksbe$ f uwfubay qf uk mfpb umbswkerou kde ekhbuiofddy$ fje+kw b}skwube ijubwjfuikjfddy$ `wkh umb wbaikjebbs(qfubw skwu*

Umb wjndepin wbaikjfd gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy fje odrubw ijiuifuipb wbvriwbewbkrwob fje ij`wfuwrourwfd rsskwu umfu uwfeiuikjfd `kwbuwy fje srds(fje(sfsbwijeruwy ij umb wbaikj rbe* Umi wbkrwob swbfab okhgijbe qium swksbou k` jbqlkg fje f swkhiija wbaikjfd ijeruwy hbfju umfu fouipiuib fwkrje umb jbqdy`kwhija odrubw qbwb kùbj wbskwube ij dkofd swb fje jfuikjfd hbeif* Hkwbkpbw$miam swkìdb grijb iebf `wkh umb bhijbju ijeruwy odrubw -b*a* bumfjkd `wkhqkke f f `rbd `kw uwfjskwu) qbwb ebgfube fu dbjaum fu jfuikjfd _qbeim fjeBrwksbfj Rjikj dbpbd$ fje ijodrebe qiumij wjndepin hrjioisfdiuy wbaikjfdebpbdkshbju ombhb ( Pwendf 73626*

Umb bhbwaija gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy fje odrubwija fouipiuib qbwb qbdd jkuiobe qiumijumb wbhkub wbaikjfd okhhrjiuy* Umi swkpiebe ksskwurjiuib `kw kgufijija vrfdiuybhsiwiofd efuf fje ij`kwhfuikj kj rjebw(wbbfwombe swkobb k` wbaikjfd ijeruwywbjbqfd fje odrubw ebpbdkshbju* Qium umb fih k` swkpieija f wiom ebowisuikj k` umbwbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw ebpbdkshbju fje wbaikj wbjbqfd swkobb$ umb wbbfwomqf ofwwibe kru f fj ij(ebsum vrfdiufuipb ofb urey -Jbbwaffwe & Rdmi$ 7331>_iaabdnkq$ 7331) gfbe ij umb sbwismbwfd wjndepin wbaikj*

5*3 Wbbfwom FsswkfomBhsiwiofd efuf rbe ij umi wbbfwom sfsbw abjbwfub `wkh hrduisdb krwob< bhi(uwrourwbe ijubwpibq> qkwnmks yhskif> ijubwjbu> hbeif fwomipb fje efufgfb*Ijiuifddy$ f kjb(efy yhskirh qkwnmks qf okjeroube qium biamu wbswbbjufuipbk` umb bhbwaija wbaikjfd ijeruwy fje odrubw* Umb srwskb k` umi yhskirh qfuk hfnb kgbwpfuikj$ ufnb ìbde jkub fje fddkq umb frumkw uk afij fj ijiuifdrjebwufjeija k` umb wbaikj dkofd grijb buuija$ fdkja qium iu miukwiofd fjeorwwbju ijeruwifd ebpbdkshbju* Umbj$ kpbw f 0 hkjum sbwike$ bhi(uwrourwbeijubwpibq qbwb okjeroube qium wbaikjfd fje ijeruwifd ebpbdksbw$ dkofd `kwbuwyswkorwbhbju hfjfabw$ grijb ebpbdksbw$ ijeruwy odrubw sdfjjbw$ srds(fje(sfsbw swkerouikj hfjfabw$ gik(qfub fje ombhiofd(swkobija iub hfjfabw$ fj

6Umb wjndepin wbaikjfd hrjioisfdiuy owbfube Pwdendf 7362 f f dkofd ebpbdkshbju ombhbfje dkja(ubwh swklbou bjokhsfija ìpb uwfubaio wbaikjfd b}obddbjob fwbf* Bfom fwbf fihbe `kw

umb wbaikj uk gb qkwde(odf gy umb ybfw 7362* Umb gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy ijiuifuipb `bdd ijuk umbhrjioisfdiuy Gbykje kid ijeruwy ebpbdkshbju ij f rufijfgdb koibuy fwbf* Kumbw uwfubaiob}obddbjob fwbf qbwb< Qkwum bbija fihija uk ebpbdks dkofd ukrwih> @ijfddy fu mkhb fihija

uk ebpbdks umb vrfdiuy k` di`b fje fuuwfouipb fookhhkefuikj> _nidd `kw umb jbq qkwde fihija uk

ebpbdks nidd swkpiikj fje miambw berofuikj> fje Hkwb Oiuy fihija uk ebpbdks dkofd fuuwfouikj$bufgdimhbju fje pbjrb*


10/27


bumfjkd swkerouikj ubomjioifj$ wbbfwom fje ebpbdkshbju ubomjioifj$ uwfebk`ìoifd$ fje srgdio bwpfju ij dkofd$ wbaikjfd$ fje jfuikjfd frumkwiuib*

Umb bhi(uwrourwbe ijubwpibq -j869) qbwb okjeroube `fob(uk(`fob fje dfubegbuqbbj kjb fje umwbb mkrw* Ijsiwbe gy Sbwwy -7331) f umbhbe ijubwpibq ariebqf rbe uk fiu erwija umb ijubwpibq* Ij`kwhfju$ qmkb uihb qkwnija ij umb

wbaikj wfjabe `wkh ? uk 55 ybfw qbwb fgdb uk krudijb$ umwkram umbiw kqj qkwe fjeb}swbikj$ nby bpbju$ fouipiuib$ wbdfuikj fje ijoiebju wbdfuija uk umb wbaikjfdgikwbìjbwy ijeruwy fje odrubw* Kgbwpfuikjfd jkub qbwb hfeb fje `kddkq(rsvrbuikj bhsdkybe* Umb bhi(uwrourwbe fsswkfom -Bwinkj & Nkpfdfijbj$ 733=)f``kwebe ksbjjb `wkh umb ij`kwhfju* Bfom ijubwpibq qf eiaiufddy freik(wbokwebe fje uwfjowigbe pbwgfuih qiumij 75 mkrw k` gbija okjeroube> umbuwfjowigbe ijubwpibq ukufddbe ?77 ijadb(sfobe sfab*

Uk swkpieb ebufid fje ebbsbw rjebwufjeija k` umb ureibe smbjkhbjkjekorhbjufwy hfubwifd qf afumbwbe gb`kwb$ erwija fje fùbw umb ijubwpibq* Qmbjokddbouija umi vrfdiufuipb efuf$ ij`kwhfuikj qf kramu ij wbafwe uk dkofd ijeruwyfouipiuib$ bpbju fje wbdfuikj sbwufijija uk umb wbaikjfd gikwbìjbwy fje ijeruwyodrubw ebpbdkshbju* Ij`kwhfuikj srgdimbe erwija umb sbwike 6999(733= qf

wbvriiub$ f umi qf qmbj umb ijiuifd qkwnmks fje ijubwpibq efuf iebjuiìbe umbswkhijbju okhsbuiuipb fje okksbwfuipb fouipiuib fje wbdfuikj uk koorw*

Ekorhbju ij dkofd+jfuikjfd hbeif fwomipb fje efufgfb$ kj dkofd grijb fjeakpbwjhbjufd qbgiub$ fje `wkh pfwikr nby ij`kwhfju qbwb afumbwbe* Ij ukufd$umi efuf bjokhsfbe kpbw 623 ekorhbju< gikombhiofd ijeruwy jbqdbuubw$gikwbìjbwy sdfjjija ekorhbju$ BR swklbou swb(ureib$ fje `kwbuwy okhsfjyfjjrfd wbskwu$ hbbuija hijrub `wkh wbaikjfd ebpbdkshbju swklbou hbbuija$hrjioisfdiuy sdfjjija ekorhbju$ jbqsfsbw fwuiodb fje swb wbdbfb*Kgbwpfuikj qbwb fdk hfeb qmidb sfwuioisfuija ij uqk dkofd ebpbdkshbju kwrh*

@wkh f ijadb ofb(urey fsswkfom -_iaabdnkq$ 7331) umb afumbwbe efuf qffjfdybe qium sfwuiordfw `kor kj ijubw fje ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb fje

okhsbuiuipb fouipiuib$ bpbju fje wbdfuikj* Ijsiwbe gy Aikif fje Omiuuisbeei-6996) umb ijubwpibq jfwwfuipb qbwb okebe ijuk ìwu(kwebw ofubakwib$ ij qmiomsfuubwj fje ihidfwiuib gbuqbbj umbh qbwb b}sdkwbe* _bbnija ebufid$ umb sfuubwjqbwb okhsfwbe uk umkb qiumij ekorhbjufwy hfubwifd$ wbìjbe fookweijady fjesdfobe ijuk bokje(kwebw umbhb* Umb bokje(kwebw umbhb wbswbbjube hkwbfaawbafube b}sdfjfuikj k` pfwikr wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb fje okhsbuiuipb `kwob*Qiumij bfom bokje(kwebw umbhb$ nby ìjeija bhbwabe umfu ebowigbe swkhijbjuijuwf(fje ijubw(wbaikjfd swkobb koorwwija erwija umb ureibe wbaikjfd ijeruwyebpbdkshbju fje wbjbqfd*

2*3 Bhsiwiofd @ijeija

Ij umi bouikj$ swkhijbju okksbwfuipb fje okhsbuiuipb `kwob `krje ewipija umbwbaikjfd gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy odrubw ebpbdkshbju fwb b}sdfijbe* Umb ìjeijamiamdiamu mkq umb jfurwb k` rom `kwob ei``bwbe ebsbjeija kj qmbumbw umbykoorwwbe ijuwf kw ijubw(wbaikjfddy*

2*6 Ijuwf fje Ijubw(wbaikjfd Okksbwfuipb @kwob

Ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb wbdfuikj `dkrwimbe erwija umb gikwbìjbwy ijeruwyodrubw bhbwabjob$ qmidu kj umb kumbw mfje ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj dfy wfumbwiedb* Qiumij umbb wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb wbdfuikj qbwb kwob umfu bjokhsfbe


11/27


Owbfuija okddbouipb ksskwurjiuy Fepfjoija jbq grijb fje wbbfwom `dkq Grideija dbaiuihfoy fje frumbjuioiuy

Owbfuija okddbouipb ksskwurjiuy

Okjobwj kpbw dkofd ijeruwy ufajfuikj -fje ebodijb) srwwbe umb okjobsuikj k`

jbq wbaikjfd ijeruwy ebpbdkshbju eiorikj* Umb jbq iebf `korbe kj owbfuijaokddbouipb ksskwurjiuib* F hfdd awkrs k` bjuwbswbjbrw gbafj uk eior fjeebpbdks jbq wbaikjfd ijeruwy okjobsu fje grijb iebf* F hfij okjobsu qf fjijjkpfuipb wbaikjfd ijeruwy fje odrubw* Wbdfube swklbou -fje fouikj sdfj)okjobwjbe owbfuija jbq grijbb fje kwafjifuikj ij umb dkofd okhhrjiuy$ fjebjokrwfaija fdwbfey b}iuija grijbb uk okksbwfub* Umb okwb iebf qf uk ebpbdkssikjbbwija ijeruwifd foidiuib$ fje swkobija yubh umfu okrde ijubawfub gikhfokjpbwikj bvrishbju fje swkobb$ uk wbìjb wfq gikhf hfijdy `kwbuhfubwifd ijuk jbq pfdrb(feebe swkerou -i*b* ub}uidb$ `rbd$ `kke feeiuipb$smfwhfobruiofd fie$ bjbway fje mbfu$ kid bjmfjobw$ sfiju fje kdpbju)*_ihrdufjbkrdy$ umb bjuwbswbjbrw qkwnbe ukabumbw uk owbfub f jkpbd jku(`kw(swkìukwafjifuikj -mbwbfùbw I@O)$ uk gb kqjbe gy f dkofd ijubwbu awkrs umfu wbswbbjube

umbiw ijubwbu ij wbfdiija jbq wbaikjfd grijb fje ijeruwifd ksskwurjiuib7* Fdkofd ijeruwy ebpbdkshbju hfjfabw jkube$

Umb `kwhija k` umb gikwbìjbwy okddfgkwfuipb qf f ufub hfwn fje f fokjobsu hfeb iu skigdb `kw okhsfjib uk rb umbh f f wbkrwob `kw jbqgrijb fje wbbfwom*

Okjbvrbjudy$ jbq ìwh gbafj uk qkwn ieb(gy(ieb fje owbfub ksskwurjiuib `kwkumbw dkofd grijbb uk mfwb wbkrwob$ k`ìob grideija$ mrhfj wbkrwob$wbbfwom bvrishbju$ fje dfgkwfukwib qium kdebw okhsfjib* Hrom k` umi qkwn qffdk ekjb `kw dkofd W&E ìwh uk owbfub jbq swkerou$ bwpiob$ fje ijeruwifdswkobija ubomjivrb* Okksbwfuipb qbgiub fje swk`bikjfd hfwnbuija hfubwifdqbwb ebpbdksbe* F jbq grijb ijorgfukw qf fdk owbfube fje iurfube jbfwgy uk

fiu greeija bjuwbswbjbrw fje wbdfube ufwu(rs*

Umb jku(`kw(swkìu I@O kwafjibe fje okjeroube wbbfwom(gfbe fje ebpbdkshbjuswklbou qium dkofd ìwh umfu qbwb ijubwbube ij foobija jbq gikwbìjbwy ijeruwyksskwurjiuib* @kw umb ìwh fje bjuwbswbjbrw ijpkdpbe$ umbb jbq swklbouwberobe mrhfj wbkrwob fje fehijiuwfuipb kpbwmbfe fje owbfube ksskwurjiuib`kw umbh uk `wbb(rs wbkrwob fje b}sdkwb jbq grijb fwbf* Umb I@O swikwiuibefje swkhkube jbq fje skubjuifd grijb ksskwurjiuib ij qfy umfu jku lru kjbgrijb kw kwafjifuikj ij umb odrubw qf fgdb uk fepfjob fje ofsiufdib rskj* Umbksskwurjiuib qbwb swkhsube k umfu fdd hbhgbw qbwb fgdb uk gbjbìu> umbb

7 Umb `kwhfd kwafjifuikj ( Swkobrh Gikwbìjbwy Ijiuifuipb FG ( qf burs qium fj ijebsbjebju

Gkfwe k` Eiwboukw qium sbwkj `wkh nby wbaikjfd ijeruwib fje grijbb umfu mkqbe fj ijubwbuij ebpbdksija jbq swkob ijeruwy fouipiuib ij wjndepin* Dkofd kwafjifuikj fje grijbb

qbwb umbj ijpiube$ kw fssdibe$ uk gbokhb F$ G kw O(dbpbd hbhgbw k` umb kwafjifuikj* Umb uysb k`hbhgbwmis ebubwhijbe umb fhkrju k` `rje okjuwigrube uk umb okddbouipb kwafji|fuikj -ba* F(dbpbd

hbhgbw qkrde okjuwigrub hku `rje fje O(dbpbd hbhgbw umb dbfu)* Qium f jku(`kw(swkìu `kor$bfwjija abjbwfube gy Swkobrh Gikwbìjbwy Ijiuifuipb FG qkrde jkugb eiuwigrube eiwboudy uk

hbhgbw kw mfwbmkdebw$ gru ijubfe$ swkìu qkrde gb wbijpbube uk swkhkub fje rsskwu jbqgikwbìjbwy grijb fouipiuib ij umb wbaikj*


12/27

FwgrumjkuuLkrwjfd k` Wrwfd fje Okhhrjiuy Ebpbdkshbju 0$ 6 -7366) 775= ??

fouipiuib ijowbfbe umb ksskwurjiuib `kw swkawbija umb odrubw* Qmidu b}sdfijijamkq umi qf ekjb$ fj I@O gkfwe hbhgbw jkube$

Umby ûmb sfwuioisfuija okhsfjibX mfe f dku k` iebf fje qb qkrdeswikwiuib umbh k qb okrde abu umb awkrs piikj ijuk qmfu mkrde gbswikwiuibe*

Fdkjaieb umb owbfuikj k` f jku(`kw(swkìu I@O$ umb okddbouipb awkrs k` grijb fjekwafjifuikj umfu gbafj wbfdiija umb gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy$ ebpbdksbe jbq sfwujbwomfjjbd qiumij umb wbaikj* F swkob(ubomjkdkay hfjfabw hbjuikjbe$

Qium mbds `wkh umb Swkobrh awkrs qb qbwb fsswkfomija umb srds(hiddfje dkofuija umb akke dkofd sfwujbw

Kumbw ij`kwhfju jkube mkq umbb okddbouipb wbdfuikj gbjbìube umb jbq ijeruwyfje odrubw ebpbdkshbju* Iu okhsbddbe sbksdb fje ìwh ijubwbube$ gru jkufourfddy bjafabe ij umb ijiuifuipb$ uk uwy mfwebw fje uk okjuwigrub ukqfweebpbdksija jbq dkofd grijb okjobsu ijubfe k` lru kgbwpija* F rom$ nbyfoukw ij umb gikwbìjbwy ijiuifuipb kwafjibe fje ebpbdksbe wbbfwom fouipiuib

gbuqbbj dkofd okhsfjib$ fje owbfube jbq grijb ksskwurjiuib gy mfwijasmyiofd `foidiuib fje buuija(rs lkiju grijb fehijiuwfuipb yubh* Umbbfouipiuib fdk owbfube jbq bhsdkyhbju ksskwurjiuib wbdfube sboiìofddy ukqfweumb jbq gikwbìjbwy odrubw ijiuifuipb* Jbq bhsdkybb qbwb kgbwpbe fehijiubwijafje b}sbeiuija jbq wbbfwom$ ijeruwy ebpbdkshbju fje grijb swklbou `kw dkofdokhsfjib umfu dfonbe wbkrwob uk ek umbh fdkjb* Umb jbq b}sfjikj qbwbbbjuifd uk b``bouipbdy fje b`ìoibjudy `foidiufub umb dkofd okksbwfuikj fje uk owbfubjbq wbaikjfd ijeruwy ebpbdkshbju ksskwurjiuib* Ij 7332$ uqk ybfw fùbw ijiuifdokjobsuikj$ umb I@O mfe umwbb swk`bikjfd bhsdkybb* Fje gy 7331$ umb I@Omiamdy niddbe mrhfj wbkrwob mfe ijowbfbe uk biamu* Umr$ niddbe$ uwfijbe fjeokhsbubju mrhfj wbkrwob$ qmiom umb odrubwbe kwafjifuikj mfe eiwbou foob ukfje fiufjob `wkh$ qbwb frahbjube qiumij umb wbhkub wbaikj*

Fepfjoija jbq grijb fje wbbfwom `dkq

Objuwfd kruokhb k` umb jbq okddbouipb ksskwurjiuib qbwb dkofddy gfbe grijb$fje wbbfwom swklbou* Umb I@O gbokhb wbskjigdb `kw umb swklbou$ rgbvrbjudyk``bwija fje swkhkuija umbiw gbjbìu uk fdd umb hbhgbw k` umb I@O* Mkqbpbw$okhsdbub fje `fiw fddkofuikj k` umb swklbou wbkrwob eie jku koorw* Ijubfe k`fqfweija bfom kwafjifuikj ijpkdpbe ij umb odrubw ijiuifuipb umb fhb mfwb$ umbI@O qkwnbe ukqfwe umb grijbb$ bjuwbswbjbrw fje kwafjifuikj mkqija umfuumb hku ijubwbu qkrde fepfjob umb `dkq k` jbq grijb fje wbbfwom qiumij umbhfdd okhhrjiuy*

Ihskwufju ij umb bdbouikj k` jbq ijuwf(wbaikjfd okddfgkwfuipb swklbou -f qbdd feboiikj okjobwjija kj qmfu uk rb jbqdy afumbwbe wbkrwob) qf umfu fu dbfu

uqk kw hkwb dkofd okhsfjib jbbebe uk gb ijpkdpbe* Hfjy dkofd okksbwfuipbwbdfuikj fu umi uihb qbwb kùbj umb wbrdu k` eboiikj hfeb qiumij umb I@O* Umiqf kgbwpbe uk fepfjob jbq grijb ebpbdkshbju fje bjokrwfab dkofdokhsfjib ijubwbube ij umb ijiuifuipb$ gru ijfouipb$ uk rghiu ebpbdkshbju swklbouuk umb I@O* Okjbvrbjudy$ umb `dkq k` ufjaigdb grijb$ wbbfwom$ fje ebpbdkshbjuswklbou fepfjobe* @kw b}fhsdb$ f dkofd wbbfwom ìwh mfe okjeroube ijpbuiafuikjumfu jbbebe uk gb sru ijuk ijeruwifd uwifd$ fje ij kwebw uk gride f sidku sdfju kj fbhi(ekwhfju ijeruwifd iub umby hfeb lkiju ijpbuhbju qium dkofd skqbw fjebjbway ìwh* Umr fùbw lru uqk ybfw k` grideija okddfgkwfuipb grijb fje


13/27


wbbfwom swklbou umb bhbwaija ijeruwy odrubw objuwfd okddfgkwfuipb kwafjifuikjqf wbskjigdb `kw bpbj jbq grijb owbfuikj fje mfe afumbwbe 65 dkofdokhsfjib ijuk umb wbaikjfd gikwbìjbwy ijiuifuipb -Nauwh$ 7330)*

Biamu bjikw oibjuiu fje uqk swk`bkw qbwb ijokwskwfube ijuk umb odrubw gy umbjkj(swkìu I@O$ rgbvrbjudy fepfjoija `dkq k` wbbfwom qiumij umb wbaikj* Umbb

b}sbwu gbafj qkwnija eiwboudy fdkjaieb grijbb uk fourfdib gikwbìjbwyijeruwy W&E* Umi swkpiebe jbq eiwbou ijubwfouikj gbuqbbj umb odrubw okwbìwh fje f jbfwgy rjipbwiuy$ fje iu sdfybe f nby wkdb ij ewipija umb `dkq k`wbbfwom fje ebpbdkshbju swklbou gfbe kj qkke fje ombhiofd swkobija$swkob bjaijbbwija$ fje swkob okjuwkd* Iu fdk k``bwbe grijbb bjafabe ij umbjbq gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy swklbou f omfjob uk hbbu qium rjipbwiuy swk`bkw ukeior orwwbju fje `rurwb swkgdbh fje swklbou* Ij khb k` umb hbbuija$ jbqiebf urwjbe ijuk ufjaigdb fouikj$ swkskfd `kw jbq grijb qbwb uihrdfube fjeskubjuifd sfubju ebpbdksbe*

Wbrdu fje ij`kwhfuikj `wkh umb dkofddy abjbwfube wbbfwom swklbou qbwb kùbjeiuwigrube uk$ qiumij fje gbuqbbj umb wbaikjfddy odrubwbe ìwh$ I@O$ fje wbaikjfdakpbwjhbju* Umbb ijuwf(wbaikjfd fouipiuib ksbjbe jbq okhhbwoifd fje wbbfwom

`dkq `kw dkofd ìwh* Fùbw jbq sfubju qbwb ebpbdksbe `wkh lkiju swklbougbuqbbj umb jkj(swkìu I@O fje hbhgbw grijbb$ f jbq swkobija sdfju qfebiajbe fje ihsdbhbjube qmbwb ijjkpfuipb awbbj ombhiofd -hbumfjkd fjefhhkjirh rdsmfub `kw `bwuidibw) `wkh wbjbqfgdb dkofd `kwbu wbkrwob qkrde gbswkerobe* Okjbvrbjudy$ jbq gikhf swkobija ubomjkdkaib qbwb ebpbdksbeqiumij umfu mbdsbe bpbwfd dkofd swkobija hidd wberob jiuwkabj k}ieb bhiikj*Wbbfwom okjjbouikj uk rjipbwiuib dkofube ij umb jbfwgy Rhb wbaikj$ f qbdd fhbuwkskdiufj wbaikj k` _ukonmkdh fje Akumbjgrwa qbwb fdk ebpbdksbe*

Grideija frumbjuioiuy fje dbaiuihfoy

Fdumkram jbq wbbfwom fje grijb `dkq qbwb gbija fepfjobe$ hfjy k` umbijiuifuipb dfonbe frumbjuioiuy fje dbaiuihfoy* Mbjob$ dbfe bjuwbswbjbrw gbafj uk

ijubwfou qium umb wbaikj skdiuioifj fje bufgdim hkwb rsskwu fje `rjeija*@rwumbwhkwb$ nby kwafjifuikj qiumij umb bhbwaija ijeruwy odrubw dkggibe dkofdakpbwjhbju gkeib ukqfwe rsskwuija umb bhbwaija gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy swklbou?*Umbb jbqdy fuufijbe `rje qbwb rbe hfijdy uk ebpbdks dkofd gikwbìjbwy wbdfubewbbfwom ukqfwe okhhbwoifdifuikj$ fje umbb hfeb umb jbq ijeruwy odrubwijiuifuipb hkwb frumbjuio* @rwumbwhkwb$ khb ìwh gbaij b}uwf b``kwu ukqfwehbbuija fje qkwnija qium dkofd oiuy okrjoiddkw* Umbb ijuwf(wbaikjfd fouipiuibwbrdube ij `fpkrwfgdb eboiikj gbija hfeb `kw umb bhbwaija gikwbìjbwyijiuifuipb* Umi mbdsbe ebpbdks umb ijeruwy odrubw dbaiuihfoy qiumij umb wbaikj*B}bhsdi`yija umi qbwb eboiikj uk gride jbq -fje rsawfeb kde wkfe) umfu mbfpyijeruwy uwfjskwu okrde rb qmidu uwfjskwuija wfq hfubwifd fje hfjr`fourwbeswkerou uk fje `wkh ijeruwifd iub$ fje eboiikj uk swkpieb `wbb ofw(sfwnija

`foidiuib kw dkofd wbiebju qium bumfjkd(`rbddbe frukhkgidb

5

*

? @kw b}fhsdb$ erwija umb 7330 ìjfjoifd ybfw fsswk} 72" k` umb bhbwaija ijeruwy odrubw I@O`rje qbwb fuufijbe `wkh k`` dkofd skdiuiofd kwafjifuikj* Nby ijeipierfd ebpbdksija umb gikwbìjbwyijiuifuipb okjpijobe umb okrjuy fehijiuwfuipb gkfwe uk rsskwu umb bhbwaija gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy

qium kpbw kjb(hiddikj _qbeim nwkjkw -_BN) fje bjokrwfabe f dkofd okrjoid uk aipb 933$333 _BN-oiwof 97$033 BRW)*5 Bumfjkd ebpbdksbe `wkh gikhf fje rbe f `rbd qf kjb k` umb ijiuifd miam swkìdb wbaikjfdijeruwy swklbou ubhhija `wkh bhbwaija umb gikwbìjbwy odrubw ij umb wjndepin wbaikj*


14/27


Feeiuikjfddy$ bjuwbswbjbrw wbswbbjuija umb okddbouipb awkrs ijubwfoube qium dkofdakpbwjhbju frumkwiuib ij kwebw uk ebpbdks ofhsfiaj umfu qkrde gbjbìu umbbhbwaija wbaikjfd odrubw$ fje ijubawfub umb jbq ijeruwifd iebf ijuk umb dkofdokhhrjiuy* Umb okwb(odrubwbe grijbb gbafj okddfgkwfuija qium dkofd swihfwy$hieedb fje ubwuifwy berofuikj swkpiebw fje burs swklbou umwkram umb I@O k umfudkofd miam omkkd urebju qkrde ufnb ìbdeuwis -`krw sbw ybfw) uk bb(fje(dbfwj

fgkru umb jbqdy ebpbdksija gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy fje odrubwbe ìwh* Jbqombhiuwy gfbe fje ijeruwifd swkobija oibjob swkawfhhb qbwb ebpbdksbe$ kwb}fhsdb$ f Awbbj Ombhiofd qiumkru Kid okrwb* _ihrdufjbkrdy hkwb dkofdgrijbb eboiebe uk okjuwigrub uk umb jbq ijeruwy ijiuifuipb* Umi qf ekjbumwkram awbfubw sbwkjjbd okhhiuhbju fje fouipb ijsru fu bfom `kwhfd odrubwhbbuija* Ij feeiuikj$ umb dkofd gikwbìjbwy okddfgkwfuipb fouipiuib afijbe skiuipbhbeif wbokajiuikj fje wbobipbe ìjfjoifd gfonija `wkh f swkhijbju wbbfwom uwru-i*b* Nbhsbuiùbdbj) fje umb jbiamgkrwija wbaikj rjipbwiuy -i*b* RhbRjipbwiuy)*

Okhsdbhbjuija umi swkhijbju ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj fje dbaiuihfoy grideija$okwb ìwh ij umb ijiuifuipb qkwnbe fdkjaieb umb I@O uk ebpbdks f uwfijbbmisswkawfh* @rjebe fje `foidiufube gy umb jku(`kw(swkìu I@O$ kpbw f 67(hkjum sbwikeumb swkawfh wbowriube fje ijuwkerobe i} dkofd rjipbwiuy awferfub$ fje `rurwbbhsdkybb$ ijuk umb ijiuifuipb* Umbb `wbm mrhfj wbkrwob qkwnbe kj lkijuswklbou fihbe fu ebpbdksija jbq gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy swkerou$ swkobb fjeyubh qiumij fje gbuqbbj `krw dkofd ìwh* Umi wbrdube ij `rwumbw skiuipbhbeif fuubjuikj$ fje fssbfwbe uk fie umb bhbwaija ijeruwy odrubw dbaiuihfoyqiumij wjndepin fje kumbw wbaikj ij jkwum _qbebj*

Okwb ìwh fje kwafjifuikj qkwnija uk ebpbdks umb odrubw mfe ijiuifube fjegbokhb bjafabe ij ei``bwbju okksbwfuipb wbdfuikj fu umb Brwksbfj Rjikj -BR)dbpbd* Srgdio berofuikj ombhb fje fqfwbjb pbjurwb gfbe kj rija bumfjkd ff `rbd `kw uwfjskwu lkijbe ihidfw ijiuifuipb$ kj f jfuikjfd ofdb$ `kw dkggyijafouipiuib ij umb BR* Srgdio _qbeim fje BR `rjeija qf bpbjurfddy wbobipbe fje

swkpbe umb gikwbìjbwy ijiuifuipb qkwumijb* Mfpija fouipiuib gbija sfwu k`jfuikjfd$ fje BR$ `rjebe ijiuifuipb fssbfwbe uk wfib koibufd fqfwbjb$ fjefiube$ qmidb dkggyija fabjoib ij umb R_$ uk rsskwu umb odrubw fepfjobhbjuij afijija ìjfjob*

Umbb ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb fouipiuib qbwb `krje uk gride dbaiuihfoy fjefrumbjuioiuy `kw umb ijiuifuipb qiumij umb wjndepin wbaikj fje umb Brwksbfjfwbjf* Fùbw afijija BR rsskwu `kw f sfwuiordfw gik(`rbd swklbou$ fj b}boruipbfouipb ij swkhkuija umb wbaikj jkube umfu mfpija fj BR dkak kw ufhs sdfobe kjhfwnbuija fje swkhkuikjfd hfubwifd -gwkomrwb$ qbgiub fje swbbjufuikj diebbuo) qf qbdd(wbobipbe gy b}ubwjfd sfwiuib* _rgbvrbjudy ijiuifuipb fwkrje umbijeruwy odrubw gbokhb hkwb frumbjuio*

_khb ijubw(wbaikjfd wbdfuikj qium dfwab ìwh fje rgieifwib k` uwfeiuikjfd_qbeim kw ij khb ofb ijubwjfuikjfd kwafjifuikj qbwb `krje uk ebgfbkhb kùmb odrubw ijiuifd fouipiuib* Dkofd bhsdkybb qmk qbwb sfikjfub fgkruumbiw okhhrjiuy wbobju gikwbìjbwy fepfjobhbju$ ybu qmkb hfjfabw mbfek`ìob qbwb dkofube ij kumbw wbaikj k` _qbebj fje Brwksb$ mfe$ ij khbijufjob$ umbiw qkwn wbdfube fouipiuib vrbuikjbe mbfpidy* Obwufij qkwn wbdfuija ukumb ijeruwy odrubw ebpbdkshbju mfdube qmbj bhsdkybb uwibe uk bbnfrumbjuiofuikj fje b}uwf rsskwu `wkh gfb fgwkfe* Umr$ khb ijubw(wbaikjfdokksbwfuipb b``kwu qbwb jku fourfdifgdb* Ebsiub obwufij ebgfija fouipiuib$ ijubw(


15/27


wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj qf wiom fje `krje fieija umb bhbwaija odrubw ukqfwegbokhija dbaiuihfub fje frumbjuio*

2*7 Ijuwf fje Ijubw(wbaikjfd Okhsbuiuipb @kwob

Erwija umb ijeruwy odrubw bhbwabjob$ ijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj qbwb

`krje uk `dkrwim qmidu umb ijuwf(wbaikjfd `kwob qbwb ebgfbe* Qiumij umbbwbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj qbwb kwob umfu bjokhsfbe qmidu umb Siub buuija objuwbe kj wbbfwom fjeijeruwifd ebpbdkshbju k` kumbw qkke swkobija gy(swkerou$ hfijdy gdfon(divrkw0* Umwkram srgdio wbdfuikj b``kwu swkhkuija fje eb`bjeija miam(srgdio(

0_sbju okknija divrkw$ ebwipija hfijdy `wkh diajij ebawfefuikj$ ofj fomibpb f miambw feebe pfdrb i`afi`ibe kw rbe f ombhiofd -bb Bdbaiw$ Griji$ Fjukjkj$ Dijeuwh$ \kif$ 7331> _ubjir$ 7333)*


17/27

FwgrumjkuuLkrwjfd k` Wrwfd fje Okhhrjiuy Ebpbdkshbju 0$ 6 -7366) 775= ?=

swkìdb bumfjkd swklbou umfu qkrde qfy dkofd fje jfuikjfd srgdio ksijikj$ umbbhbwaija wjndepin odrubw swkuboube pfwikr okwb okjobsu*

Hkjiukwija b}ubwjfd sfwuib

Okwb kwafjifuikj qiumij umb bhbwaija ijeruwy odrubw qbwb `krje uk hkjiukw fjenbbs uwfon k` ihidfw wbaikjfd gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy dkofuikj ij umwbb dkofuikj ij

Brwksb -Gkwwbaffwe$ Jkwqfy> Fuuimkd|$ _qiu|bwdfje> Dbj|ija$ Fruwif) fje ij kjbij Lfsfj -Akur)* Hfjfabw qiumij umb I@O iebjuiìbe umbb b}ubwjfd dkofuikj fhfij ijubwjfuikjfd okhsbuiukw wbaikj qiumij ijubwjfuikjfd `kwbuwy gfbegikwbìjija* _sboiìo bhsdkybb qkrde hkjiukw umb ijubwjfuikjfddy dkofube wbaikjumfu mfe gbbj iebjuiìbe f hfij okhsbuiukw qiumij `kwbuwy gfbe gikwbìjbwy*Okhsfwikj k` swkerou gbija ebpbdksbe f qbdd f skubjuifd okddfgkwfuikj$fourfd krusru fje swkobija ksbwfuikj qbwb hfeb kj f wbardfw gfi* _romij`kwhfuikj qf wbdfybe gbuqbbj okwb kwafjifuikj fje umwkram umb wbaikjfd I@O*

Umr$ foukw ijpkdpbe ij ebpbdksija umb wbaikjfd gikwbìjbwy ijiuifuipb qbwb fgdb ukeiuijarim mkq umbiw jbq wbaikjfd odrubw fje dkofd ijeruwy ksbwfuikj ei``bwbe$ fjeokrde gb ihswkpbe ij okhsfwikj uk kumbw wbaikj* Kgbwpfuikj qmbwbihswkpbhbju okrde gb ihsdbhbjube qbwb fdk hfeb fpfidfgdb uk umb I@O

hbhgbw* Ksbwfuikjfd hfs k` ijeruwifd swkob `dkq `wkh umb iebjuiìbeijubwjfuikjfd okhsbuiukw wbaikj qbwb krwobe fje fjfdybe* Qmbj afs fjeei``bwbjob qbwb jkuiobe ij rom `dkq fje ij qfy k` kwafjiija$ jbq swklboubhfjfube qiumij umb wjndepin odrubw buuija umfu qkrde owbfub jbqbw$ kw wfumbwihidfw `dkq* Nby ij`kwhfju hbjuikjbe iu qf okhhkj uk mbfw mkq fouipiuibqiumij umb iebjuiìbe wbaikj qbwb jku f fepfjobe f umkb qiumij umbiw kqj wbaikj*

Fouipbdy afumbwija njkqdbeab fje ij`kwhfuikj qf ij`drbjuifd ij umb ijeruwyodrubw bhbwabjob* Iu swkpiebe umb okwb grijb fje umb I@O qium eiwbouij`kwhfuikj wbafweija fouipiuib ij wbaikj kruieb _qbebj* Umi sru b}ubwjfdswbrwb kjuk okwb grijb fje wbbfwom swklbou$ fje okhsbddbe dkofd ìwh uknbbs ebpbdksija umbiw swklbou* Feeiuikjfddy$ ij`kwhfuikj fgkru okhsbuiukw wbaikj

qiumij _qbebj qf fdk afumbwbe* Umb hku ij`drbjuifd okhsbuiuipb fouipiuib qbwbumb ebpbdkshbju fje ihsdbhbjufuikj k` fouikj sdfj fje uwfubaib `kw umb wbaikjfdbuuija umfu ubhhbe `wkh hkjiukwija$ fje gbija hkjiukwbe gy$ b}ubwjfd sfwuib*Umi dbu umb bhbwaija ijeruwy odrubw okwb okhsfjib dbfwj $ fje kgbwpb$ qmfukumbw odrubw ij ihidfw sbwismbwfd wbaikj k` _qbebj qbwb ekija$ fje hkwbihskwufjudy mkq umby qbwb ekija iu*

Okjbvrbjudy$ 72 dkofddy ksbwfuija grijb fje kwafjifuikj gbofhb bjafabefje fouipb ij umb jbq wbaikjfd gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy fje odrubw* Mbjob$ `kw umbwbhkub fje kjob uwraadija grijb bjpiwkjhbju$ umb sbwike$ erwija qmiom iu jbqijeruwy odrubw okwb grijbb fje wbbfwom okjobsu qbwb okjobipbe fje umbjhfubwifdibe$ qf jkube f umb uwkjabu awkqum sbwike `kw umb wjndepin wbaikjij ebofeb -Dfwkj$ 733=)* Ij dfub 7339$ umb wbaikjfd gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy fje

odrubw ijiuifuipb qf fqfwebe 61*5 hiddikj Brwk ij BR uwrourwfd `rje$ ukokjuijrb umb dkofd gikwbìjbwy ebpbdkshbju -Qbwnuwh$ 7339)* @rwumbwhkwb$ fùbwbpfdrfuikj `wkh jfuikjfd fje ijubwjfuikjfd odrubw wbpibq sfjbd umb odrubw qfk``bwbe 63 ybfw k` `rjeija fje rsskwu fsswk}ihfubdy 66 hiddikj _qbeimnwkjkw -_BN) sbw ybfw `wkh umb _qbeim akpbwjhbju PIJJP]U wbaikjfdebpbdkshbju swkawfh* Fookweijady$ nby okksbwfuipb fje okhsbuiuipb `kwob `krjeewipija umb ureibe wbaikjfd ijeruwy fje odrubw ebpbdkshbju fwb rhhfwibekpbwdbf` ij Ufgdb 6*


18/27


Ufgdb 6* _rhhfwy k` nby wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb fje okhsbuiuipb kwob ewipija umbwbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw ebpbdkshbju

Ijuwf(wbaikjfd Ijubw(wbaikjfd

Okksbwfuipb

Owbfuija

okddbouipb

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Ebpbdksija jku(`kw(swkìu iò$

mfwija wbkrwob fje rjrbe

`foidiuib$ owbfuija okddbouipbsfwujbw omfjjbd$ hfnija jbqmfwbe bhsdkyhbju skiuikj$

ebpbdksija lkiju hfwnbuijab``kwu$ afumbwija jbq okddbouipb

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uwfubaio wbkrwob fddkofuikj$okjjbouija uk dkofd rjipbwiuy$

sboifdibe mrhfj wbkrwobwbowriuhbju

Grideija jfuikjfd fjeijubwjfuikjfd wbbfwom swkìdb$

b}sfjeija swb(b}iuija Brwksbfjgrijb jbuqkwn

Grideija

frumbjuioiuy &

dbaiuihfoy

Dkggyija dkofd akpbwjhbju$grideija jbq miam omkkd fjeubwuifwy berofuikjfd swkawfh$

bjafaija ij srgdio berofuikjombhb$ bbnija dkofd hbeiffuubjuikj*

_bbnija fuufomhbju uk BRijiuifuipb$ jfuikjfd akpbwjhbjuwbokajiuikj$ mkhb k`ìob fsswkpfd

Okhsbuiuipb

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kumbw wbaikj

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swkawfhhb$ ebpbdksija pi((piwbaikjfd ijeruwy okjobsu

Swkubouija okwb

okjobsu

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uwfeiuikjfd iwh$ fpkieija wipfdwyfje okj`diou qium dkofdokddfgkwfuipb sfwujbw

Swkhkuija miam swkìdb srgdio

ksijikj swkerou*

Hkjiukwija

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Ofwwyija kru jfuikjfd &

ijubwjfuikjfd okhsbuiukw fjfdyi$hfnija jfuikjfd fje ijubwjfuikjfdodrubw okhsfwikj

0*3 Ihsdiofuikj `kw Wbbfwom fje Swfouiob

Umi wbbfwom sfsbw mf mkqj umfu wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw okksbwfuipb fjeokhsbuiuipb wbdfuikj koorw gkum ijubwfje ijuwf wbaikjfddy* Umwkram fj bhsiwiofdiddruwfuikj k` fj bhbwaija wbaikjfd gikwbìjbwy ijeruwy fje odrubw$ umb wbbfwom


19/27


mf eiokpbwbe mkq swkhijbju ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb `kwob okhgijbe qiumnby ijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb `kwob ewkpb ebpbdkshbju ij f sbwismbwfd wbaikj*_rom `kwob qbwb `krje uk gb `foidiufube umwkram f wbaikjfddy kwibjufube jku(`kw(swkìu ijuiuruikj `kw okddfgkwfuikj ij f gkuukh(rs swkob* Fookweijady$ umiwbbfwom k``bw f rb`rd `wfhbqkwn `kw b}sdkwija okksbwfuipb fje okhsbuiuipbeyjfhio qiumij wbaikjfd grijb bjpiwkjhbju$ fje swkpieb pfwikr

ihsdiofuikj `kw `rurwb wbbfwom fje swfouiob*Umb ijuwf(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb `kwob eiokpbwbe erwija umi ijpbuiafuikj qbwb`krje uk gb hbfawb fje eie jku ewipb hrom k` umb ijeruwy odrubw bhbwabjob* Iufssbfwbe umfu okhsbuiuikj fu fj ijuwf(wbaikjfd dbpbd qf jku sbwobipbe gy umbodrubw okwb foukw f skiuipb `kw umbiw ebpbdkshbju* Okjobwj k` sruuija dkofdìwh kru k` grijb$ qmiom okrde umbj dbfe uk dkofd ijeruwy ufajfuikj kwebodijb$ ukjbe ekqj okhsbuiuipb wipfdwy gbuqbbj umb wbaikjfddy odrubwbeokhsfjib* Kj umb kumbw mfje$ eiwbou mbfe(uk(mbfe okjubu qium kumbw wbaikjfdijeruwy buuija `kw sfwuiordfw wbbfwom fje ebpbdkshbju b``kwu qf `krje uk ewipbhfjy ebpbdkshbju swklbou `kwqfwe* Hkwbkpbw fuufijija skiuipb dkofd fjejfuikjfd hbeif fuubjuikj qbwb nby ijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb `kwob ij umb odrubwbfwdy ebpbdkshbju$ bsboifddy ij okhsfwikj uk kumbw wbaikj ij _qbebj*

Umbb ìjeija -ij okhgijfuikj qium f abjbwfd dfon k` mbfe(uk(mbfe okhsbuiuikjijieb umb wbaikjfd buuija) okjuwfu qium umb abjbwfd jkuikj umfu umb ewipija `kwobk` wbaikjfd odrubw fwb yjbwaib fje wipfdwib gbuqbbj dkofd okhsbuiukw -i*b*Bjwiamu$ 733?> Hidd bu fd*$ 733=> Skwubw$ 6993$ 733=> Skrebw & _u* Lkmj$ 6990)*Fdumkram ijuwf(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuikj mf gbbj raabube uk ewipb ijeruwy odrubwebpbdkshbju$ umi bhsiwiofd ofb urey `wkh umb _qbeim sbwismbwy mf jkub}bhsdiìbe rom f swbhib* Jkjbumbdb$ umb ìjeija okjorw qium Hfdboni -7335)qmk bhsmfib umfu okjubhskwfwy wbaikjfd grijb bjpiwkjhbju jbbe ukokhsbub ijubw(wbaikjfddy kw hkwb umfj lru ijfjoifd ijpbuhbju*

Umwkram umb owbfuikj$ fje ijjkpfuipb rb k` umb jku(`kw(swkìu I@O$ umb wbaikjfddyodrubwbe grijb fje kwafjifuikj ksbwfube qium fj ijuwf(wbaikjfd jbuqkwn*Umwkram umb I@O jkj(swkìu ufur$ dkofd grijbb ij umb wbhkub okhhrjiuyqbwb bfidy fgdb uk okksbwfub fje okjuwigrub ìjfjoifd rsskwu uk ebpbdks umbokddbouipb fouipiuib* I` umb objuwfd ebpbdkshbju kwafjifuikj qf f swkìu kwibjufubegrijb$ umbj vrbuikj qkrde dinbdy uk mfpb gbbj wfibe gy umb ijuwf(wbaikjfddyokksbwfuija sfwuib fje dkofd akpbwjhbju$ wbafweija qmk qf afijija `wkh rom fjkwafjifuikj* Hkwbkpbw$ umb I@O jku(`kw(swkìu `kor fdk hfeb iu bfy `kwjbiamgkrwija rjipbwiuib fje akpbwjhbju fabjoib uk rsskwu umb odrubw$ fjefepfjob ihskwufju wbbfwom `dkq umfu qbwb gbjbìoifd `kw wbjbqfd*

Bpbj umkram umb I@O b``kwu ij ebpbdksija umb odrubw qbwb `krje uk srw ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj$ umby ihrdufjbkrdy ebgfbe ijuwf(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuikj* Umifssbfw uk gb erb uk umb I@O owbfuikj k` uwkja fje mfwbe dkofd ijubwbu fje

swkubouikj k` umb gbjbìu `kw fje gbuqbbj umb wbaikjfddy odrubwbe kwafjifuikj* Umiewkpb umb jbq wbaikjfd ijeruwy `kwqfwe ij f hkkum fje borwb hfjjbw$ ijeiofuija fskqbw`rd okddbouipbdy kwibjube fsswkfom ukqfwe jbq ijeruwy ebpbdkshbju fjewbaikjfd wbjbqfd -bb fdk Fwgrumjkuu$ Bwionkj$ & Qijobju$ 7363)*

_rgbvrbjudy$ ij kwebw uk wbjbq dkofd grijb fje ijeruwy umb jbq ijeruwyodrubw hfubwifdibe umwkram swipfub foukw -hkudy _HB) ijuwf(wbaikjfdokksbwfuipb ijiuifuipb fje swklbou* Fdumkram akpbwjbe gy dkofd ijeruwy$ umbswbekhijfju ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb wbdfuikj qbwb kwafjibe umwkram umb I@O


20/27


`kwhfdibe grijb jbuqkwn fje dkofd grijb `kwrh* Umi `rbddbe `rwumbw ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj fje dbe uk iajiìofju ebpbdkshbju* Mbjob$ umb wbaikjfdodrubw bhbwabjob fje wbaikj wbjbqfd b``kwu qbwb dkofddy ebpbdksbe* Umbbìjeija okjorw qium _dpbdd$ Dijevpiu fje Nbubd -733?) qmk jkub umfu kjb k` umbhku ihskwufju `foukw `kw wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw roob i umb qiddijajb k`dkofd grijbb uk sfwuioisfub ij umb b``kwu$ ijeiofuija umfu sfwuioisfuikj i hkwb

frwbe qmbj wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw bhbwab `wkh umb gkuukh(rs*Ij wbdfuikj uk umbwb gbija f `foidiufuipb -fje ijuwrhbjufd) foukw ewipija umb wbjbqfdfje ebpbdkshbju$ umi urey mkq umfu rom ufn ofj gb fuuwigrube ukqfwe jku(`kw(swkìu okddbouipb kwafjifuikj wrj gy dkofd ìwh* Ij umi ofb$ rom fj kwafjifuikjfddkqbe `kw sfwuioisfuija dkofd ijeruwy$ akpbwjhbju fje rjipbwiuy sfwuib ukokksbwfub wbardfwdy fje hfnb okddbouipb ìjfjoifd$ uihb fje mrhfj wbkrwobijpbuhbju* Feeiuikjfddy umb dkofd okddfgkwfuipb hbhgbw qbwb fgdb uk wbobipbgbjbìu ij rom f qfy umfu jku lru kjb grijb kw kwafjifuikj qiumij umb odrubwgbjbìube fje ofsiufdibe> ijubfe fdd qbwb fgdb uk* Umwkram umb I@O jkj(swkìuufur$ dkofd akpbwjhbju fje srgdio rjipbwiuib qbwb fgdb uk rsskwu umb ijeruwyodrubw ebpbdkshbju qiumkru sruuija ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb ijpbuhbju$rsskwu fje b``kwu ijuk vrbuikj kw lbksfweiija umbiw rb ij umb fhb qfy umbyqkrde i` swkìu kwibjufube grijbb fje srgdio kwafjifuikj qbwb fu umb mbdh*

Jkuija umfu swkhijbju wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb fje okksbwfuipb `kwob qbwb kùbj`foidiufube fje ewipbj gy dkofd jkj(swkìu ijuiuruikj `kw okddfgkwfuikj swkpiebdbkj `kw ebpbdksbw fje wbaikjfd sdfjjbw dkknija uk uihrdfub jbq ijeruwyodrubw fje wbjbqfd* Umb ofb ijeiofub umfu dkofd grijbb mkrde gb bjokrwfabegy wbaikjfd fabjoib uk owbfub jku(`kw(swkìu okddfgkwfuipb kwafjifuikj ofsfgdb kùfnija ofwb k` ijuwf fje ijubw(wbaikjfd okddbouipb kwibjufube `rjeija$ wbbfwom fjegrijb ebpbdkshbju* Umb ihskwufjob k` dkofd ijeruwy(dbfe kwafjifuikjewipija fje ksbwfuija f wbaikjfd odrubw i umbwb`kwb bhsmfibe* Umi rsskwu umbqkwn k` _dpbdd bu fd* -733?) qmk fwarb umfu gkuukh(rs ewipbj odrubw fwb hkwbroob`rd umfj uks(ekqj ksbwfube kjb1* Hkwbkpbw$ iu wbpbfd umb ihsdiofuikj k`

jku(`kw(swkìu okhhrjiuy ebpbdkshbju okwskwfuikj -b*a* Gbfju$ 7332) ij fieijaumb wbjbqfd k` sbwismbwfd wbaikj*

Iu mkrde gb jkuiobe umfu qmidu miamdiamuija umb ihskwufjob k` gkuukh(rs b``kwu`kw wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubw ebpbdkshbju$ umi wbbfwom ekb jku ihsdy umfuwbaikjfd akpbwjhbju -jkw rsskwu fabjoib) mkrde ubs fqfy `wkh odrubwebpbdkshbju fje wbjbqfd wbskjigidiuib* Iu hbwbdy ijeiofub umfu srgdio fabjoibmkrde ijubfe ufnb wbskjigidiuy uk berofub dkofd grijb okhhrjiuib ij mkq ukebpbdks gkuukh(rs ijeruwy odrubw fje mkq uk swkhkub umb fepfjufab k` mfpijaswkfouipb -fje ijeruwy(dbe) okddfgkwfuipb kwafjifuikj ij sbwismbwfd wbaikj*Umr$ srgdio fabjoib mkrde fih uk `foidiufub$ gru jku ewipb jbq fje bhbwaijaodrubw okhsbuiuipb fje okksbwfuipb wbdfuikj* Umi hbfj umfu$ qiumij wbaikjfdgrijb bjpiwkjhbju$ iu i ihskwufju umfu akpbwjhbju okjìjb iubd` uk umbberofuikj$ fqfwbjb fje bjokrwfabhbju k` gkuukh(rs ijuiuruikj `kwokddfgkwfuikj* Ijobjuipb$ umwkram umb `kwh k` dkofd ìjfjoifd rsskwu uwrourwb$ fwbraabube uk gb swkpiebe `kw jbq ijeruwy odrubw uk ebpbdks> fdumkram fswbpikrdy hbjuikjbe srgdio fabjoib mkrde wb`wfij `wkh wrjjija umb I@O* _rom

1 _bb @wkhmkde(Bibgium & Bibgium -7332) `kw f `rwumbw b}sdfjfuikj fje eiorikj ijuk gkuukh(rsfje uks(ekqj wbaikjfd odrubwija*


21/27


ufn ofj ijubfe gb aipbj fje burs `kw dkofd ijeruwy fje bjuwbswbjbrw uk ewipbumbiw kqj ijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuipb fje ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuipb wbdfuikj*

Ij ubwh k` iu bhsiwiofd bpiebjob fje fjfdyi k` fj bhbwaija wbaikjfd ijeruwyokhsbuiuipb fje okksbwfuipb wbdfuikj$ umi wbbfwom rsskwu umb wbobju ofdd hfebgy @kwgb fje Niwom -7363) `kw hkwb ebufidbe ijeruwy bhbwabjob ijpbuiafuikj*

Hkwbkpbw$ iu swkpieb ihsdiofuikj `kw wbaikjfd sdfjjbw fje dkofd ijeruwyebpbdksbw qkwnija qium ebpbdkshbju irb ij sbwismbwfd wbaikj* Umb nbyìjeija ijeiofub umfu iu qf `wriu`rd `kw umb bhbwabjob k` umb sbwismbwfd wbaikjijeruwifd odrubw qmbj awfwkku ijeruwy kwafjifuikj fje dkofd grijbb ukknofwb k`$ fje ewkpb$ umb jbq ijeruwy ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj* Mbjob$ umbbhbwaija wbaikjfd ijeruwy fje odrubw ekhijfju okksbwfuipb `kwob fwb `krje ukgb ijuwf(wbaikjfd*

Okjbvrbjudy$ umi wbbfwom raabu umfu ijubw(wbaikjfd okhsbuiuikj fjeijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj fwb ihskwufju `kw jbq wbaikjfd ijeruwy odrubwuk bhbwab fje fie ij umb wbjbqfd k` f sbwismbwfd wbaikj* Qmbj wbaikjfdsdfjjbw fje ijeruwy ebpbdksbw bhsmfib ijuwf(wbaikjfd$ wfumbw umfj ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj$ Wbb -7332) jkube umfu iu hiamu sru dkofd ebpbdkshbju fu

win* Umi raabu umfu ukk hrom ijuwf(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj erwija wbaikjfdijeruwy odrubw ebpbdkshbju hfy wberob dkofd grijbb ofsfgidiuib uk dbfwj fjeebpbdks `wkh$ fje qkwn ukabumbw qium$ ìwh ij hkwb bufgdimbe wbaikj$rgbvrbjudy ijowbfija f wbaikj sbwismbwfdiuy* Mkqbpbw$ ij umb sbwismbwfd wbaikjumfu umi ijpbuiafuikj fu wbu rskj$ rom ebgfija `kwob$ f jkube gy Wbb -7332)$qbwb jku k fssfwbju*

Fdumkram okjuwfuija$ umbb ei``bwbjob ofj gb b}sdfijbe gy umb uysb fje `kwh kìjeruwy fje wbaikjfd odrubw umfu fwb ij `kor* @kw b}fhsdb$ Wbb -7332) mkq ijwbaikj qmbwb pbwy miam(ubomjkdkay odrubw fwb uwyija uk bhbwab umfu ijubw(wbaikjfd okksbwfuikj mkrde gb ewipija ebpbdkshbju* Ybu qmbwb swkerouikj gfbefje+kw wbaikjfd odrubw umfu fwb hkwb ijeruwifd fwb bhbwaija$ umbj ijuwf(wbaikjfd

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1*3 Okjodreija Wbhfwn

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22/27

FwgrumjkuuLkrwjfd k` Wrwfd fje Okhhrjiuy Ebpbdkshbju 0$ 6 -7366) 775= 5?

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grijb bjpiwkjhbju fje fie swkawbikj k` ebpbdkshbju wbbfwom*

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23/27


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regional cooperative and competitive forces driving industry cluster development and renewal in the...

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