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Reformation Ideas Spread

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Reformation Ideas Spread

• Catholic Monarchs and the Catholic Church fought back against the Protestants.

• Also took steps to reform the Church and restore its leadership

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Radical Reformers

• Anabaptist– Rejected enfant baptism saying only adults could

understand the principle of baptism– Sought radical social change

• Abolishing private property

– Used violence to speed up God’s second coming?– Most were peaceful

• Separation of Church and state• Religious toleration

– Baptist, Quakers, Amish, Mennonites

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The English Reformation

• Some English clergy adopted some Protestant ideas and advocated Church Reform

• Church Reform in England was done by King Henry VIII for political reasons.

King Henry VIII

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Henry VIII

• Called “defender of the faith” by the Pope for denouncing Martin Luther

• 1527 Henry wanted to divorce his Spanish wife of 18 years, Catherine of Aragon.– Aunt to the Holy Roman Emperor – Charles V

• He asked Pope to annul his marriage since Catholic religion doesn’t allow divorce.– She had not provided a male heir to the throne

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Catherine of Aragon

Katherine Parr

Anne Boleyn

Katherine Howard

Anne of Cleves

Jane Seymour

Divorced

executed

Divorced

Died

executed

widow

ed

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Break with Rome

• Henry VIII was furious about the denial by the Pope for his divorce.

• He took over the church in England• Act of Supremacy passed in 1534 made Henry– “the only head on earth of the Church of England”

• Catholics that refused to accept it were executed for treason. – Thomas More, English Humanist – canonized by

Catholic Church (sainthood)

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Church of England

• Royal officials seized & closed monasteries and convents – Gave their lands to Nobles and high-ranking

citizens– Secured support for new church

• The new church of England was called the Anglican Church

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Elizabethan Settlement

• After Henry’s death – his 10 year old son ruled but died in his teens. – Advisors were devout Protestants

• At his death, Mary Tudor became Queen – Determined to return England to

Catholicism• On Mary’s death, 1558, the throne

passed to Henry’s other daughter - Elizabeth

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Elizabethan Settlement

• Elizabeth introduced reforms establishing a middle ground – Preserved much of the Catholic ritual and ceremony– Kept hierarchy of bishops and archbishops– Reaffirmed that the monarch was head of the

church– Restored Book of Common Prayer; accepted

moderate Protestant doctrine– Allowed services in English rather that Latin

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Catholic Reformation

• Protestant Reformation forced a reform movement on the Catholic church itself.

• Pope Paul III – – Revive church’s moral

authority– To end Protestant tide– To end corruption within the

papacy Pope Paul III

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Council of Trent

• Reaffirmed Catholic views– Salvation comes from faith and good works– Bible, while a major source of truth, is not only

source• Took steps to end Church abuses– Penalties for worldliness and corruption– Established schools to educate clergy to challenge

Protestant teachings

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The Inquisition

• Court set up during the Middle Ages• Used secret testimony, torture, and execution

to root our heresy. • Index of Forbidden Books:– Books considered too immoral or irreligious– Books by Luther and Calvin

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Ignatius of Loyola

• Founded Society of Jesus, or Jesuits in 1540• Determined to combat heresy and spread

Catholic faith• Jesuits set out to spread Catholic faith

throughout the world– Asia– Africa– Americas

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Father Kino and Mission San Xavier

• Jesuit missionary• Worked with

leaders of New Spain to spread Catholicism to Sonoran Desert area that we call home

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Results of Catholic Reformation

• Rome was more devout• Reforms did slow the tide of Protestant

conversions• Europe remained divided into a Catholic South

and Protestant North

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Widespread Persecution

• Catholics and Protestants both fostered intolerance– Both sides guilty of attacks and

murder • Witch Hunts– Saw connection between magic and

heresy– Women and some men accused – Looking for scapegoats for their

problems• Outcasts: beggars, poor widows,

midwives, herbalists

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Jews and the Reformation

• Reformation was hard on the Jews– Spain expelled them in 1492– Italy allowed them to stay

• Jews prospered in the arts and business• 1516, Venice and other cities ordered all Jews

to live in a separate quarter of the city – known as a ghetto

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Jews and the Reformation

• Protestants hoped Jews would convert to Christianity

• When they didn’t convert– Expelled from Christian lands– Synagogues were burned

• Some were required to wear yellow badge when they travelled.

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Questions to Ponder

• Describe the steps by which England became a Protestant country.

• What were the goals of the Catholic Reformation?

• Why did persecution increase after the Reformation?