reform shifts from the farm to the city and climbs the ladder of government from the local to the...
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The Progressive Era
Reform shifts from the farm to the city and climbs the ladder of
government from the local to the state and then to the national level.
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I. The Problems of the 1890’s• Huge Gap between
rich and poor• Tremendous
economic and political power of the rich
• Wealthy were insensitively flaunting their wealth before a poorer public
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I. Problems of the 1890’s
• Industrial workers hideously poor, living in squalor and working in dangerous conditions
• Jacob Riis’ How the Other Half Lives (1890)
• Little concern for Black America
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II. Progressive Reformers
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A. Streams of Reform• The “Social Gospel”
movement--Walter Rauschenbusch: Christianity and the Social Crisis (1907)
• Settlement House Workers--Jane Addams, Hull House in Chicago (1889)
• Americans of “Old Wealth”
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A. Streams of Reform• Young, socially-
conscious lawyers• Investigative
Journalists-- “Muckrakers”--Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, and Upton Sinclair
• Small businessmen
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B. Features of Progressive Reform
• Desire to remedy problems through government initiative
• Reliance on “experts”-- Robert Lafollette’s “Wisconsin Idea”
• Wanted reform not revolution
• Stressed the importance of efficiency in reform--Frederick W. Taylor
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B. Features of Progressive Reform (cont.)
Want to bring order out of chaos--Creation of NCAA in 1906
Desire to make politics more democraticDesire to make businessmen more responsible for problems
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B. Features of Progressive Reform
• Desire to make society more moral and more just
• Desire to distribute income more equitably
• Desire to broaden opportunities for individual advancement
• Women were active in progressivism--Suffragettes like Susan B. Anthony
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B. Features of Progressive Reform
• Infiltrated both political parties-- Republican “insurgents”
• Middle-class reform movement
• Operated on all three levels of government
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III. Sample Progressive Reforms
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A. Political Reforms• Tried to put more power into the hands
of the people• Innovative changes in city government
--city managers and commission model• The Direct Primary• Initiative, Referendum and Recall• The Secret Ballot• Direct Election of Senators and the Vote
for Women
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B. Social Reforms• Child labor laws• Ten-hour work days
--The “Brandeis brief”--Muller v. Oregon (1908)--Bunting v. Oregon (1917)
• Prohibition initiatives• Moral Purity campaigns
--Mann Act (1910)
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B. Social Reforms • Minimum safety standards
on the job• Minimum standards for
housing codes• “City Beautification”
movement• Immigration Restriction• Eugenics
--Buck v. Bell (1927)• Little Help for Blacks
--NAACP (1909)-- “Birth of a Nation”
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IV. Progressive Amendments to the Constitution
• Progressive reliance on the law
• 16th Amendment (1913)—federal income tax
• 17th Amendment (1913)—direct election of senators
• 18th Amendment (1919)—prohibition
• 19th Amendment (1920)—vote for women
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V. Presidential Progressivism: Theodore Roosevelt
• Great drive, energy and exciting personality
• TR’s interests and early years
• NYC police commissioner
• Spanish-American War experience-- “Rough Riders”
• Political Rise from NY Governor to Vice-President
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A. First Term as President (1901-1904)
• McKinley’s assassination
• Offered energetic national leadership
• Cast every issue in moral and patriotic terms--The “Bully Pulpit”
• Master Politician• Modest goals for his
“accidental” presidency
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B. “Trust-Buster”?
• TR’s attitude toward Big Business
• Wants to regulate in order to get businesses to act right
• The “Square Deal” (1902)
• Making an example of the Northern Securities Co.
• The Elkins Act (1903) and the Bureau of Corporations
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C. Second Term as President (1905-1909)
• More vigorous progressivism
• Hepburn Act (1906)• Federal Meat
Inspection Act (1906)• Pure Food and Drug
Act (1906)• Conservation Policy
--Preservation vs. Conservation
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VI. “A Tough Act to Follow”: The Presidency of William Howard
Taft (1909-1913)• The Election of
1908• Taft’s political
experience• Taft’s weight• Not a dynamic
politician• Never completely
comfortable as President
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VI. Presidency of Taft • Controversy over
the Tariff• More conservative
than TR, but also more trust suits
• The “Ballinger-Pinchot” Affair
• Growing tension with Teddy Roosevelt
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VII. The Election of 1912• Growing split within
the Republican Party• Creation of the “Bull
Moose” Party• Progressive Party
Platform: “New Nationalism”
• Democrats drafted Woodrow Wilson
• Results of the Election
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VIII. Democratic Progressivism: The Presidency of Woodrow
Wilson (1913-1921)• Wilson’s early life
and political career• True progressive and
dynamic speaker• Sympathetic to small
businessmen• Could be a stubborn,
moral crusader and ideologue
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A. “New Freedom”• Wilson’s brand of
progressivism• Wants to recreate
the “golden age” of small American businesses
• Wilson wants to open channels for free and fair competition
• Historic Jeffersonian approach to federal power
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B. Key Wilsonian Legislation
• Underwood Tariff Act (1913)
• Federal Reserve Act (1913)
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
• Federal Trade Commission (1914)
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C. Congressional Progressivism After 1914
• Wilson was not a strong progressive when it came to social reform
• Congress takes over the progressive agenda
• Appointment of Brandeis to Supreme Court
• Examples of congressional progressive legislation after 1914--Federal Highways Act (1916)
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IX. The Waning of the Progressive Movement
• Progressive movement peaks by 1917• Success of the movement led to its decline• Advent of World War I also hurt
progressive activism• Progressives themselves began to weary
of their reform zeal—as did the nation as a whole
• Ironically, voter participation has steadily declined since the election of 1912