referral to treatment: the next steps jennifer g. smith, md division of general medicine &...
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![Page 1: Referral to Treatment: The Next Steps Jennifer G. Smith, MD Division of General Medicine & Primary Care John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital Cook County Bureau](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e675503460f94b62872/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Referral to Treatment:The Next Steps
Jennifer G. Smith, MDDivision of General Medicine & Primary Care
John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital
Cook County Bureau of Health Services
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Overview
• Addiction is a common, treatable disease but most people who have it go untreated
• Treatment for addiction can begin with screening, assessment, & referral in general healthcare settings
• Building a successful “continuum of care” for addiction diseases means change for general healthcare and addiction treatment providers
• Taking steps to implement successful referral between general healthcare and addiction treatment organizations
![Page 3: Referral to Treatment: The Next Steps Jennifer G. Smith, MD Division of General Medicine & Primary Care John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital Cook County Bureau](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e675503460f94b62872/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Overview
• Addiction is a common, treatable disease but most people who have it go untreated
• Treatment for addiction can begin with screening, assessment, & referral in general healthcare settings
• Building a successful “continuum of care” for addiction diseases means change for general healthcare and addiction treatment providers
• Taking steps to implement successful referral between general healthcare and addiction treatment organizations
![Page 4: Referral to Treatment: The Next Steps Jennifer G. Smith, MD Division of General Medicine & Primary Care John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital Cook County Bureau](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e675503460f94b62872/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DSM IV Substance Abuse Disorder(Use with Consequences)
Continued substance use, in spite of 1 or more recurring negative consequences over one year:
• Interference with role obligations• Risk of physical injury• Legal problems• Interpersonal problems
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Continued substance use in spite of 3 or more recurring negative consequences over one year:
• Tolerance - Increased amounts needed to achieve effect• Withdrawal - Signs of, use to avoid or relieveLoss of control over use, compulsive use, craving -• More or longer use than intended • Unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control use• Much time spent getting, using, recovering• Activities given up or reduced to facilitate use• Use despite knowledge of related problems
DSM IV Substance Dependence Disorder(Alcoholism, Addiction)
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Addiction is a Brain Disease
• Using drugs repeatedly over time changes brain structure and function in fundamental and long-lasting ways
• Long-lasting brain changes in the brain's natural motivational control circuits are responsible for the compulsion to use drugs that is the essence of addiction
Leshner AI, JAMA, 282 (1999): 1314 1316
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Addiction Treatment is Effective
• Goal of addiction treatment is to return to productive functioning– Treatment reduces substance use by 40-60%– Treatment reduces crime by 40-60%– Treatment increases employment by 40%
• Rates of adherence similar to treatment for other chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma, hypertension
• Every $1 spent for treatment saves up to $12 in reduced health care and crime-related costs
McLellan AT, Lewis DC, O'Brien CP, Kleber HD, JAMA, 284 (2000): 1689 1695NIDA, Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide, NIH Bethesda, MD, July 2000
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90% of People with Active Substance Use Disorders are Untreated
85%
5%
10%
Did not feel need fortreatment
Felt need for treatmentbut did not receive
Received specializedtreatment
23.2 million (9.5%) of US pop. > 12 years old have a current substance use disorder
69% paid with own or family savings28% public assistance45% medicare/medicaid32% private insurance
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, SAMHSA, 2005
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Overview
• Addiction is a common, treatable disease but most people who have it go untreated
• Treatment for addiction can begin with screening, assessment, & referral in general healthcare settings
• Building a successful “continuum of care” for addiction diseases means change for general healthcare and addiction treatment providers
• Taking steps to implement successful referral between general healthcare and addiction treatment organizations
![Page 10: Referral to Treatment: The Next Steps Jennifer G. Smith, MD Division of General Medicine & Primary Care John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital Cook County Bureau](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e675503460f94b62872/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
People with Substance Use Disorders Seek Care in General Healthcare Settings
General medical (ED, MD office) 43.3%
Specialty mental health 42.6%
Professional human services 19.0%
Self-help groups 7.9%
Specialty addiction 6.3%
Narrow et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:95-107
Distribution of Persons w/ SUD Treated in Ambulatory Settings
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Prevalence of Substance Dependence Disorder among Primary Care Patients
Study
Fleming(1998)
Piccinelli(1997)
Volk(1997)
Patients
Men & women18-65 y
Men & women18-65 y
Men & womenmean age 39-47 y
# Patients
21,282
482
1,333
Alcohol Dependence
5%
2%
5-7% women11-14% men
Illicit Drug Use
5%
-
-
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Prevalence of Substance Dependence Disorder among General Hospital Admissions
Study
Smothers(2003)
Brown(1998)
Soderstrom(1997)
Canning(1999)
FacilityPatient type
90 Hospitals18+ y, All Services
Univ Hospital18-49 y, Med/Surg
Level 1 Trauma 18+ y, Trauma
Teaching Hospital18-85 y, Medicine
# Patients
2,040
374
1,118
2,988
Alcohol Dependence
6.3%
10.5%
24.1%
-
Illicit Drug Dependence
10.9%(Drug Use)
2.5%
17.7%
4%(Drug Use)
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At-Risk & Dependent Use by Inpatient ServiceStroger Hospital, 2004-2005
Cocaine
0
10
20
30
Trauma HIV Med-Surg OB
Heroin
0
10
20
30
Trauma HIV Med-Surg OB
Marijuana
0
10
20
30
Trauma HIV Med-surg OB
Dependent At-Risk
Alcohol
0
10
20
30
Trauma HIV Med-surg OB
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Prevalence of Alcohol Dependence by Age:Hospitalized Patients vs. Community
0
5
10
15
20
25
18-24 25-34 35-44Years
45-54 55-64 > 65
Alcohol Dependence in Hospitalized Patients, CCBHS
Alcohol Dependence in Community Members, Illinois
Pre
vale
nce
%
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Drug Dependence by Age:Hospitalized Patients vs. Community
0
5
10
15
20
25
18-24 25-34 35-44Years
45-54 55-64 > 65
Cocaine Dependence in Hospitalized Patients, CCBHS
Heroin Dependence in Hospitalized Patients, CCBHS
Any Drug Dependence in Illinois Community
Pre
vale
nce
%
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Readiness Ruler: How ready are you to make a change in your use?”
Not ready Unsure Ready
Her
oin
Alc
oh
ol,
Co
cain
e
Mar
iju
ana
Average response of patients dependent on that substance
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Identification & Intervention for Substance Use Disorders among General Healthcare Patients
Study
Moore(1989)
Hearne(2002)
Smothers(2004)
Setting, Patients
University Hospital+ Alcohol screen
General Hospital+ Alcohol Use Disorder
90 General Hospitals+ Alcohol Use Disorder
Patients Identified
by MD Team
7-66%
20%
57%
Patients with Interventionby MD Team
35%
8%
21%
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Overview
• Addiction is a common, treatable disease but most people who have it go untreated
• Treatment for addiction can begin with screening, assessment, & referral in general healthcare settings
• Building a successful “continuum of care” for addiction diseases means change for general healthcare and addiction treatment providers
• Taking steps to implement successful referral between general healthcare and addiction treatment organizations
![Page 19: Referral to Treatment: The Next Steps Jennifer G. Smith, MD Division of General Medicine & Primary Care John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital Cook County Bureau](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e675503460f94b62872/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Illinois SBIRT Interventions
Screening
General HealthInformation
BriefIntervention
ChemicalDependencyTreatment
BriefAssessment
Assess &Referral
Use withConsequences
At-Risk Use
Low Risk Use
Dependent Use
State Licensed Treatment Providers
CCBHS Hospitals& Health Centers
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Illinois SBIRT Interventions
Screening
General HealthInformation
BriefIntervention
ChemicalDependencyTreatment
BriefAssessment
Assess &Referral
Use withConsequences
At-Risk Use
Low Risk Use
Dependent Use
State Licensed Treatment Providers
CCBHS Hospitals& Health Centers
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Outcome of Screening 28 months, 3/30/04 – 7/27/06
Hospitalized Patients
N (% of screened)
Ambulatory Patients
N (% of screened)
Low Risk 34,507 (75.3) 5,493 (86.6)
At-Risk UseReceived Brief Intervention
4,820 (10.5) 548 (8.6)
Use w/ ConsequencesReceived Brief Intervention
1383 (3.0) 106 (1.7)
Dependent UseReceived BI, offered Referral
5,121 (11.2) 195 (3.1)
Accepted Referral to Treatment
2,752 (8)(54% of dependent pts)
39 (1)(20% of dependent pts)
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Patient Placement Criteria for Addiction Treatment(American Society of Addiction Medicine)
Multidimensional Assessment:
1. Acute intoxication, Withdrawal potential
2. Biomedical conditions and complications
3. Emotional/Behavioral/Cognitive conditions and complications
4. Readiness to change
5. Relapse/Continued use/Continued problem potential
6. Recovery environment
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ASAM PPCTreatment Levels of Service:
I. Outpatient Treatment
II. Intensive Outpatient and Partial Hospitalization
III. Residential/Inpatient Treatment
IV. Medically-Managed Intensive
V. Inpatient Treatment
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Illinois SBIRT Interventions
Screening
General HealthInformation
BriefIntervention
ChemicalDependencyTreatment
BriefAssessment
Assess &Referral
Use withConsequences
At-Risk Use
Low Risk Use
Dependent Use
State Licensed Treatment Providers
CCBHS Hospitals& Health Centers
REFERRALCOORDINATOR
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Patients Referred to Treatment 28 months, 3/30/04 - 7/27/06
# Patients Referred
Total 2,773
Brief Treatment (Individual Counseling) 793
Residential 921
Methadone Maintenance 576
Intensive Outpatient 232
Outpatient 251
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Entry into State Funded Treatmentwithin 60 Days from Hospital Discharge
Substance Dependent
Patients
Entered Treatment
Accepted Referral to Treatment while Hospitalized
983 161 (16%)
Did Not Want Referral to Treatment while Hospitalized
292 5 (2%)
Sample of dependent patients discharged from Stroger Hospital matched with State-funded treatment data base (2004-2005)
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Illinois SBIRT Interventions
Screening
General HealthInformation
BriefIntervention
ChemicalDependencyTreatment
BriefAssessment
Assess &Referral
Use withConsequences
At-Risk Use
Low Risk Use
Dependent Use
State Licensed Treatment Providers
CCBHS Hospitals& Health Centers
BriefTreatment
REFERRALCOORDINATOR
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Time to Treatment “Intake” Appointment
Mean 95% CI
4 12 16 208
Modality
Brief treatment
Intensive outpt
Residential
Outpatient
Methadone
Tx Estimated time to beginning of treatment
Intake representative of beginning of treatment
0 28 42 Days
Tx
Tx
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Entry into State Funded Treatmentwithin 60 Days from Hospital Discharge
Substance Dependent
Patients
Entered Treatment
Referred to Brief Treatment (with or w/out other traditional modality also intended)
274 72 (26%)
Referred to Traditional Treatment Modality (without Brief Treatment first)
709 89 (13%)
Sample of dependent patients discharged from Stroger Hospital matched with State-funded treatment data base
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Illinois SBIRT Interventions
Screening
General HealthInformation
BriefIntervention
ChemicalDependencyTreatment
BriefAssessment
Assess &Referral
Use withConsequences
At-Risk Use
Low Risk Use
Dependent Use
State Licensed Treatment Providers
CCBHS Hospitals& Health Centers
BriefTreatment
COMMUNITY CASECOORDINATORS
REFERRALCOORDINATOR
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Outcome of Referrals, Follow-Up from Community Care Coordinators
12 months (4/01/05 – 3/31/06)
Patients assigned to CCC after Hospital Discharge
1,072
Followed, know patient entered Treatment
335 (31% of assigned)
(55% of followed)
Followed, know patient did not enter planned Treatment
262 (24% of assigned)
(43% of followed)
Followed, patient died 9 (1% of assigned)
Lost to follow-up 466 (43% of assigned)
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Change in Treatment Entry with NO WAIT
Mean Days to Tx Entry
% in Tx within 60
Days
Residential 9 days 18 %
Methadone Maintenance
17 days 22 %
% in Tx
after Referral
87 %
67 %
First YearUsual Wait
Referred Patients*
Same/Next DayTreatment
Referred Patients
*Sample of dependent patients discharged from Stroger Hospital matched with State-funded treatment data base, 2004-2005
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Overview
• Addiction is a common, treatable disease but most people who have it go untreated
• Treatment for addiction can begin with screening, assessment, & referral in general healthcare settings
• Building a successful “continuum of care” for addiction diseases means change for general healthcare and addiction treatment providers
• Taking steps to implement successful referral between general healthcare and addiction treatment organizations
![Page 34: Referral to Treatment: The Next Steps Jennifer G. Smith, MD Division of General Medicine & Primary Care John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital Cook County Bureau](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e675503460f94b62872/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Challenges for Healthcare Providers, Chemical Dependency (CD) Treatment Providers,
Regulators & Funders
• Implement universal screening in general healthcare settings and provide further assessment for substance use disorder as part of general healthcare!
• Establish referral relationships between CD treatment and general healthcare settings
– Identify common community resources
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(Challenges continued)
• Establish procedures to coordinate care between healthcare & CD treatment organizations– Address confidentiality and clinical information
sharing
– Identify inter-institutional roles and responsibilities
– Coordinate to continue care initiated in general healthcare setting (example: Methadone to control withdrawal in hospital methadone maintenance)
• Provide CD treatment to patients with other significant medical conditions
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(Challenges continued)
• Adapt usual CD treatment “intake” procedures to accept patients referred from general healthcare settings
– Accept referral from intermediary rather than patient
– Give date for initiation of treatment
• Focus on transferring therapeutic alliance at first visit to CD treatment provider
– Downsize required regulatory paperwork for first visit
– First visit a counseling session not “intake” session
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(Challenges continued)
• Make CD treatment available with “no wait”
– Provide support to patients waiting for CD treatment
• Incorporate motivational counseling strategies to foster retention at all steps
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Taking Steps*• Engage decision-makers
– Assess current practice, need, potential benefits– Assess readiness & identify support– Assess & strategize to minimize barriers
• Engage community resources, partners– What resources are available?– Who/what will maintain resource connections & partnerships?
• Engage workplace teams– Who will provide assessment? – Who will refer patients to specific treatment?– How will assessment and referral fit into usual care processes?
• Provide ongoing feedback (data) for incentive, improvement, and sustainability– What information should be monitored?– Who will collect and feedback information?– Who needs information feedback?
*Smith J, McQueen K, Brown R, Girard C, AMERSA National Conference, 2005