referencing and citation
TRANSCRIPT
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Referencing and Citation
Research Methods for Hospitality and
Tourism Managers
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Scope and Coverage
• This topic will cover:
• Importance of referencing, bibliography and
citation
• Various referencing styles
• Details of Harvard Referencing Style
•
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Learning Outcomes
• By the end of the topic, students will be able
to:
• Describe the importance using references.
• Differentiate between citation and references,
• Identify different referencing styles.
•
Understand Harvard referencing system.
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Importance of Referencing
• Why cite and refer:
• Support your argument
• Express your familiarity with relevant literature
• To acknowledge someone else’s intellectual
property
• Avoid plagiarism
• Facilitate the readers to verify and access
material if someone wants to update
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Citation, References, Bibliography
• Citation: – Briefly, citing means referring within your text to sources which
you have used in the course of your research. In the Harvardstyle, this means providing the author's surname and the dateof publication e.g.
– It has been argued (Harris 2001) that the main considerationsare…
– It has been argued by Harris (2001) that the main considerationsare..
• Reference
• Bibliography
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Reference & Bibliography
• A reference is a full description of each sourceyou have consulted, in a bibliography or list ofreferences at the end of your work. References
should be given in a consistent style throughout.A References list should contain only the detailsof the sources you have cited in the body of yourtext.
• A bibliography may also include details of othersources you consulted when researching a pieceof work but may not have cited in your text.
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Referencing Styles
• Harvard Referencing Style
• American Psychological Association (APA)
•
Chicago: University of Chicago PressPublishers
• OSCOLA: Faculty of Law, University of Oxford
•
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers
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Class Activity
• In 10 minutes time,
•
Give 4 reasons why we refer and cite literature
• Enumerate the famous referencing styles
• Differentiate between citation and referencing
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Harvard Referencing Style
• The Harvard referencing style is an example of author-datereferencing. The Harvard style is very common and is usedacross most subjects.
•
There is no definitive form of Harvard referencing as thereis no organisation that sets standards for the style.
• Despite its name, the style is not linked to HarvardUniversity.
• As there is no standard, there are variations of the Harvardstyle.
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APA
• The American Psychological Association publishes
a style guide, the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, which is
commonly used by writers, editors and studentsin the social science subjects.
• The APA also provides a free basic online tutorialto using the APA Style which includes guidance on
how to reference.
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APA Links
• The following, freely available APA web guides may
also help you to reference your work using the APAstyle:
• Cardiff University Information Literacy Resource Bank -APA Referencing Tutorial(https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/apatutorial/index.html )
• University of Wisconsin - Madison - Writing Center APADocumentation
(http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html)•
• Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) - APAFormatting and Style Guide(https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/1/ )
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Chicago
• The University of Chicago Press publishes The
Chicago Manual of Style.
• There is also an online version, the Chicago
Manual of Style Online which offers a free 30
day trial.
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Chicago Links
• There a lot of free Chicago style guides on the web
including:
• Purdue University, Online Writing Lab (OWL) - ChicagoManual of Style
(https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/01/)
• University of Wisconsin - Madison - Writing CenterChicago Documentation(http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocChicago.html)
• Murdoch University - Chicago Style Guide(http://library.murdoch.edu.au/Getting-
help/Referencing/)
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OSCOLA
• Developed by the Faculty of Law at the University of Oxford,OSCOLA is used to cite authorities, legislation and other legalmaterials.
• The fourth edition can be viewed here. There is also an SCOLA quick
reference guide.
• The Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities – homepage(http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/publications/oscola.php)
• Cardiff University Information Literacy Resource Bank - Citing theLaw(https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/oscola/tutorial/index.html)
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IEEE
• The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers) referencing style is used in engineeringdisciplines.
• The 2009 IEEE style manual contains guidance onreferencing and can be viewed as a pdf document here(https://development.standards.ieee.org/myproject/Public/mytools/draft/styleman.pdf )
• A citation reference guide is available here(http://www.ieee.org/index.html).
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Types of References
• Blogs
• Chapter in an edited book or reader
• Citing authors whose original work youhave not read
• Conference proceedings and papers
• Diagram
• Discussion board message • Discussion lists
• DVD / Video
• Electronic book
• Electronic journal articles
• Graph
•
Image / Table • Internet Sources
• Books• Journal Articles
• Lecture
• Newspaper article
• Personal communication
• Photograph
• Place of publication, none
• Podcast
•
Quotations • Report
• Secondary referencing, or citing authorswhose original work you have not read
• Table
• Television programme
• Thesis or dissertation
• Web pages • Wiki
• Working paper
• YouTube film
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Citing your sources in the text
• There are different conventions for citingsourcing in the text.
• When you refer to another’s words or ideas in
your work, you must cite your source.• At an appropriate point in your text, provide
the author’s surname and the year of
publication in round brackets. If you includethe author’s name in your sentence, onlyprovide the year of publication in brackets
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Examples of Citation (Harvard Citation Style)
• It has been argued (Harris 2001) that the main
considerations are…
• It has been argued by Harris (2001) that the
main considerations are…
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Citing Edited Books
• For edited books that contain collections ofchapters written by different authors, cite theauthor of the chapter and not the editor of theoverall book.
• If you are citing different publications written bythe same author in the same year, label the firstone cited with the letter ‘a’ after the year and the
second ‘b’ etc. e.g. (Smith 2004a), (Smith 2004b).You will need to do the same in your list ofreferences.
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Citing Multiple Authors
• Where two authors have produced the work,include both their last names in your citatione.g. (Cullingworth and Nadin 2007) or
Cullingworth and Nadin (2007).
• When there are three or more authors use the
abbreviation et al. (and others) after the firstauthor’s surname e.g. Tayler et al. (2003) or(Tayler et al. 2003).
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Paraphrasing your sources
• The examples above cover instances where you
are summarising the overall argument or position
of a book or an article. If you are paraphrasing a
particular argument or point from your sourceyou must include page numbers:
• For example:
–
It has been argued (Harris 2001, pp. 20-21) that themain considerations are the scope of the project, the
cost and the duration of the work.
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Directly quoting from your sources
• You should aim to paraphrase informationprovided by an author in your own words ratherthan quote large amounts of their work verbatimas this helps to demonstrate to the reader your
understanding of the information. It can benecessary to quote directly from the text whenyou: – Cannot present the information more succinctly or in
any other way. – Need to present a particular portion of an author’s
text in your work to analyse it.
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Short Quotation
• If the quotation is short, enclose the writer’s
words in double quotation marks and then
cite the author, date and page number:
– Key causes of economic deprivation include low
income or unemployment which are often the
result of “poor qualification levels and lack of
basic skills” (Thake and Saubach 1993, p. 18).
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Long Quotation
• Longer quotations should be separated from the body of
your text and indented from the left-hand margin. Whenyou indent a quotation, there is no need to include
quotation marks:
• As Joia and Sanz (2005, p. 5) observe:
– In specific terms, it might be imagined that the benefits of web
consumer retention would only seem to be advantageous for
digital companies that are client-centric, which can interact with
these consumers. Furthermore, the mere fact of usingtransactional practices, low differentiation between products and
the emphasis on promotion of price on the web would seem to
increase sensitivity to price.
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Omitting some words, or adding emphasis
• If you omit some words from the quotation, you needto indicate this by typing in three dots, e.g. “The statehas an essential role … in the legal definition ofproperty rights” (Deininger 2003, p. 69)
• If you add some of your own words within thequotation, place your words in [square brackets] tomake it clear which are the author’s words and which
are yours. Remember to quote exactly as the wordsappear in the original: do not add bold or italics.
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Referencing
• Referencing means giving a full description of
each source you have cited in the text, in a list
of references or bibliography, at the end of
your work:
• Write the list in alphabetical order: put the
first author’s last name first and then his/her
initials.
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Referencing
• Include the names and initials of all authors
or, if there are more than two authors, use the
abbreviation et al. after the first author’s
name.
• Arrange any references with the same author
by the year of publication, beginning with the
oldest.
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Referencing
•
Titles should beitalicised
for books, reports andconference proceedings. For journal articles, the
title of the journal (not the title of the journal
article) should be printed in italics.
• CAPITLISE the first letter of each author’s last name
and each initial. Also capitalise the first letter of
the publication title written in italics, the firstletters of all main words in the title of a journal and
all first letters of a place name and publisher.