CITATION AND REFERENCING IN RESEARCH WORK

SUBMTTED BY : Jingling BellsSUBMITTED TO: MA’AM SAMINA RANAMEMBER NAMES: KHADIJA RIAZ (8a) ZARKA SHAFIQ (33) SITARA TARIQ (34) ROMAISA SHAHEEN (38) AYESHA CHAUDRY (42) SAMIA CH. (45) AYESHA SALEEM (46) AQSA MAHMOOOD (66) UMM-E-AMMARA TAHA SHAFIQ (84) IQRA SHOUQAT

CONTENTS:• Introduction• What is citation?• Citation Types• In-text, Other text possibilities• What is reference?• What is Bibliography?• Differences between----• Different Citation Styles• Practicing APA• Practicing MLA• Differences• Final Words

CITATION:• Citation is a quotation or reference from a

book, paper or author specially in a scholarly work.

• More precisely citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic reference.

• Generally the combination of the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought as a citation.

PURPOSES OF CITATION:

• To upload intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism)

• To attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources.

• To allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author’s argument in the claimed way.

• To help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.

• TO acknowledge other works.• To avoid plagiarism

. Books

. journals

. Conference proceedings. Patents. Thesis. Personal communication. Web Pages etc.

What sources to cite:

Primary Sources of Citation:• Primary sources are first-hand authoritative

accounts of an event, topic, or historical time period. They are typically produced at the time of the event by a person who experienced it, but can also be made later on in the form of personal memories or oral histories. Anything that contains original information on a topic is considered a primary source.

Examples: Letters, diaries or journals(personal thoughts

. Original photographs . First-hand newspaper reports . Speeches, autobiographies or memoris . Creative works like plays, paintings and songs . Research data and surveys.

Secondary source of citation:• Use secondary source sparingly, for instance,

when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English. Give the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source.

For example, if Allport's work is cited in Nicholson and you did not read Allport's work, list the Nicholson reference in the reference list. In the text, use the following citation:

Allport's diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).

Also Essays or reviews, Criticism or commentaries etc.

Tertiary sources of citation:• Tertiary sources generally provide

an overview or summary of a topic, and may contain both primary and secondary sources. The information is displayed as entirely factual, and does not include analysis or critique.

• Tertiary sources can also be collections of primary and secondary sources, such as databases, bibliographies and directories.

Examples: Textbooks(may also be considered secondary),

Almanacs Bibliographies or abstracts

;

In-text Citation: We must provide information that will

allow the reader to locate exactly where we found information in our source. Usually this is the author’s last name and the year of publication , for example: (Wasser,2009)

Place the parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence before the punctuation mark.

Bedwetting emissions have been determined to consist mostly of two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen, plus assorted diurnal chemicals ( Wasser,2009).

In-Text Citation, cont’d When the author’s name appears as part of

sentence (known as a “signal phrase”), do not use it again in the parenthetical citation Just give the year of publication.:

Abrams succinctly outlines his version of the history of literary criticism prior to the renaissance through the metaphor of the mirror “representing reality unblinkingly(1998).

When there are two authors, name both authors every time their work is referenced in your paper:

Abrams and Herman outline his….

Other citation possibilities:• When there are between three and five authors, name all

their first citing, including author and replace the other with “et al”.

Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser(2009) believe that…

• When there are 6 or more authors, use first author’s surname and “et al” for the others.

• If the author is a group(e.g., corporation , association, govt agency), use the entire name in your in-text cite, through some groups’ name can be abbreviated after the first instance.

• According to government figures, boys are…..• When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first

few words of the reference list entry; if article , chapter or webpage, use quotation marks, if periodical, book, report, use italics:

• Students use internet excessively(“IKEA Report,” 2005) A popular college hand, College Bound Senior(2008),

recommends balanced use of internet for studies.

Other Citation Possibilities:.Some times you may want to refer to more than

one source in your in-text citation. In that case, you should place them alphabetically, separated by a semicolon:

Excessive internet use effect student’s memory(Freud 1901; Jung 1905).

.To cite a specific part of a source , indicate a page, especially if a direct quotation; chapter ; figure; table; or equation at the appropriate point in your text

Jung establishes the fact that drawbacks of excessive internet use are long lasting91919, chapter 3).

REFERENCE:• A short note recognizing a source of

information or of a quoted passage.• A book to which you can refer for authoritative

facts.• The action of mentioning or alluding to

something or,• The use of a source of information in order to

ascertain something.

Example: Author Date of publication Article title Date of citation Journal title Kaul S.DiamodGA, Good enough; a primer on the

analysis and interpretation of noninfe8riority trials. Ann Intern Med[Internet]. 2006 Jul 4 [cited2007 Jan 4];145(1);62-9. Availablefrom:http://www.annals.org/egi/reprint/145/1/62.pdf

Type of medium Availability Volume number Issue number

Location

Why to reference ???

• Proves that substantial research has been done to support

our analysis .

• Enables others to follow up on our work .

• Gives credit to other people's work .

• Avoids charges of plagiarism.

• Required to support all significant statements.

• Used to indicate the origin of material & source for research

& further reading.

PLAGIARISM: “The practice of taking

someone else's work or ideas and

passing them off as one's own.

Recorded from the early 17th century, the word comes from Latin plagiarius ‘kidnapping’.”

Difference Between Referencing And Citation:

CitationA specific source that you

mention in the body of your paper. The format of the citation may change depending on the style you use (e.g. MLA & APA) and the way that you weave the citation in to your writing, but the basic elements of the citation I to your writing, but the basic elements of the citation that you need to include are:

. Name of author

. Year of publication

. Page number or page rangeIf you quote a source directly you

must include the exact page number in your citation or it is incomplete.

Referencing

• This is a list of the sources you have cite. The references come at the end of your paper. In APA style, this is not a list of “works cited”. Every source that is listed in your references also needs to be cited in the body of your paper.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:• There may be many articles which we have

referred but not cited, these can be listed at the end of our assignment in a bibliography. These articles should be listed in alphabetical order.

• HOW DO YOU WRITE A BIBLIOGRAPHY?1. Author name.2. Title of publication & title of magazine if it’s a

magazine or encyclopedia).3. Date of publication.4. The place of publication of a book.5. The publication company of a book.6. The volume number of a magazine or printed

encyclopedia.7. The page number(s).

Reference Vs. Bibliography• The terms „References‟ and

„Bibliography‟ are often used synonymously, but there is a difference in meaning between them.

• References are the items you have read and specifically referred to (or cited) in your work , and your list of sources at the end of the assignment will be headed „References‟.

• Bibliography is a list of everything you read -whether or not you referred specifically to it .

Different Styles Of Referencing And Citation:

What is reference style ????

• A referencing style is a specific format for presenting in-

text references (footnotes or endnotes),

and bibliography.

• It is a act of referring.

Some styles in Practice:FACULTY

• Arts

• Business and Economics

• Creative Arts and Industries

• Education• Engineering• Law• Medical and Health

Sciences• Sciences

• Theology

Recommended referencing styles

Harvard, Chicago, MLA, University of Auckland Style

APA The Business of Writing: Written Communication

Skills for Business Students APA, Chicago, Harvard, MLA APA Harvard, Chicago, UOA Engineering Numbered

Style Guide Vancouver, APA Referencing style recommended by Science

Departments Scientific style and format: the CBE manual for

authors, editors and publishers Chicago

Some common referencing and citation styles and their origins:• The Vancouver system_ used in medical and

scientific journal.• The Harvard system• Chicago manual of style• American Psychological Association(APA)-

psychology, education and other social sciences

• American Medical Association-(AMA) - Medical and biological sciences

• Modern Language Association (MLA)- literature and arts

Referencing Style Cont..

APA: The alphabetical reference list at the end of the paper provide

the necessary in formation for the reader to locate and retrieve any source cited in the body of text.

It lists alphabetically in this order: The last name of the author followed by the initials and the

year of publications in brackets. In the case of with one author the title of the book comes next in italics with just initial letter of the first word of the title and subtitle capitalize. This is followed by the place of publication and the name of the publisher.

The information in the list of references must be detailed enough tp enable the reader to easily locate addition or volume or issue number, in the case of journals or web page etc.

EXAMPLE: Pinker ,(1999).Words and Rules: The ingredients of Language. London: Phoenix

Referencing Style Cont..• MLA:• MLA is defined as a style of writing used for college-level

writing .An example of MLA style is the specific formatting for foot notes in a college paper.

. MLA format requires that you briefly acknowledge your sources in the main body of the text by using the author’s name and the page number in parentheses. Note the following example:

(Clinton 440). The reader then knows to consult page 440 of Clinton’s book.

. If you refer to the title of a larger published work in your paper, such as a novel or movie, it should appear as follow:

John Clinton’s “A STUDY OF LIFE”. Please note the use of capital letters and italics.

. Titles of smaller works, such as poems or short stories, should be written in the text as follows:

Raymond Carver’s “Cathedral”. Please note that smaller works are put in quotation marks and underlined.

MLA research paper format tips:• Use a clear typeface (Arial or Times New

Roman) in a readable size.• Justify the text to the left margin, leaving the

right margin ragged. • Leave 1”margins on the top, bottom, left, and

right.

MLA APA

Authors / editors Spells out available names. If more than 3 list first and “et al.”

Uses last name and first initial. List all authors

Titles Capitalize every important word

Capitalizes first word

Publisher Shortens name Uses full name

Places of publication Only lists city Lists state abbreviation when city is lesser known

Pages Uses+ for pages after the first one

Lists first page and additional pages

Dates Placed at end of citation Follows author’s name

Identities First line is flush with left margin, second and subsequent lines are intended

First line of an entry is indented, second and subsequent lines are flush with the left margin

Parenthetical Citation in Text

Use author name and page

Uses author name, date of publication, and page number

Introduce source material with signal phrases

Introduce source material with signal phrases• You can introduce source information with a

phrase like “according to…” or try working the information or quotation right into the flow of your sentence with one of these signal words:

When the Author isNeutral:

CommentsDescribesExplainsIllustrates

notes

When AuthorArgues:arguesclaims

contends maintains

insists

When author suggests

or infers:concludes

findsproposesreveals

speculatesconsiders

Conclusion• We conclude that there are many standard style used for

referencing, we can use any one of them.

• It gives us a standard format of presenting or reference.

• Supports or significant statement and helps to know

origin of work.

• Plagiarism can be avoided.

Thank

You