References

Aburish, S. (1985) Pay-off: Wheeling and Dealing in the Arab World (London: AndréDeutsch).

Ackaert, J. (1998) ‘Belgische burgemeesters in Noord en Zuid, Kultuurleven, 65, 5, 60–7.Adams, J.R. (1990) The Big Fix: Inside the S. and L. Scanda (New York: John Wiley).Ades, A. and R. Di Tella (1995) ‘Competition and corruption’, Applied Economics

Discussion Paper Series, No. 169 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Aja, E. (1999) El Estado autonómico: Federalismo y hechos diferenciales (Madrid: Alianza).Alatas, S.H. (1990) Corruption: Its Nature, Causes and Functions (Aldershot: Avebury).Allen, L. et al. (1990) Political Scandals and Causes Célèbres since 1945: an International

Reference Compendium (London: Longman)Alletzhouser, A. (1980) The House of Normura (London: Bloomsbury).Allum, P.A. (1973) Politics and Society in Post-War Naples (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press).Andersson, S. (1999) Hederlighetens pris. En ESO-rapport om korruption, The price of hon-

esty, A report on corruption, English summary (Stockholm: Finansdepartementet).Andersson, S. (2002) ‘Sweden – a least corrupt case: empirical observations about dan-

ger zones’, dissertation (Sweden: Department of Political Science, Umeå University).Andreas Papandreou Institute of Strategic and Development Studies (1999) Research

Series No. 2 (Athens).Andréu Abela, J. (1998) Los españoles: opinión sobre sí mismo, España y el mundo. Análisis

longitudinal (Escala de Cantril, Granada: Universidad de Granada).Andvig, J.C. and K. Ove Moene (1990) ‘How corruption may corrupt’, Journal of

Economic Behavior and Organization, 63–76.Anechiarico, F. and J.B. Jacobs (1996) The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press).Appleton, A. (2000) ‘The France that doesn’t vote: non-consumption in the electoral

market’ in M. Lewis-Beck (ed.), How France Votes (London: Chatham House).Audit Commission (1993) Protecting the Public Purse; Probity in the Public Sector:

Combating Fraud and Corruption in Local Government (London: HMSO).Barreiro, B. and Sánchez-Cuenca, I. (2000) ‘Las consecuencias electorales de la cor-

rupción’, paper presented at the conference ‘Escándalos políticos y responsabilidadpública en la España contemporánea’, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología,UNED, Madrid, 13 April 2000.

Barrez, D. (1997) Het land van de 1000 schandalen. Encyclopedie van een kwarteeuwBelgische affaires (Groot Bijgaarden: Globe).

Benaissa, H. (1993) ‘Corruption and the socio-cultural context’, in M. Punch et al.,Coping with Corruption in a Borderless World (Deventer: Kluwer Law and TaxationPublishers).

Ben-Veniste, R. and G. Frampton (1977) Stonewall: the Real Story of the WatergateProsecution (New York: Simon and Schuster).

Berlinsky, U., A. Friedberg and S.B.Werner (1994) (eds), Corruption in a Changing World:Comparisons, Theories and Controlling Strategies: a Collection of Articles Presented at theThird International Conference on Ethics in the Public Service (Jerusalem, 9–11 June1993), Vols I and II (Jerusalem: International Society of Ethics in Public Service).

248

Bernstein, C. and B. Woodward (1974) All the President’s Men (New York: Simon andSchuster).

Billiet, J., R. Beerten and M. Swyngedouw (1996) De houding van de kiezer tegenover poli-tiek fatsoen (Leuven: ISPO).

Blankenburg, E., R. Staudhammer and H. Steinert (1989) ‘Political scandals and corrup-tion issues in West Germany’, in A.J. Heidenheimer, M. Johnston, V.T. LeVine (eds),Political Corruption: a Handbook (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers).

Borchert, J. (1999) ‘Politik als Beruf: Die politische Klasse in westlichen Demokratien’,in J. Borchert (with the collaboration of J. Zeiß) (ed.), Politik als Beruf: Die politischeKlasse in westlichen Demokratien (Opladen: Leske�Budrich), 7–39.

BRÅ (2001) Unpublished data for 1986–93, and 1997–2000, provided by MonikaEdlund, Brottsförebyggande rådet.

Brans, M. (1994) ‘Belgium: public office–private rewards.’ in C.C. Hood, and B.G. Peters (eds), Rewards at the top (London: Sage).

Buitenen, P. Van (1999) Strijd voor Europa: fraude in de Europese Commissie (Ten Have:Van Halewyck).

Bull, M.J. and J.L. Newell (1997) ‘New avenues in the study of political corruption’,Crime, Law and Social Change, 27, Nos 3–4, 169–83.

Caiden, G.E. (1988) ‘Toward a general theory of official corruption’, Asian Journal ofPublic Administration, No. 1, 3–26.

Caínzos, M. and F. Jiménez (2000a) ‘El impacto de los escándalos de corrupción sobreel voto. Las elecciones generales de 1996’, paper presented at the conference,‘Escándalos políticos y responsabilidad pública en la España contemporánea’, Facultad deCiencias Políticas y Sociología, UNED, Madrid, 13 April 2000.

Caínzos, M. and F. Jiménez (2000b) ‘El impacto de los escándalos de corrupción sobreel voto en las elecciones generales de 1996’. Historia y Política, 2000/2, 93–132.

Calise, M. (1993) ‘Remaking the Italian party system: how Lijphart got it wrong bysaying it right’, West European Politics, 16, No. 4, October.

Cars, T. (1990) Korruption (Uppsala: Iustus förlag).Cars, T. (1996) Mutbrott, bestickning och korruptiv marknadsföring (Stockholm:

Juristförlaget).Cazzola, F. (1988) Della Corruzione: fisiologia e patologia di un sistema politico (Bologna:

il Mulino).Cazzola, F. (1993) ‘Storia e anatomia della corruzione in Italia’, Il Progetto, No. 74, 50–64.CECS (1995) España, 1994. Una interpertación de su realidad social (Madrid: Fundación

Encuentro).Centrum Badania Opinii Spolecznej (1994) Nieuczciwo\’9c\’e6 i przekupstwo w insty-

tucjach wymiaru sprawiedliwo\’9cci (Warsaw: CBOS).Centrum Badania Opinii Spolecznej (2000) Polacy, Czesi i Litwini o Korupcji (Warsaw:

CBOS).Clark, W. (1993) Crime and Punishment in Soviet Officialdom: Combatting Corruption in

the Political Elite 1965–1990 (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe).Coalition 2000 (2000) Corruption Assessment Report 1999 (Sofia: Coalition 2000).Colaprico, P. (1996) Capire Tangentopoli (Milano: il Saggiatore).Cole, A. (1998) French Politics and Society (Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall).Collins, N. and M. O’Shea (2001) Understanding Political Corruption in Irish Politics

(Cork: Cork University Press).Committee of Independent Experts (1999) Second report on Reform of the Commission

Analysis of Current Practice and Proposals for Tackling Mismanagement, Irregularities andFraud, 10 September 1999 (http://www.europarl.eu.int/experts /en/default.htm.)

References 249

Committee of Public Accounts (1994) Eighth Report: The Proper Conduct of PublicBusiness, HC 154 (London: HMSO).

Committee on Standards and Privileges (1997) First Report, 1997–98, HC 30-I.(London: HMSO).

Committee on Standards in Public Life (1995) First Report of the Committee on Standards in Public Life: Standards in Public Life, Cm 2850 (London: The StationaryOffice).

Committee on Standards in Public Life (1997) Third Report of the Committee onStandards in Public Life: Standards of Conduct in Local Government in England, Scotlandand Wales, Cm 3702 (London: The Stationary Office).

Committee on Standards in Public Life (2000) Sixth Report. Reinforcing Standards:Review of the First Report of the Committee on Standards in Public Life, Vol. 1. Cm 4557-I(London: The Stationery Office).

Comptroller General of the United States (1981) Impact of Foreign Corrupt Practices Acton U.S. Business, Report to the Congress of the United States (Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office).

Curtis, G.L. (1971) Election Campaigning Japanese Style (New York: Colombia UniversityPress).

Dales, C.I. (1994) ‘Om de integriteit van het openbaar bestuur’, in L.W.J.C. Huberts(ed), Machtsbederf ter discussie (Amsterdam: VU Uitgeverij), 7–18.

Dalton, R. J. (1989) ‘The German Voter’, in G. Smith, W.E. Paterson and P. Merkl (eds),Developments in West German Politics (London: Macmillan – now PalgraveMacmillan).

Dechamps, G. (1992) Greece Today (Athens: Trohalia), translation from the Frenchoriginal (1890) by A. Daouti.

De Sousa, L. (2001) ‘Political parties and corruption in Portugal’, West EuropeanPolitics, 24, No. 1, January, 157–80.

della Porta, D. (1993) ‘La capitale immorale: le tangenti di Milano’, in S. Hellman andG. Pasquino (eds), Politica in Italia: I fatti dell’anno e le interpretazioni, Edizione 1992(Bologna: il Mulino).

della Porta, D. (1996a) ‘Actors in corruption: business politicians in Italy’, InternationalJournal of Social Sciences, 48, No. 3, 363–4.

della Porta, D. (1996b) ‘Corruption and Democracy’, ACP-Courier, June, 18–21.della Porta, D. (1998) ‘A judges’ revolution?: political corruption and the judiciary in

Italy’, paper presented to the workshop on ‘Italy: Changes, Constraints andChoices’, Joint Sessions of Workshops of the European Consortium for Political Research,University of Warwick, 23–28 March 1998.

della Porta, D. and Y. Mény (1997a) (eds), Democracy and Corruption in Europe (London:Pinter).

della Porta, D. and Mény, Y. (1997b) ‘Conclusion: democracy and corruption: towardsa comparative Analysis’ in della Porta and Mény (1997a: 166–80).

della Porta, D. and A. Vannucci (1997) ‘The resources of corruption: some reflections from the Italian case’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 27, Nos 3–4, 231–54.

della Porta, D. and A. Vannucci (1999a) Un paese anormale: Come la classe politica haperso l’occasione di Mani Pulite (Bari: Laterza).

della Porta, D. and A. Vannucci (1999b) Corrupt Exchanges: Actors, Resources andMechanisms of Political Corruption (New York: de Gruyter).

Deschouwer K. (1992) ‘Belgium’, in R. Katz, P. Mair (eds), Party organizations. a DataHandbook (London: Sage), 122–98.

250 References

De Winter, L. (1981) ‘De partijpolitisering als instrument van de particratie. Eenoverzicht van de ontwikkeling sinds de Tweede Wereldoorlog’, in Res Publica, XXIII,No. 1, 53–107.

De Winter, L. (1992) ‘The Belgian Legislator’, PhD. (Florence: European UniversityInstitute).

De Winter, L. (1997) Ontwerp deontologische code dienstverlening voor het VlaamseParlement, Report submitted to the Flemish Parliament (Brussels).

De Winter, L. (2000) Political Corruption in the Belgian Partitocracy: (Still) an Endemic dis-ease? Working Paper of the Schuman Centre, RSC No. 2000/31 (Florence: EuropeanUniversity Institute).

De Winter, L. and P. Dumont (1999) ‘Belgium: party system(s) on the eve of disinte-gration?, in D. Broughton and M. Donovan (eds), Changing Party Systems in WesternEurope (London and New York: Pinter).

De Winter, L. and H. Türsan (2001) The Belgian Presidency (with preface by J. Delors),Notre Europe, Research and Policy paper, No. 13 (Paris).

Dierickx, G. and P. Majersdorf (1993) La culture politique des fonctionnaires et deshommes politiques en Belgique (Brugge: Vanden Broele).

Di Federico, G. (1989) ‘The crisis of the justice system and the referendum on the judi-ciary’, in R. Leonardi and P. Corbetta (eds), Italian Politics: a Review, Vol. 3 (Londonand New York: Pinter).

Dobel J.P. (1978) ‘The Corruption of a State’, American Political Science Review, 72, No. 3, Sept., 958–73.

Doig, A. (1984) Corruption and Misconduct in Contemporary British Politics(Harmondsworth: Penguin).

Doig, A. (1994) ‘Select Committee on Members’ Interests’, Parliamentary Affairs, 47, No. 3.Doig, A. (1995) ‘Continuing cause for concern?: probity in local government’, Local

Government Studies, 21, No. 1.Doig, A. (1996) ‘From Salmon to Nolan: corruption panics in British politics’, Journal

of Law and Society, 23, No. 1.Doig, A. (2000) ‘Investigating fraud’ in D. Canter and L. Alison (eds), The Social

Psychology of Crime (Dartmouth: Ashgate).Doig, A. and J. Wilson (1995) ‘Untangling the threads of sleaze: the slide into Nolan’,

in F.F. Ridley, and A. Doig (eds), Sleaze: Politics, Private Interests and Public Reactions(Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Doolan, B. (1984) Constitutional Law and Constitutional Rights in Ireland (Dublin: Gilland Macmillian).

Downer, L. (1994) The Brothers (London: Random House).Drysch, T. (1993) ‘The new French system of political finance’ in A. Gunlicks (1993).Ds (1998) Korruption – Svenskt tillträde till vissa internationella konventioner m.m.

(Stockholm: Justitiedepartementet).Durkheim, E. (1938) The Rules of Sociological Method, translated by S.A. Solovay, and

H. Mueller, translators (New York: The Free Press).Duyne, P.C. van (1995a) ‘Machtsmisbruik in politiek en openbaar bestuur’, in

J.H.J. van den Heuvel (eds), Ethiek in politiek en openbaar bestuur (Utrecht: Lemma).Duyne, P.C. van (1995b) Het Spook en de dreiging van de georganiseerde misdaad

(’s-Gravenhage: SDU-uitgeverij).Duyne, P.C. van (1996) ‘Social–psychological opportunities for organized crime’, in

P.C. Van Duyne, Organized Crime in Europe (Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers).Duyne, P.C. van (2000) De schepping van een beeld: wisselwerking met de media rondom

de georganiseerde misdaad (Tilburg: KUB).

References 251

Duyne, P.C. van (2002) ‘Will Caligula go transparent?’, Forum.Dwyer, T.R. (1997) Fallen Idol: Haughey’s Controversial Career (Cork: Mercier Press).Eisfeld, R. (1989) ‘Portugal in the European Community 1986–88: The impact of the

first half of the transition period’, Iberian Studies, 18, No. 2, 156–64.Elevtherotypia (1996) Athens Daily, 4 December.Elgie, R. and S. Griggs (2000) French Politics. Debates and Controversies (London:

Routledge).Ethnos tis Kyriakis (2001) Athens Daily, 28 January.EU Commission (2000) The Fight Against Fraud (Luxembourg, August 2000).Eurobarometer (1997) Report No. 47. 1, Directorate General X (Brussels: European

Commission).Evans, J. (2000) ‘Le vote gaucho-lepéniste. Le masque extrême d’une dynamique nor-

male’ La Revue Française de Science Politique, 50/1, 21–51.Featherstone, K. and D. Katsoudas (1987) (eds), Political Change in Greece: Before and

After the colonels (London: Croom Helm).Fitzgerald, G. (2000) ‘Politicians must be sealed off to prevent corruption’, The Irish

Times, 19 February.Follini, M. (1997), ‘Il ritorno dei partiti’, Il Mulino, 370, March–April.Fraile, M. (2001) ‘Does the economy enter the ballot-box?: a study of the Spanish

voters’ decisions’, Phd (Madrid: CEACS-Fundación March).Frain, M. (1998) PPD/PSD e a consolidacao do regime democrático (Lisboa: notícias

editorial).Frank, M. (1994) ‘Pour une mise à jour par le Ministère des Finances des évaluations

relatives à la fraude et la sous-estimation fiscale’, Cahiers Economiques de Bruxelles,No. 141.

Friedrich, C.J. (1972) The Pathology of Politics (New York: Harper and Row).Frognier, A.-P. (1986) ‘Corruption and consociational democracy: first thoughts on

the Belgian case’, in Corruption and Reform, 1, 143–8.Frognier, A.-P. (1997) ‘Belgium: a complex cabinet in a fragmented polity’, in J. Blondel

and F. Müller-Rommel (eds), Cabinets in Western Europe, 2nd edn (London:Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan).

Fuszara, M. (1999) ‘Corruption as shown in Polish, Czech, Slovakian and Bulgarianpress’, paper presented at the Princeton University/Central European UniversityJoint Conference on Corruption, Budapest (http://www.coc.ceu.hu/).

Gallagher, M. and L. Komito (1999) ‘The constituency role of TD’s’, in J. Coakley andM. Gallagher (eds), Politics in the Republic of Ireland, 3rd edn (London: Routledge).

Garment, S. (1991) Scandal: the Crisis of Mistrust in American Politics (New York:Random House).

Gatti, R. (1999) ‘Corruption and trade tariffs, or a case for uniform tariffs’, World BankPolicy Research Working Paper, No. 2216, November.

Ghijs, I. (1997) Zwartboek Justitie: Van halve waarheden en hele leugens (Antwerpen: Icarus).Gibson, J.L. and G.L. Caldeira (1996) ‘The legal cultures of Europe’, Law & Society

Review, XXX, No. 1, 55–87.Gidlund, G. and T. Möller (1999) ‘Finansiering av personvalskampanjer i riksdagsvalet

1998’ in S. Holmberg and T. Möller (eds), 1999: Premiär för personval, SOU 1999:92(Stockholm: Justitiedepartementet).

Gilbert, M. (1995) The Italian Revolution: the End of Politics Italian Style? (Boulder, COand Oxford: Westview Press).

Gillespie, K. (1987) ‘Middle East response to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act’,California Management Review, 9–30.

252 References

Gilljam, M. and S. Holmberg (1990) Rött, Blått, Grönt (Stockholm: Bonnier).Ginsberg B. and M. Shefter (1990) Politics by Other Means: the Declining Importance of

Elections in America (New York: Basic Books).Ginsborg, P. (1995) ‘Italian political culture in historical perspective’, Modern Italy, 1,

No. 1, Autumn, 3–17.Ginsborg, P. (1996) ‘Explaining Italy’s crisis’, in S. Gundle and S. Parker (eds), The New

Italian Republic: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to Berlusconi (London and New York:Routledge).

Girling, J. (1997) Corruption, Capitalism and Democracy (Routledge: London).Gladdish, K. (1990) ‘Portugal: an open verdict’, in Geoffrey Pridham (ed.), Securing

Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe (London:Routledge), 104–25.

Glees, A. (1987) ‘The Flick affair: a hint of corruption in the Bonn Republic’, Corruptionand Reform, II, 111–26.

Glynn, P., S. Kobrin and M. Naím (1997) ‘The globalization of corruption’, in A.K. Elliott (ed.), Corruption and the Global Economy (Washington, DC: Institute forInternational Economics).

Government Offices (1997) Answers on Survey on Corruption (Stockholm: Ministry ofFinance).

Government working paper (1999) Kampen mot korruption: Svenska positioner ochinsatser, 26 October 1999.

Graham, E.M. and P.R. Krugman (1993) ‘The surge in foreign direct investment in the1980s’ in K.A. Froot (ed.), Foreign Direct Investment (Chicago: Chicago University Press).

Greanias, G.C. and D. Windsor (1982) The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Anatomy of aStatute (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books).

Gregory, R. and C. Hicks, (1999) ‘Promoting public service integrity,’ Australian Journalof Public Administration, 58, No. 4.

Grémion, P. (1976) Le pouvoir périphérique: Bureaucrates et notables dans le systèmepolitico administratif français (Paris: Seuil).

Guarnieri, C. (1997) ‘The judiciary in the Italian political crisis’ in M. Bull and M. Rhodes (eds), Crisis and Transition in Italian Politics (London: Frank Cass).

Gunlicks, A. (1993) (ed.), Campaign and Party Finance in North America and WesternEurope (Boulder CO, and Oxford: Westview Press).

Gunlicks, A. (1995) ‘The new German party finance law’, German Politics, IV.Gurov, A. (1990) Professional’ naya Prestupnost’: Proshloe i Sovremennost’ (Moscow:

Yuridicheskaya Literatura).Haag, M. (1996) ‘Stort mörkertal för mutor’, Veckans affärer, 23 August.Harrison, M. (1994) ‘The politics of media reform’ in P. Hall, J. Hayward and

H. Machin (eds), Developments in French Politics (Basingstoke: Macmillan – nowPalgrave Macmillan).

Harrow, J. and R. Gillett (1994) ‘The proper conduct of public business’, Public Moneyand Management, 14, No. 2.

Heidenheimer, A. (1989) ‘Perspectives on the perception of corruption’, inHeidenheimer, Johnston and LeVine (1989: 149–63).

Heidenheimer, A.J. (1996) ‘The topography of corruption: explorations in a compar-ative perspective’, International Journal of Social Sciences, 48, No. 3, 337–47.

Heidenheimer, A.J., M. Johnston and V.T. Levine (1989) (eds), Political Corruption: aHandbook (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers).

Helm, J.A. (1999) ‘The politics of German cities’, in P. Merkl (ed.), The Federal Republicat Fifty (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan).

References 253

Heywood, P. (1995) ‘Sleaze in Spain’, Parliamentary Affairs, 48, No. 4.Heywood, P. (1997) ‘Political corruption: problems and perspectives’, Political Studies,

45, No. 3, 417–35.Hines, J.R., Jr (1995) ‘Forbidden payment: foreign bribery and American business after

1977’, NBER Working Paper, No. 5266.HM Inspectorate of Constabulary (1999) Police Integrity (London: Home Office

Communication Directorate).Hoetjes, B.J.S. (1982) Corruptie bij de overheid: Een bestuurlijk en politiek probleem, sociaal-

wetenschappelijk beschouwd (’s-Gravenhage: VUGA).Hoetjes, B.J.S. (1991) ‘Over de schreef: Het schemergebied tussen ambtenaar en

burger’, Justitiële Verkenningen, No.4, 8–32.Holmes, L. (1993) The End of Communist Power: Anti-Corruption Campaigns and

Legitimation Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press).Holmes, L. (1997a) ‘Corruption in post-Communist countries, with particular reference

to Poland’ in L. Holmes and W. Roszkowski (eds), Changing Rules (Warsaw: ISPPAN),121–76.

Holmes, L. (1997b) ‘Corruption and the crisis of the post-communist state’, Crime,Law and Social Change, 27, 275–97.

Holmes, L. and W. Roszkowski (1997) (eds), Changing Rules (Warsaw: ISPPAN).Home Office (2000) Raising Standards and Upholding Integrity: the Prevention of

Corruption: the Government’s Proposals for the Reform of the Criminal Law of Corruptionin England and Wales, Cm 4759 (London: The Stationery Office).

Hondeghem, A. (1996) ‘De politieke en de ambtelijke component in het openbaarbestuur’, in R. Maes and K. Jochmans (eds), Inleiding tot de bestuurkunde (Brussels:Studiecentrum Open Hoger Onderwijs).

Hope, K.R. (2000) ‘Corruption and development in Africa’ in K.R. Hope and B. Chicuto (eds), Corruption and Development in Africa: Lessons from Country CareStudies (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan).

Huberts, L.W.J.C. (1992) (ed.), Bestuurlijke corruptie en fraude in Nederland (Arnhem:Gouda Quint).

Huberts, L.W.J.C. (1994/95) ‘Public corruption and fraud in the Netherlands: researchand results’, Crime, Law and Social Change, No. 4, 307–21.

Huberts, L.W.J.C. (1996) Expert Views on Public Corruption Around the Globe: ResearchReport on the Views of an International Expert Panel (Amsterdam: PSPA Publications).

Huberts, L.W.J.C. (1998) ‘What can be done against public corruption and fraud.Expert views on strategies to protect public integrity’, Crime, Law and Social Change,Nos 2–3, 209–24.

Huberts, L.W.J.C. (2001) Corruption and Anti-Corruption Policies in the Netherlands: AnEvaluation (Berlin: Transparency International).

Huntington, S. (1968) Political Order in Changing Societies (Yale: Yale University Press).Inglehart, R. et al. (2000) World Values Survey and European Values Surveys, 1981–84,

1990–1993 and 1995–1997 (computer file), ICPSR version (Ann Arbor, MI: Institutefor Social Research (producer), Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium forPolitical and Social Research (distributor)).

International Monetary Fund (IMF) (1995) Issues in International Exchange and PaymentSystems (Washington, DC: IMF).

Jiménez, F. (1998) ‘Political scandals and political responsibility in democratic Spain’,West European Politics, 21, No. 4.

JK (1997) Förstärkt skydd mot oegentligheter i offentlig förvaltning (Stockholm:Justitiekanslern).

254 References

Johnston, M. (1994) ‘Comparing corruption: conflicts, standards and development’,paper presented to the XVI World Congress of the International Political ScienceAssociation, Berlin, August.

Jörle, A. (1995) ‘Företagare tror att fusket ökar’, Göteborgs-Posten, 2 November.Jubb E. and R. Williams (1996) ‘Shutting down government’, Parliamentary Affairs, 4,

No. 3, 471–84.Kaplan, D. E. and A. Dubro (1987) Yakuza (London: Macdonald).Katz, R. and P. Mair (1994) How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party

Organizations in Western Democracies (London: Sage).Katz, R. and P. Mair (1995) ‘Changing models of party organisation and party democ-

racy: the emergence of the cartel party’, Party Politics 1, No. 1, 5–28.Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay, and P. Zoido-Lobaton (1999a) ‘Aggregating governance indi-

cators’, World Bank Policy Research Working Papers, No. 2195.Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay and P. Zoido-Lobaton (1999b) ‘Governance matters’, World

Bank Policy Research Working Papers, No. 2196.Kellner, P. and Lord Crowther-Hunt (1980) The Civil Servants (London: Macdonald).Kettle, S. (1995) ‘Of Money and Morality’, Transition, 1, No. 3, 36–9.Key Jr, V.O. (1964) Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups, 5th edn (New York: Crowell).Kjellberg, F. (1995) ‘Conflict of interest, corruption or (simply) scandals?: the Oslo

case 1989–91’, Crime, Law & Social Change, 22, 339–60.Klitgaard, R. (1988) Controlling Corruption (Berkeley: University of California Press).Knapp, A. (1991) ‘The cumul des mandats, local power and political parties in France’

in West European Politics, 14, No. 1, 18–40.Koutsoukis, Kl. S. (1989) ‘Patterns of corruption and political change in modern

Greece 1946–1987’, Corruption and Reform, 4, No. 1, 1–13.Koutsoukis, Kl. S. (1996) ‘Sleaze in contemporary Greek politics’, in F. Ridley and

A. Doig (eds), Sleaze: Politicians, Private Interests and Public Reaction (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press), 140–8.

Krugman, P. (1995) ‘Growing world trade: causes and consequences’, Brookings Paperson Economic Activity, 327–77.

KU (1996/97) ‘Konstitutionsutskottets betänkande nummer 16’, in Ny vallag(Stockholm: Riksdagen).

KU (2000/01) ‘Konstitutionsutskottets betänkande nummer 8’. Riksdagen och denststliga revisionen (Stockholm: Riksdagen).

Lambsdorff, J.G. (1998) ‘An empirical investigation of bribery in international trade’,European Journal for Development Research, 10, No. 1, 40–9.

Lammens, A. (1993) Het Bankroet van België: Het verhaal van 10.000.000.000.000staatschuld (Antwerpen: Darbo).

Lamo, E. (1996) ‘Corrupción política y ética económica’, in J. Tusell, E. Lamo and R. Pardo (eds), Entre dos siglos: Reflexiones sobre la democracia española (Madrid: Alianza).

Lancaster, T.D. and G.R. Montinola (1997) ‘Toward a methodology for the comparativestudy of political corruption’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 27, Nos 3–4, 185–206.

LaPalombara, J. (1964) Interest Groups in Italian Politics (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press).

LaPalombara, J. (1987) Democracy Italian Style (New Haven, Conn.: Yale UniversityPress).

Lawton, A. (1998) Ethical Management for the Public Services (Buckingham &Philadelphia: Open University Press).

Lee, R. (1997) ‘Recent trends in nuclear smuggling’ in P. Williams (ed.), RussianOrganised Crime (London: Frank Cass), 109–21.

References 255

Lijphart A. (1981) (ed), Conflict and coexistence in Belgium: the Dynamics of a CulturallyDivided Society (Berkeley Institute of International Studies: University of California).

Livanios A. (1994) ‘The relationship of economic and political power in Greece’,Epikentra, 18, No. 80, Oct.–Dec., 29–30 (in Greek).

Lloyd, T. O. (1986) Empire to Welfare State: English History 1906–85, 3rd edn (Oxford:Oxford University Press).

Lopes, F.F. (1997) ‘Partisanship and political clientelism in Portugal (1983–1993)’,South European Society and Politics, 2, No. 3, 27–51.

Lúcio, À.L. (1989) ‘O poder judicial na transicao’, in Mário Baptista Coelho (ed.),Portugal: O Sistema Politico e Constitucional, 1974–1987 (Lisboa: Instituto de CienciasSociais), 737–55.

Luther, R. and K. Deschouwer (1999) Party Elites in Divided Societies: Political Parties inConsociational Democracy (London: Routledge).

Lytras T.L. (1994) ‘A clear message: there is a need for the credibility of politicalauthority to be saved’, Epikentra, 18, No. 80, Oct.–Dec., 25–6 (in Greek).

Maas, J. (1995) ‘The management of ethics and conduct in the public service: theNetherlands’ (OECD at http://www.oecd.org/puma/guernance/ethics.htm).

Macmullen, A. (1999) ‘Fraud, mismanagement and nepotism: the Committee of inde-pendent experts and the fall of the European Commission 1999’, Crime, Law andSocial Change, 31, 173–92.

Maddens, B. and W. Dewachter (1993) ‘Politieke Kennis’, in M. Swyngedouw, J. Billiet,A. Carton and R. Beerten (eds), Kiezen is verliezen: Onderzoek naar de politieke opvat-tingen van Vlamingen (Leuven: ACCO).

Magatti, M. (1996) Corruzione politica e società italiana (Bologna: Il Mulino).Magone, J.M. (1994) ‘Democratic consolidation and political corruption in the

Southern European semiperiphery: some research notes on the Portuguese case,1974–1993’, in P. Dunleavy and J. Stanyer (eds), Contemporary Political Studies, 1994,Vol. 2, Proceedings of the Annual Conference Held at the University of Wales, Swansea,March 29th–31st 1994 (Belfast: Political Studies Association), 751–64.

Magone, J.M. (1996) The Changing Architecture of Iberian Politics: an Investigation on theStructuring of Democratic Political Systemic Culture in Semiperipheral Southern EuropeanDemocracies (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press).

Magone, J.M. (1997) European Portugal: the Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy(London and Basingstroke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan).

Magone, J.M. (1999) ‘Portugal: Das patrimoniale Erbe und die Entstehung einerdemokratischen politischen Klasse’, in J. Borchert (with the collaboration of J. Zeiß)(ed.), Politik als Beruf: Die politische Klasse in westlichen Demokratien (Opladen: Leske�

Budrich), 396–414.Magone, J.M. (2001) Iberian Trade Unionism. Democratization Under the Impact of the

European Union (New Brunswick: Transactions-State University of New Jersey-Rutgers).Magone, J.M. and Stock, M.J. (1998) ‘Portugal’, European Journal of Political Research,

34, nos 3/4, 507–12.Mancuso, M. (1993), ‘The ethical attitudes of MPs’, Parliamentary Affairs, 46,

No. 2.MAP (Ministerio de Administraciones Públicas) (1997) Estudio sobre reparto del gasto

publico en 1997 entre los distintos niveles de administración (Madrid: Ministerio deAdministraciones Públicas).

Mauro, P. (1995) ‘Corruption, country risk and growth’, Quarterly Journal of Economics.McAllister, I. (2000) ‘Keeping them Honest: public and elite perceptions of ethical

conduct among Australian legislators’, Political Studies, 48.

256 References

McSweeney, D. (2000) ‘Parties, corruption and campaign finance’, in R. Williams (ed.),Party Finance and Political Corruption (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan – nowPalgrave Macmillan), 37–60.

Metcalfe, D. (2000) ‘The OECD Agreement to Criminalize Bribery: a NegotiationAnalytic Perspective’, International Negotiation, 5, 129–55.

Mény, Y. (1992) La corruption de la République (Paris: Fayard).Mény, Y. and M. Rhodes (1997) ‘Illicit governance: corruption, scandal and fraud’, in

M. Rhodes, P. Heywood and V. Wright (eds), Developments in West European Politics(London and Basingstroke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan), 95–113.

Miller, W., Å. Grødeland and T. Koshechkina (1998) ‘Are the people victims or accom-plices?’, Discussion Papers of the Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative,No. 6 (Budapest: Open Society Institute).

Miller, W., Å. Grødeland and T. Koshechkina (2001) A Culture of Corruption? Copingwith Government in Post-Communist Europe (Budapest: Central European Press).

Miller, W., T. Koshechkina and Å. Grødeland (1997) ‘How citizens cope with post-communist officials: evidence from focus group discussions in Ukraine and theCzech Republic’, Political Studies, 45, No. 3, 597–625.

Miyamoto, M. (1995) Straitjacket Society (Tokyo: Kodansha).Moody-Stuart, G. (1996) ‘The good business guide to bribery: grand corruption in

Third World development’, Uganda International Conference on Good Governance inAfrica (Mweya Lodge: The Inspectorate of Government, Government of Uganda).

Morris, S.D. (1991) Corruption and Politics in Contemporary Mexico (Tuscaloosa:University of Alabama Press).

Murtagh, P. (1999) ‘Tightening belts for the chancer we knew so well’, The Irish Times,16 November.

Myrdal, G. (1968) Asian Drama: an inquiry into the poverty of Nations (New York:Pantheon), II, 937–58.

National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) (1999), ‘Legislative ethics:a comparative analysis’, Legislative Research Series, Paper 4 (Washington: NDI).

Négrier, E. (1999) ‘The changing role of French local government’, West EuropeanPolitics, 22, No. 4, 120–39.

Nelken, D. (1994) ‘Whom can you trust?: The future of comparative criminology’, inD. Nelken (ed.), The Futures of Criminology (London: Sage), 220–44.

Nelken, D. (1997) ‘The globalization of crime and criminal justice: prospects andproblems’, in M. Freeman (ed.), Law and Opinion at the End of the 20th Century(Oxford: Oxford University Press), 251–79.

Nelken, D. (2000) ‘Virtually there, researching there, living there’, in D. Nelken (ed.),Contrasting Criminal Justice (Aldershot: Dartmouth), 23–48.

Nelken, D. and M. Levi (1996) ‘The corruption of politics and the politics of corrup-tion,’ Journal of Law and Society, 23, 1, 1–18.

Nelson, T. (2000) ‘Russian realities: nuclear weapons, bureaucratic manoeuvres, andorganized crime’, Demokratizatsiya, 8, No. 1, 145–59.

Newell, J. (2000) Parties and Democracy in Italy (Aldershot: Ashgate).Newell, J. and M. Bull (2001) ‘The Italian general Election of May 2001’,

Keele European Parties Research Unit (KEPRU), Working Paper 4 (Keele University:SPIRE).

Niemeijer, E., W. Huisman and W.M.E.H. Beijers (1996) Gemeentelijk integriteitsbeleid:Een blik op de praktijk (Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit).

Nieto, A. (1997) Corrupción en la España democrática (Barcelona: Ariel).Noack, P. (1987) Korruption: Die andere Seite der Macht (München: Knaur Pinto).

References 257

Noel-Baker, P. (1961) ‘The grey zone: the problems of business affiliations of membersof parliament’, Parliamentary Affairs, 15.

Norton, P. (1993) Does Parliament Matter? (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf).O’Higgins, E. (1999) ‘Learning to recognise law and ethics divide’, The Irish Times,

1 October.OECD (2000) ‘Reform of regulation in Spain’, June.O’Toole, F. (2000) ‘Decency and honour mean nothing’, The Irish Times, 30 April.Partridge, H. (1998) Italian Politics Today (Manchester: Manchester University Press).Passas, N. and Nelken, D. (1993) ‘The thin line between legitimate and criminal

enterprises: subsidy frauds in the European Community’, Crime, Law and SocialChange, 19, 223–43.

Paterson, W. and D. Southern (1991) Governing Germany (Oxford: Blackwell), 182–4.PDS (group of MPs) (1992) ‘Allombra dell ‘AIMA: frodi, truffe, sprecchi, clientelismo

negli aiuti all ‘agriculture’, unpublished paper, February.Perduca, A. (1995) ‘La giostra delle Carni: Appunti su un caso giudiziario di frode in

danno degli interessi finanziari comunitari’, paper presented at the Incontro sullatutela penale degli interesse finanziari delle comunità Europee, Ostia Lido 12–14 October.

Petersson, O., J. Hermansson and W.A. Micheletti (1997) Demokratirådets rapport 1997,Demokrati över gränser, (Stockholm: SNS Förlag).

Petropoulos, J.A. (1968) Politics and Statecraft in the Kingdom of Greece (1833–1843)(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

Pieth, M. and P. Eigen (1999) (eds), Korruption im internationalen Geschäftsverkehr.Bestandsaufnahme: Bekämpfung. Prävention, Neuwied: Kriftel-Luchterhand.

Pizzorno, A. (1992) ‘Introduzione. La corruzione nel sistema politico’, in D. dellaPorta, Lo scambio occulto: Casi di corruzione politica in Italia (Bologna: il Mulino).

Pope, J. (1996) (ed), National Integrity Systems: the TI Source Book (Berlin: TransparencyInternational).

Provedor da Justica (2000) Website http://www.provedor-jus.pt.Pujas, V. and M. Rhodes (1999a) ‘Party finance and political scandal in Italy, Spain

and France’, West European Politics, 22, No. 3, 41–63.Pujas, V. and M. Rhodes (1999b) ‘A clash of cultures? corruption and the ethics of

administration in Western Europe’, Parliamentary Affairs, 52, No. 4, October, 688–702.Punch, M., E. Kolthoff, K. van der Vijver and B. van Vliet (1993) (eds), Coping with

Corruption in a Borderless World: Proceedings of the Fifth International Anti-CorruptionConference (Boston: Deventer, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers).

Quirke, B. (1999b) ‘Fraud against European public funds’, Crime, Law and SocialChange, 31, 173–92.

Ranson, S. and J. Stewart (1994) Management for the Public Domain (London andBasingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan).

Reddies, B. (1989) Der Recruit Skandal in Japan (Tokyo: OAG Aktuell).Report of the Committee on Intermediaries (1950) Cm 7904 (London: HMSO).Revue Politique et Parlementaire (1997) ‘La justice entre paradoxes et réformes’, Round

Table, No. 988, May–June.Rhodes, M. (1997) ‘Financing party politics in Italy: a case of system corruption’, in

M. Bull and M. Rhodes (eds), Crisis and Transition in Italian Politics (London: FrankCass), 54–80.

Rigby, T.H. and B. Harasymiw (1983) (eds), Leadership Selection and Patron–ClientRelations in the USSR and Yugoslavia (London: Allen and Unwin).

Riglet, M. (1988) ‘Financements politiques et élection présidentielle’, Revue Politique etParlementaire, No. 934, March–April.

258 References

Rihoux B. and S. Walgrave (1997) L’année blanche: un million de citoyens blancs, qui sont-ils, que veulent-ils? (Bruxelles: EVO).

Riksdagens revisorer (2000) Internet 2000-06-22, http://ww2.riksdagen.se/rr.Roberts, R.N. and M.T. Doss, Jr (1997) From Watergate to Whitewater: the Public Integrity

War (Westport, Conn.: Praeger).Robinton, M.R. (1970) ‘The British method of dealing with political corruption’, in

A. J. Heidenheimer (ed.), Political Corruption (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston).Roer, R. van de (1988) Voorheen Slavenburg: De geheimen van Nederlands grootste bankon-

derzoek (Amsterdam: Uiteverij Balans).Rogow, A. and H.D. Lasswell (1970) ‘The definition of corruption’, in

A.J. Heidenheimer (ed.), Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis(New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston).

Rose, R., W. Mishler and C. Haerpfer (1998) Democracy and Its Alternatives:Understanding Post-Communist Societies (Cambridge: Polity Press).

Rose-Ackerman, S. (1978) Corruption: a Study in Political Economy (New York: AcademicPress).

Rothacher, A. (1992) Japan’s Pork Import Market and the ‘Nagoya Connection’ (Berlin:East Asian Institute, Free University of Berlin).

Rothacher, A. (1993a) The Japanese Power Elite (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan –now Palgrave Macmillan).

Rothacher, A. (1993b) ‘Yakuza. The Socio-economic Roles of Organised Crime inJapan’, Internationales Asienforum, 24, Nos 1–2, 111–21.

Rydell, S. (1996) ‘Hälften av inköparna har erbjudits mutor’, KommunAktuellt, 19, 5.Rättsfall från Hovrätten (1995) (Domstolverket, Stockholm: Fakta informationsförlag).Sabato, Larry (1991) Feeding Frenzy (New York: Free Press).Sabouret, J-F. (1983) L’autre Japon: Les Burakumin (Paris: Maspero).Sacerdoti, G. (1995) ‘The international aspects of corruption’, Multidisciplinary Group

on Corruption, 24 January 1995 (Strasbourg: Council of Europe).Sampford, C. and N. Preston (with C.-A. Bois) (1998) (eds), Public Sector Ethics: Finding

and Implementing Values (Annandale: The Federation Press).Sánchez Morón, M. (1997) ‘La corrupción y los problemas del control de las admin-

istraciones públicas’, in F. Laporta and S. Alvarez (eds), La corrupción política (Madrid:Alianza).

Santos, B. de Sousa, M.M.L. Marques, J. Pedroso, and P.L. Ferreira (1995) Os Tribunaisnas Sociedades Contemporaneas: O Caso Portugues (Porto: Edicoes Afrontamento).

Sapelli, G. (1995) Southern Europe since 1945: Tradition and Modernity in Portugal, Spain,Italy, Greece and Turkey (London: Longman).

Sappenfield, M. (2001) ‘Legacy of Scandal mars Rhode Island’, Christian ScienceMonitor, 11 April.

Sauviller, R. and D. Ilegems (1997) Een Belgisch Politicus (Amsterdam/Antwerpen:Atlas).

Savona, E. (1998a) ‘Economic crime in Europe: interdependencies among fraud,money laundering and corruption: Analysis and Responses’, paper presented at‘Economic Crime in Europe: Interdependencies among Fraud, Money Laundering andCorruption. Analysis and Responses’, Trento, 21–23 October.

Savona, E. (1998b) ‘L’azione Internazionale contro il riciclaggio’, in L. Violante (ed.),Mafia e Società Italiana – Rapporto 98 (Rome: Laterza).

Savona (1998c) Corruption in Europe (Rome: Cartocci).Schneider, F. (1997) ‘The shadow economies of Western Europe’, Journal of the Institute

of Economic Affairs, 17, 3, 42–8.

References 259

Scott, J. (1972) ‘An Essay on the political functions of corruption’ in C.E. Welch, Jr.(ed.), Political Modernization (Belmont, Ca: Wadworth Publ. Co.), 305–29.

Seibel, W. (1997) ‘Corruption in Federal Republic of Germany Before and in the Wakeof Reunification’, in D. della Porta and Y. Mery (eds), Democracy and Corruption inEurope (London: Pinter).

SFS (1992) ‘Lag (1992: 1528) om offentlig upphandling’, Svensk författningssamling.SFS (1996), ‘Lag (1996: 810) om registrering av riksdagsledamöters åtaganden och

ekonomiska intressen’, Svensk författningssamling.Sieber, U. (1998) ‘Euro fraud: organised fraud against the financial interests of the

European Union’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 30, 1–42.Sharrock, W.W. (1977) ‘The Problem of Order’, in P. Worsley (ed.), Introducing

Sociology, 2nd edn (Harmondsworth: Penguin), 477–566.Simis, D. (1982) USSR: the Corrupt Society (New York: Simon and Schuster).Smith, G. (1989) ‘Structures of government’, in G. Smith, W.E. Paterson and P. Merkl

(eds), Developments in West German Politics (London: Macmillan – now PalgraveMacmillan).

SOU (1993) Ökat personval, Betänkande av personvalskommittén (Stockholm:Justitiedepartementet).

SOU (1997a) I demokratins tjänst: Statstjänstemannens roll och vårt offentliga etos,Rapport till Förvaltningspolitiska kommissionen av Lennart Lundquist (Stockholm:Finansdepartementet).

SOU (1997b) I medborgarens tjänst: En samlad förvaltningspolitik för staten, Betänkandeav Förvaltningspolitiska kommissionen (Stockholm: Finansdepartementet).

Spence, D. (2000) ‘Plus ça change, plus c’est la meme chose? Attempting to reform theEuropean Commission’, Journal of European Public Policy 7, No. 1, March 1–25.

Sterling, C. (1995) Crime Without Frontiers (London: Warner).Svensson, G. (1998a) ‘Tystare på jobbet/del 1’, Dagens Nyheter, 7 November.Svensson, G. (1998b) ‘Tystare på jobbet/del 2’, Dagens Nyheter, 8 November.Swyngedouw M., R. Beerten, A. Carton and J. Billiet (1996) ‘Subjectieve motieven van

partijkeuze bij de nationale verkiezingen van 21 mei 1995’, ISPO Bulletin, 27(Leuven: Departement Sociologie).

Sykes, G.M. and D. Matza (1957) ‘Techniques of neutralization: a theory of delin-quency’, in American Sociological Review, 22, No. 6, 664–70.

Szilagyi, Z. (1996) ‘Privatization scandal threatens coalition’s future and public confi-dence’, Transition, 2, No. 25.

Theobald, R. (1990) Corruption, Development and Underdevelopment (London:Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan).

Thompson, B. and G. Potter (1997) ‘Governmental corruption in Africa: Sierra Leone asa case study: a criminal justice perspective’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 28, 137–54.

Thompson, D.F. (1993) ‘Mediated corruption: the case of the Keating Five’, AmericanPolitical Science Review, 87, No. 2, June, 369–81.

Thompson, D.F. (1995) Ethics in Congress: from Individual to Institutional Corruption(Washington, DC: the Brookings Institution).

Todorov, B., O. Shentov and A. Stoyanov (2000) (eds), Corruption and Trafficking:Monitoring and Prevention (Sofia: Centre for the Study of Democracy).

Transparency International (TI) (1996a) Report 1996 (Berlin: TransparencyInternational).

Transparency International (TI) (1996b) The TI Source Book, ch. 7, Administrativereforms, Internet 1997-08-04, http://www.transparency.de/sourcebook/

Transparency International (TI) (1996c) Newsletter, September 1996.

260 References

Transparency International (TI) (1997) Index 1997, Internet 1997-02-07,http://www.gwdg.de/~uwvw/rank-97.htm.

Transparency International (1998) Transparency International (TI) 1998 CorruptionPerception Index, Internet 1998-09-22, http://www.gwdg.de/~uwvw/CPI1998.html.

Transparency International (1998,1999, 2000) Website http://www.transparency.de.Transparency International (1999) 1999 Corruption Perception Index, Internet 2000-06-

14, http://www.transparency.de/documents/cpi/index.htm.Transparency International (2000a) ‘Bribe Payers’ Survey (Berlin: Transparency

International).Transparency International (2000b) 2000 Corruption Perception Index, Internet 2001-

03-08, http://transparency.de/documents/cpi/2000/cpi2000.html.Tribunal Constitucional (2000a) Website http://www.tribunalconstitucional.pt.Tribunal Constitucional (2000b) Acordaos do Tribunal Constititucional, 37 vols (Lisboa:

Tribunal Constitucional).Turner, J. and G. Pearson (1966) The Persuasion Industry (London: Eyre and

Spottiswoode).US Department of State, Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs (2000) Battling

International Bribery 2000, June.Vahlenkamp, W. and I. Knauß (1995) Korruption oder Hinnehmen – hinnehmen oder han-

deln (Wiesbaden: BKA Forschungsreihe).Vitosha Research (1998) Mnenieto na b’ lgarite za koruptsiyata mart 1997 – yanuari 1998

(Sofia: Vitosha).Voyé, L., B. Bawin-Legros, J. Kerkhofs and K. Dobbelaere (1992) (eds), Belges, heureux et

satisfaits (Brussels: De Boeck-Wesmael).VRIND (1998, 2000) Vlaamse Regionale Indicatoren (Brussel: Ministerie van de Vlaamse

Gemeenschap).Walsh, D. (2000) ‘Time to stop pretending and answer questions’, The Irish Times, 27 May.Waters, S. (1994) ‘ “Tangentopoli” and the Emergence of a New Political Order in

Italy’, West European Politics, 17, No. 1, January.Weber, E. (1994) The Hollow Years. France in the 1930s (New York: W.W. Norton).Wei, S-J. (2000) ‘Natural openness and good government’, NBER Working Paper 7765,

June.Welch, S. and J.R. Hibbing (1997) ‘The effects of charges of corruption on

voting behaviour in congressional elections, 1982–1990’, Journal of Politics, 59, No. 1.

Wertheim, W.F. and H.J. Brasz (1961) Corruptie (Assen: Van Gorcum).Wesberry, J.P. (1998) ‘International financial institutions face the corruption eruption:

if the IFIs put their muscle where their mouth is, the corruption eruption may becapped’, Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, 498–523.

White, S. (1998) Protection of the Financial Interests of the European communities: TheFight against Fraud and Corruption (Deventer: Kluwer).

Williams, P. (1997) (ed.), Russian Organized Crime (London: Frank Cass).Williams, R. (1998) Political Scandals in the USA (Edinburgh: Keele University Press).Williams, R. (1999) ‘Persecuting the President?: The role of the independent counsel’,

Parliamentary Affairs, 52, No. 2, 291–305.Williams, R. (2000) (ed.), Explaining Corruption (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar).Williams, S. (1985) Conflict of Interest (Aldershot: Gower).Wilson, H. H. (1961) Pressure Group (London: Secker and Warburg).Wilson, J.Q. (1990) ‘The changing FBI – the road to ABSCAM’, Public Interest, Spring

1990, 3–14.

References 261

Wrede, M., A.-L. Immo and S. Rydell (1996) ‘Ras i förtroendet för de lokala politik-erna’, KommunAktuellt 22, 2–3.

Wright, V. (1989) The Government and Politics of France, 3rd edn (London: UnwinHyman).

Wright, V. (1999) ‘The Fifth Republic: from the droit de l’Etat to the Etat de droit’, WestEuropean Politics, 22, No. 4, 92–119.

Zimmerman, J.F. (1982) ‘Ethics in the public service’, State and Local GovernmentReview, 14, No. 3.

262 References

ABSCAM (Abdul Scam) (US) 74, 78nAburish, S. 210Ackaert, J. 97Acton, Lord 65Adams, J.R. 69Ades, A. 215, 218administrative impact 175, 176Ahern, Bertie 174aid agencies 211–2AIMA 228, 229, 230, 231Aitken, Jonathan 131nAlatas, S.H. 162nAlbania 204, 205Albero, Vicente 11Al-Fayed, Mohamed 185, 187Alletzhouser, A. 119nAllied Irish Bank (AIB) 169Allum, P.A. 40, 43Alta Autoridade Contra Corrupao (AACC)

(Portugal) 123–4amiguismo 125, 131n, 245Andersson, S. 140, 147n, 148nAndreas Papandreou Institute 34Andréu Abela, J. 10, 10Andvig, J.C. 217Anechiarico, F. 78n, 189, 246Ansbacher accounts 165, 169anti-corruption measures 3, 4, 24, 234,

241–2, 244–5Belgium 100, 101–3Central and Eastern Europe 201–3,

206nFrance 87–8, 90–1, 92nGermany 60–2Greece 24, 30–3international corruption 76, 207,

208–13Ireland 172–3, 175, 176Italy 44–5, 47Japan 107Netherlands 155–9, 159Portugal 121, 122–4, 129Spain 19–20Sweden 140–2

UK 188–9US 70–5, 76, 78, 247n

Appleton, A. 92nArmenia 202, 205Armin, Hans Herbert von 65narms sales

France 85, 90Germany 59

Athens Daily 34Attali, Jacques 90Audit Commission (UK) 182Australia 34–5Autonomous Communities (Spain) 18AYET-Heracles scandal (Greece) 30Azerbaijan 202, 204, 205

Balcerowicz, Leszek 199, 205banking 28Barreiro, B. 20Barrez, D. 105nBarroso, Manuel Durao 131nBeef Tribunal (Ireland) 167, 170–1Belarus 205, 206nBeleza, Leonor 125Belgium 93–4, 104–5, 244

anti-corruption measures 101–3,242, 245

causes 96–101, 236, 237, 238, 239Corruption Perceptions Index 9, 79impact and exposure 103–4, 242,

243newness, scale and varieties 94–6,

234, 236Benaissa, H. 162nBen-Veniste, R. 76Berlinsky, U. 25Berlusconi, Silvio 48, 49, 241Bernstein, C. 75–6Billiet, J. 97black economy 35Blair, Tony 163nBlankenburg, E. 54, 55, 56, 61Bois, C.-A. 158Bokassa, Emperor 83

263

Index

Borchert, J. 124Bosnia and Hercegovina 202Botsis Foundation Archives 29Bourdieu, Pierre 131nBrasz, H.J. 162nBribe City (Italy) 6n, 37–8, 43, 44–5,

46–7, 48, 228, 244bribery 42, 136

Belgium 94, 97France 90Greece 25, 27–8international corruption 208–9, 212,

217–19Sweden 137–41, 145, 145, 146UK 178, 187–8US 76, 202

Britain see United KingdomBuddhist Clean Party (Japan) 109Buitenen, P. van 153Bulgaria 195, 199, 201, 202, 205, 206nBull, M.J. 3, 4, 48burakumin 116bureaucracy see civil serviceBurke, Ray 165, 171, 175business morality 171–2business politicians 240

cabinet (France) 83, 86, 237caciques (Portugal) 121Cadilhe, Miguel 125Caiden, G.E. 162nCaínzos, M. 20–1Caldeira, G.L. 96Caligula-appointments 154–5Calise, M. 45Campelo, Daniel 128Canada, Corruption Perception Index

34–5Canard Enchaîné, Le 84Cars, Thorsten 140, 147n, 148ncash-for-questions scandal (UK) 178,

182Cazzola, F. 38, 39CECS 10, 10Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) 35,

193, 204–5, 214anti-corruption measures 201–3,

241, 242, 245causes 196–9, 236, 239dynamics 199–200, 240impact and exposure 203–4, 243

newness, scale and varieties 194–6,235, 236

centralization 80Centrum Badania Opinii Spol/eznej

194Chernomyrdin, Viktor 206nChiesa, Mario 43, 44Chirac, Jacques 85, 90Christian Democratic Party (DC) (Italy)

38, 40, 41, 46Christian Democratic Union (CDU)

(Germany) 57, 90funding scandal 53, 54, 58–60, 61–2,

64, 131nChristian Social Union (CSU)

(Germany) 57CIRES 12, 12, 16, 20, 22n, 23nCIS 11, 13, 13, 16, 17, 20, 22n, 23ncivil service 242

Belgium 99, 102France 84Greece 26–7, 26, 30–1Portugal 123Spain 16–19UK 178, 179

civil society 35, 203Belgium 100Central and Eastern Europe 200,

201–2Clark, W. 194Clean Hands campaign 201

see also Mani Puliteclientelism 155, 237

Belgium 96–7, 103, 104France 162nGreece 27, 28–9Ireland 166Italy 41, 43, 48Portugal 121, 126–8

Coalition 2000 194, 206nCoelho, Tony 75Cole, A. 92nColley, George 165Collins, N. 170Committee of Independent Experts (EU)

220, 232Committee on International Investment

and Multinational Enterprises(CIME) (OECD) 212

Committee of Public Accounts (PAC)(UK) 181, 182

264 Index

Committee on Standards and Privileges(UK) 186–7

Committee on Standards in Public Life(UK) 186, 187, 188, 190

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)221, 232

Common Cause (US) 77common good 2Commonwealth of Independent States

193communist legacy 196–7, 202Communist Party (France) 81Compellability, Privileges and

Immunities of Witnesses Act 1997(Ireland) 175, 176

Comptroller General of the UnitedStates 209

Confederacao Geral de TrabalhadoresPortugueses (CGTP-In) 126–7

Consejo General del Poder Judicial (CGPJ)(Spain) 19

Conservative Party (UK) 181–2, 184,185

Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura(Italy) 19

consociationalism 100construction industry

Germany 55, 57Ireland 171–2

contaminated blood scandal (France)91

Cools, André 105ncorruption see political corruptionCorruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 4,

34–5, 77, 214, 234, 235Belgium 93, 104Central and Eastern Europe 202–3,

206nFrance 79Ireland 164Italy 37Japan 106Portugal 120Spain 9, 9, 13, 15, 21Sweden 136

Corrupt Practices Act 1921 (US) 71Council of Europe 24, 202Council of Ministers 223, 224Courroye, Philippe 85, 92ncourt building 154Cravinho, Joao 127

Craxi, Bettino 1, 44Cresson, Edith 1, 162n, 220Croatia 202, 205Crowther-Hunt, Lord 178cultural factors 236–7, 245–6

Belgium 96–7Netherlands 151

cultural impact 244cumul des mandats 80, 86, 87Curtis, G.L. 107customs officers 28, 36n, 195, 216, 236cynical corruption 27Czechia 199, 201, 202, 205

Dagens Nyheter 137, 138–9Dáil Eireann 168, 172–3, 175Daiwa Securities 116Dales, Ien 155–6, 162nDalton, R.J. 63danger zones 135, 146decentralization 237

France 86–7, 90, 91Spain 16–18

Dechamps, G. 36nDe Gaulle, Charles 81, 82–3della Porta, D. 2, 6n, 37, 41, 42, 43,

44, 45, 47, 65n, 79, 100, 176, 205democracy 25, 219n, 236, 247n

Central and Eastern Europe 203–4Portugal 121–2, 130

Democratic Party (DPJ) (Japan) 106–7,110

Democratic Party of the Left (Italy) 45Democratic Socialists (Japan) 109Demoscopia 12Deschouwer, K. 100, 105nDe Sousa, L. 124developing countries 1, 35Devier-Joncour, Christine 91Dewachter, W. 97De Winter, L. 96, 97, 98, 100, 104,

105nDiario Economico 129Dierickx, G. 99Di Federico, G. 45direct corruption 135–6, 136, 140

see also briberyDirectorate for the Fight Against

Corruption, Fraud, and Economicand Financial Infringements(DCCCFIEF) (Portugal) 123–4

Index 265

Di Tella, R. 215, 218Dobel, J.P. 35Doig, A. 178, 185, 189Doolan, B. 175Doss Jr, M.T. 69, 72, 73, 75Drnovsek, Janez 205Drysch, T. 81Dubro, A. 111due process norms 1Dumas, Roland 155Dumont, P. 98Dunlop, Frank 171–2Durkheim, E. 2Dutroux affair (Belgium) 93, 103Duyne, P.C. van 152, 154, 161, 162n,

246Dwyer, T.R. 165

Eastern Europe see Central and EasternEurope

Eastern Germany 57, 58, 63, 244see also German Democratic Republic

(GDR)economic factors 35, 151economic growth 247n

Italy 38Spain 15–16, 21

economic impact 173–4, 242–3education 28, 201

Portugal 130Eigen, P. 158Eisfeld, R. 126Electric Power Authority Scandal

(Greece) 36n, 235Elevtherotypia 32Elf-Aquitaine 59, 85, 90, 91Elgie, R. 82, 84, 91nequality 5Estonia 201, 202, 204, 205ethical factors 35

Spain 15, 16, 17ethical leadership 168–9Ethics in Government Act 1978 (US)

73Ethics in Public Office Act 1995

(Ireland) 172, 175, 176Eurobarometer 103, 104, 174European Agricultural Guidance and

Guarantee Fund 225European Anti-Fraud Office 130, 222European Commission 1, 232, 232–3n

anti-corruption measures 24, 220corruption allegations 154, 220,

222–3, 234official accounts of fraud 224–5, 225whistleblowers 153

European Court of Auditors 222, 223,224

European Parliament 220, 222, 223,224

European Union 220–1allegations of corruption 247anti-corruption measures 141, 158,

202, 241Central and Eastern Europe 200fraud 126, 127, 221–3, 232, 236,

240, 245Italy 45Kohlgate 59, 64official accounts of fraud 224–6, 225Portugal 130unofficial accounts of fraud 226–31

European Values Study 96euthenoi 24Evans, J. 89Express, L’ 84Expresso 129extravangance phase 152–3

Fabius, Laurent 91fakellitis 28favouritism 154–5Fazzo, Luca 49nFeatherstone, K. 29Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

73–4, 201, 247nFederal Election Campaign Act 1971

(FECA) (US) 71, 73Federal Republic of Germany see

GermanyFianna Fáil 165, 167, 170Fitzgerald, Garret 167, 176Flick affair (Germany) 54, 56, 58, 61,

65nFlood Tribunal (Ireland) 165–6, 165,

171–2, 173Flynn, Pádraig 165Foley, Denis 165, 172, 175Follini, M. 46Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977

(FCPA) (US) 73, 76, 207, 208–11,212, 219n

266 Index

foreign direct investment 210, 214–15,243

Forza Italia 49Fraile, M. 23Frain, M. 125Frampton, G. 76France 79–80, 90–1, 244

anti-corruption measures 87–8, 241,242

causes and dynamics 81–7, 237, 238,239, 240

clientelism 162nCorruption Perceptions Index 9, 77EU fraud 225, 226historical context 80–1impact and exposure 88–90, 88, 243newness, scale and varieties 234, 236

Frank, M. 96Free Democratic Party (FDP) (Germany)

57, 58Freedom of Information Act 1997

(Ireland) 175, 176freemasonry 128, 237Friedrich, Carl 24Frognier, A.-P. 98, 100Front National (Belgium) 99Front National (FN) (France) 89Fuszara, M. 201

Gaidar, Yegor 199, 205, 206nGallagher, M. 166Garment, S. 72Garzón, Baltasar 11Gatti, R. 216Gava, Antonio 228General Confederation of Portuguese

Workers (CGIP-In) 126–7General Workers’ Union (UGT)

(Portugal) 126–7Georgia 202, 205German Democratic Republic (GDR)

57, 195see also Eastern Germany

German People’s Union 62Germany 1, 53, 64–5

anti-corruption measures 60–2, 242causes 55–8, 237, 238, 239, 247nEAGG irregularities 225, 233nimpact and exposure 62–4, 243, 244newness, scale and varieties 54–5,

234, 235, 236

Ghijs, I. 105nGibson, J.L. 96Gidlund, G. 142gift culture 108, 117, 245Gilbert, M. 44Gillespie, K. 208, 209Gillett, R. 182Gilljam, M. 148nGingrich, Newt 73, 74–5, 78Ginsberg, B. 78Ginsborg, P. 37, 48Girling, J. 54, 56, 58Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 83Gladdish, K. 128Glees, A. 65nglobal corruption 208, 214, 215Glynn, P. 213Gogarty, James 165, 171González, Felipe 1, 11Goria, Giovanni 228Graham, E.M. 215grandes écoles 84Greanias, G.C. 208Greece 24–5, 34–5, 244

anti-corruption measures 30–3, 242causes and dynamics 27–30, 29, 236,

237, 239EU fraud 222, 225impact and exposure 33–4newness, scale and varieties 25–7,

26, 234, 235, 236Greens (Germany) 56, 57Greer, Ian 185, 187Gregory, R. 189–90, 246Grémion, P. 91nGriggs, S. 82, 84, 91nGuardian 185Guarnieri, C. 45Gunlicks, A. 56, 65n, 81Gurov, A. 194Guterres, Antonio 125–6, 129

Haag, M. 141Haider, Jörg 93Hamilton, Neil 1, 185–7Harasymiw, B. 197Harrison, M. 84Harrow, J. 182Hashimoto, Ryutaro 113, 114Hata, Tsutomu 109Hatoyama, Yukio 110, 114

Index 267

Haughey, Charles 165, 168–9, 171, 173Heidenheimer, A.J. 2, 25, 53, 120,

147n, 162nHelm, J.A. 55Hernu, Charles 83Heywood, P. 22n, 174Hibbing, J.R. 76Hicks, C. 189–90, 246Hines, J.R., Jr 209, 210Hoetjes, B.J.S. 150, 162nHolmberg, S. 148nHolmes, L. 25, 194, 201Hondeghem, A. 99Hong Kong 199, 219Hope, K.R. 173Hosokawa, Morihiro 109, 114hospitals 28Huberts, L.W.J.C. 24, 149, 150, 151,

152, 162n, 213Hungary 201, 202, 205Huntingdon, S. 26

idioteles society 35Ilegems, D. 94, 96illegality 2, 3–4, 49, 135–6, 136immigration 28, 36nimmorality 135–6, 136Independente 129Index, Greece 30indirect corruption 135–6, 136, 140Indonesia 203information sharing 201Inglehart, R. 145, 148ninstitutional development 201institutional factors 237–8

Ireland 168Spain 15, 16–19

integrity 155–6, 246international corruption 207–8,

217–19, 234Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (US)

208–11global trends 213–15OECD convention 212–13and openness 215–16political level 216–17regulation 211–12, 242

International Monetary Fund (IMF)202, 215

Ireland 164, 176–7

anti-corruption measures 172–3,241, 242

causes 166–9, 237, 238, 239Corruption Perceptions Index 9dynamics 169–72, 240impact and exposure 173–6, 242,

243, 244newness, scale and varieties 164–6,

165, 235, 236Irish Times 169Italgrani 228Italian Communist Party (PCI) 38, 40,

41, 45see also Democratic Party of the Left

Italy 1, 37, 48–9, 120, 156, 244anti-corruption measures 19, 44–5,

241, 242, 247ncauses 39–42, 236, 237, 238, 239Corruption Perceptions Index 35,

77, 79, 93dynamics 42–4, 240EU fraud 225, 226–31impact and exposure 46–8, 142, 242,

243, 244newness, scale and varieties 37–9,

234, 235, 236Tangentopoli 6ntrust 174

Izui, Junichi 115

Jacobs, J.B. 78n, 189, 246Japan 106, 117–18, 244

causes and dynamics 107–10, 237,238, 239, 240, 245

corruption as endemic feature 106–7Corruption Perceptions Index 9impact, anti-corruption measures,

exposure 110–15, 241, 242, 243,244, 245

newness, scale and varieties 235, 236organized crime 116–17

Japan Harbour Transport Association116, 117

Japan’s New Party 109, 112Jean-Pierre, Thiery 85Jiménez, F. 10, 20–1Johnston, M. 164Joly, Eva 85Jörle, A. 147nJospin, Lionel 90

268 Index

Jubb, E. 75judiciary 237–8, 242

Belgium 95–6, 100, 102, 103France 85Greece 28Portugal 122–3Spain 19

Juppé housing scandal (France) 91

Kanemaru, Shin 109, 112–13, 118Kaplan, D.E. 111Katsoudas, D. 29Katz, R. 124Kaufmann, D. 193Kazakhstan 202, 205Keating, Charles 69Keating Five 69, 72Kellner, P. 178Key Jr, V.O. 71Kjellberg, F. 135, 148nKlaus, Vaclav 199, 205, 206nKlitgaard, R. 162nKnapp, A. 92nKnauß, I. 151Kobe earthquake 118Koenkai 107, 108Kohlgate (Germany) 53, 54, 58–60,

61–2, 64, 131nKohl, Helmut 1, 55, 63, 90Komeito (Japan) 109Komito, L. 166Koskotas scandal (Greece) 29, 30Koutsoukis, Kl. S. 26, 30, 36nKrause, Günther 65nKrugman, P.R. 215Kyrgyzstan 202, 205

Laar, Mart 205Labour Party (UK) 188Lambsdorff, J.G. 97, 216Lammens, A. 103Lamo, E. 16Lancaster, T.D. 4, 6n, 234LaPalombara, J. 49, 127Lasswell, H.D. 55Latvia 202, 205Lawsell, H.D. 2Lawton, A. 158Lazarenko, Pavlo 206nleadership 161–2

leadership disease 152–5Lecanuet, Jean 86Lee, R. 202Leuna oil refinery 59Levi, M. 223liberal democracy 5, 37Liberal Democratic Party (Russia) 195Liberal Democrats (LDP) (Japan)

106–7, 108–9, 110, 111–13, 114,117–18

Liberal Party (LP) (Japan) 106–7, 109Lijphart, A. 100Lincoln Savings and Loan 69Lithuania 202, 205Livanios, A. 32Livingstone, Bob 75Lloyd, T.O. 179lobbying 183–5local government

France 85–7Spain 17–18UK 188, 189

Local Government Act 2000 (Ireland) 173

Lockheed scandal 102, 111, 149Lopes, F.F. 125lottizzazione 40–1Lowry, Michael 165Lúcio, À.L. 122Lukanov, Andrey 206nLuther, R. 100Lynskey Tribunal (UK) 179, 182–3Lytras, T.L. 32

Maas, Johan 162nMacedo, Jorge Braga de 125Macedonia, Republic of 202, 205Macmullen, A. 130Maddens, B. 97Magatti, M. 38, 39, 42Magone, J.M. 123, 124, 125, 126, 127,

131nMair, P. 124Maize case (Greece) 222Majersdorf, P. 99Major, John 185Mancuso, M. 184Mani Pulite 39, 43, 201marchés des lycées investigation

(France) 91

Index 269

market exchanges 4–5, 15, 207, 211masons 128, 237Matza, D. 229Mauro, P. 218McAllister, I. 174McCracken Tribunal (Ireland) 165–6,

165, 169, 171McSweeney, D. 70, 71, 76media 235, 238

Belgium 100Central and Eastern Europe 194,

201, 206nFrance 84, 89Greece 29–30, 29and international corruption 217Japan 110–11Netherlands 161, 163nPortugal 129Spain 10–11, 10Sweden 137, 146, 147nUS 75–6, 77

Members of Parliament (UK) 178,182–7

Mény, Y. 65n, 86, 91, 120, 205Merkel, Angela 61, 63Méry, Jean-Claude 90, 92nMetcalfe, D. 92nMilan 241Miller, W. 194Mitchell, Jim 175Mitsotakis, K. 29, 29, 30Mitterand, François 59, 64, 79, 83Mitterand, Jean-Christophe 89Miyamoto, M. 115Moene, K. Ove 217Moldova 202, 205Möller, T. 142Montinola, G.R. 4, 6n, 234Moody-Stuart, G. 213, 216Moriarty Tribunal (Ireland) 165–6, 165Moroni, Sergio 49nMórón, Sánchez 18Morris, S.D. 2Mundo, El 10, 10Murdoch, Rupert 163nMurtagh, P. 168Myrdal, G. 26

Nabo, Francisco Murteira 126Nagoya Connection 116Nakajima, Yujiro 109, 113

Nakamura, Kishiro 112Nano, Fatos 206nNational Audit Office (UK) 182National Democratic Institute for

International Affairs 176National Front (FN) (France) 89National Institute of Law Enforcement

and Criminal Justice 190, 245National Integrity System 158–9, 159,

246National Statistical Service of Greece

26Négrier, E. 91nNeill, Lord 187Nelken, D. 223, 227, 229, 233nNelson, T. 202neo-liberalism 198, 199, 200, 202, 205,

206nNetherlands 149, 161–2, 246

anti-corruption measures 155–9,159, 242, 245

causes 150–2, 151, 237, 239dynamics 152–5EAGG irregularities 225impact 160–1newness, scale and varieties 149–50,

150, 235trust 174

Neue Heimat scandal (Germany) 55, 57New Democracy (Greece) 1, 29, 30Newell, J.L. 3, 4, 41, 44, 48newspapers see mediaNew Zealand 34–5Niemeijer, E. 150Nikko Securities 116Nixon, Richard 71, 73Noack, P. 131nNoel-Baker, Francis 183Nolan Committee (UK) 186, 246nomenklatura 195–6, 198, 205Nomura Securities 116norms 156Northern League (Italy) 244Norton, P. 168notables 79, 80, 85, 86, 90, 91, 240

Obuchi, Keizo 109, 113Octopus projects 202Office of Government Ethics (US) 73Office of Independent Counsel (US) 73O’Flaherty, Hugh 170, 177n

270 Index

O’Higgins, E. 170OLAF 130, 222ombudsman 122organizational culture 237Organization for Economic

Co-operation and Development(OECD) 24, 90–1, 202

Anti-Bribery Convention 76, 92n,158, 187–8, 212–13, 217, 218

Spain 18organized crime 24, 237

Central and Eastern Europe 194,195, 202

EU fraud 228–31Ireland 172Japan 111, 116–17Netherlands 152, 156

O’Shea, M. 170O’Toole, F. 170ownership phase 153–4Ozawa, Ichiro 109

paedophilia scandals (Belgium) 93, 103pantouflage 84Papandreou, An. 29–30, 29, 36n, 235Paris-Match 89Parteiverdrossenheit 63Partido Popular (PP) (Spain) 10, 11–12,

20, 21partitocrazia 39–41, 48, 244Partridge, H. 40Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS)

(Germany) 57, 63PASOK (Greece) 29–31Pasqua, Charles 90, 92nPassas, N. 227Paterson, W. 65npatrimonialism 121–2, 124–8, 130patronage 195–6, 197Pearson, G. 183Pechiney scandal (France) 83Peper, Bram 160–1Perduca, A. 221personnel management 156–7Petersson, O. 143Petropoulos, J.A. 25Philippines 203Pieth, M. 158Pinto, Mota 123Pizzorno, A. 37Point, Le 84

Poland 197, 199, 201, 202, 205police corruption 188, 189, 201political corruption 1–5, 24–5

causes and dynamics 236–40impact and exposure 242–4newness, scale and varieties 234–6,

244see also anti-corruption measures

political factors 35, 151, 236–7, 239–40political impact 174–6, 244political parties 1, 236, 238–9, 242,

243Belgium 96, 98–100, 101–2Central and Eastern Europe 195France 79, 81–2, 87–8, 89Germany 54–6, 57, 62, 63, 64Greece 31–3Ireland 166–7Italy 39–42, 46–7, 48, 247nJapan 108, 109–10Netherlands 158Portugal 121, 124–5Spain 20, 21Sweden 144UK 178US 70, 71see also individual political parties

political pathology 24Political Scandals and Causes Célèbres

since 1945 35politicians 238–9Pomicino, Cirino 228Pompidou, Georges 83Pope, J. 158Portas, Paolo 128Portugal 120–1, 130–1, 244

anti-corruption measures 122–4,129, 242

causes 236, 237, 238, 239, 245Corruption Perceptions Index 9, 35,

93democratic governance 121–2dynamics 124–8impact and exposure 129–30newness, scale and varieties 235, 236

Potter, G. 120Poulson scandal (UK) 180, 184, 190press see mediaPreston, N. 158Prevention of Corruption Acts 1906 and

1916 (Ireland) 172

Index 271

Prévost-Desprez, Isabelle 85principal–agent models 2–3prisons 28privatization 198, 199, 200, 201Prodi, Romano 220Provedor da Justica (Portugal) 122Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act 1889

(Ireland) 172public debt 103, 242Publico, O 129Pujas, V. 82, 87, 131nPunch, M. 24, 156

Quirke, B. 130

Rainbow Warrior 83Rally for France (RPF) 92nRally for the Republic (RPR) (France)

90Ranson, S. 190Rau, Johannes 60Recruit scandal (Japan) 111–12Redcliffe-Maud inquiry (UK) 180–1Reddies, B. 112Redmond, George 171Régie de Téléphone et Télégraphe affair

(Belgium) 94Report of the Committee on Intermediaries

183Repubblica, la 38Republican Party (Portugal) 121Republikaner (Germany) 62Revue Politique et Parlementaire 85Rhodes, M. 42, 82, 87, 120, 131nRiddick, Graham 185Rigby, T.H. 197Riglet, M. 87Rihoux, B. 103Roberts, R.N. 69, 72, 73, 75Robinton, M.R. 179Roer, R. van de 160Rogow, A. 2, 55Roldàn, Luis 11Romania 202, 205Rose, R. 204Rose-Ackerman, S. 38, 217Rostenkowski, Dan 75Roszkowski, W. 25rotativismo (Portugal) 121Rothacher, A. 111, 112, 116, 119nrousfeti 25

Rubio, Mariano 11Russia 195, 199, 205

anti-corruption measures 201, 202media 194state apparatus 196

Rydell, S. 138

Sabato, Larry 77Sabouret, J-F. 119nSacerdoti, G. 219nSagawa Kyobin scandal (Japan) 112–13Salmon inquiry (UK) 180–1Sampford, C. 158Sa-nchez-Cuenca, I. 20Santos, B. de Sousa 122, 123, 131nSantos, Francisco Pinto dos 127Sapelli, G. 121Sappenfield, M. 78nSasagawa, Ryoichi 115Sauviller, R. 94, 96Savona, E. 222, 223, 227Scandinavia 34–5, 120, 198–9

see also SwedenSchäuble, Wolfgang 59, 61, 62Scheyren, Raymond 105nSchneider, F. 97Schreiber, Karl-Heinz 59Schröder, Gerhard 62Scott, J. 33Segni, Mario 46Seibel, W. 57, 58, 61, 65nSelect Committee on Members’ Interests

(UK) 184–5Service of Public Administration

Comptrollers (Greece) 30, 31sexual misconduct 114, 185, 186Sharrock, W.W. 41Sheedy affair (Ireland) 170Shefter, M. 78Shinto (Japan) 109, 112SIC 129Sieber, U. 223Sierra Leone 120Simis, D. 194Simitris, K. 29, 30Singapore 199, 219Sirven, Alfred 89Skele, Andris 206nSlavenburg bank 160sleaze 185Slezevicius, Adolfas 206n

272 Index

Slovak ia 201, 202, 205, 206nSlovenia 202, 204, 205Smith, G. 63Smith, T. Dan 180, 190Smith, Tim 185–6, 187sniffer-aircraft affair (France) 83Soares, Mário 126Social Democratic Party (Portugal) 125,

127–8, 131nSocial Democratic Party (SPD)

(Germany) 57, 62Social Democratic Party (SPD) (Sweden)

139, 140, 146social factors 35, 151Socialist Party (France) 82, 86, 89Socialist Party (PSI) (Italy) 43, 46Socialist Party (Portugal) 121, 126–8Socialist Party (Spain) 10, 11–12, 17,

20, 21, 22nSocialists (JSP) (Japan) 109sogo shosha 115sokaiya 116Sousa, Marcelo Rebelo de 125, 131nSouthern, D. 65nSpain 1, 21

anti-corruption measures 19–20,241, 242, 245

causes and peculiarities 15–19, 237,238, 239

Corruption Perceptions Index 9–10,9, 35, 93, 234

EAGG irregularities 225impact and exposure 20–1, 243newness, scale and varieties 10–13,

10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 234, 236Spence, D. 130Spiegel, Der 60Spiegel Affair (Germany) 54Standards Board (UK) 188, 189Starr, Kenneth 73state administration see civil serviceStavisky affair (France) 80Steffens, Lincoln 78nSterling, C. 202Stewart, J. 190Stock, M.J. 126Stoyanov, Peter 204Strauß, Max 131nStrauss-Kahn, Dominique 92nstructural factors 151, 237–8

Belgium 97–101, 104

Greece 27Spain 15–16, 16

structural funds 126, 127, 221–2Suchocka, Hanna 205Sunday Independent 169Svensson, G. 148nSweden 135–6, 136, 145–7, 246

anti-corruption measures 140–2, 242causes 143–5dynamics 138–40impact and exposure 142–3, 143,

243newness, scale and varieties 136–8,

137, 235Swedish Trade Union Confederation

139, 140, 146Swyngedouw, M. 104Sykes, G.M. 229Szilagyi, Z. 201

Takahashi, Harunori 113Takashima, Shiro 117Takeshita, Noburu 109Tanaka, Kakuei 109, 111, 118Tangentopoli 6n, 37–8, 43, 44–5, 46–7,

48, 228, 244Tapie, Bernard 85tax evasion 243

Ireland 169, 170Italy 39

Thatcher, Margaret 181Theobald, R. 26Thierse, Wolfgang 61, 63Thompson, B. 120Thompson, D.F. 69, 74Tillman Act 1907 (US) 70–1Todorov, B. 195Tokaimura nuclear accident 118Tokyo Kyowa 113trade 216Transparency International (TI) 4, 6n,

24, 207Bribe Payers Survey 97Central and Eastern Europe 204international corruption 212local chapters 201–2, 242National Integrity System 158–9,

159, 246see also Corruption Perceptions Index

Tredinnick, David 185Tribunal de Cuentas (Spain) 18–19

Index 273

trust 5, 235, 240, 243, 244Belgium 93, 97, 103, 104Central and Eastern Europe 204Ireland 164, 174Italy 42Sweden 143, 148nUS 67, 70, 73, 75, 76, 78

Tsutsumi, Yoshiaki 115Turner, J. 183Türsan, H. 104

UCLAF 222Ukraine 201, 202, 205Uniao Geral dos Trabalhadores (UGT)

(Portugal) 126–7United Kingdom 1, 35, 178, 189–90

1970s 180–1anti-corruption measures 188–9,

241–2, 245, 246causes 237, 238, 239dynamics 240EU fraud 225, 232historical roots 179–80newness, scale and varieties 234, 236old boys network 206nsleaze and standards 186–8Thatcherism and new public

management 181–2United Nations 24, 202United States 35, 66, 77–8

anti-corruption measures 70–5, 242,245, 247n

causes and dynamics 67–70, 237impact and exposure 75–7, 243international corruption 202, 207,

208–11, 213and Japan 117, 118media 238newness, scale and varieties 66–7,

235, 236universalism 40Uno, Sosuke 114Urba (France) 82Uzbekistan 205

Vahi, Tiit 205Vahlenkamp, W. 151values 156

Vannucci, A. 2, 6n, 37, 41, 42, 43, 44,45, 47, 79, 100

Vitorino, Antonio 125–6Vitosha Research 194Vlaams Blok (Belgium) 99, 101,

103–4Voyé, L. 96VRIND 104, 105nvulnerability 156, 242VVD (Netherlands) 158

Walgrave, S. 103Walsh, D. 171Walsh, Lawrence 73Watergate scandal (US) 66, 71, 73,

75–6Waters, S. 44Weber, E. 80Weber, Max 91Wei, S-J. 216Weizsäcker, Richard von 60Welch, S. 76Wertheim, W.F. 162nWesberry, J.P. 213whistleblowers 153, 227–8, 238

Belgium 98, 100, 101Netherlands 159, 162Sweden 143, 144

White March (Belgium) 103White, S. 225Williams, P. 202Williams, R. 2, 66, 73, 75, 78nWilliams, S. 184Wilson, H.H. 183Wilson, J. 185Wilson, J.Q. 74Windsor, D. 208Woodward, B. 75–6World Bank 77, 193, 202, 206nWrede, M. 143Wright, Jim 74–5Wright, V. 86, 90

Yakuza 111, 116–17Yamaguchi, Toshio 113Yamaichi Securities 114, 116Yugoslav corn scandal (Greece) 36nYugoslavia 202, 205

274 Index