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Index

Absorption atomic, 155 gas in ZnO, 97 light, 86, 94, 95. 98. 109-117. 350 water. 279, 236

Accelerate tests, 266, 317, 318, 325, 360, 368 Acceleration factor, 266 Accumulation layer, 107 Acetate, 30, 57 Acetic acid, 122, 40 I Acetone, 178, 395, 396 Acidification, 91, 225, 226, 280 Acids, 249, 266, 276, 395, 401 Acoustic effect, III Activation process, 16,45,126, 143, 188, 192,381 Activation energy, 72, 80, 135, 390, 399 Adhesion

coatings, 12,407 cOlTosion products. 163, 296, 169, 175 paint, 15.82.328-330

Adsorption capacitance, 27 corrosion products, 135, 137, 149 current doubling, 113 dissolution and deposition, 34, 38 dissolution of ZnO, 119, 122 double layer, 97,101, 105 f1atband potential, 115 hydrogen evolution, 45 inhibitors, 384 intergranular corrosion, 59 passivation. 85. 91 pitting. 226, 227 in sol vents. 399 of sulfur dioxide, 244 of water layer, 242

Aeration, 141, 305 capacitance, 28 corrosion potential and current, 130, 133

463

corrosion rates, 30 I dissolution, 34, 35, 36 impedance, 57, 62, surface film, 85

Aerosol, 243 Aging, 231 Agitation: see Convection Air, 243

aeration, 174 in concrete, 353 cooling, 12 corrosion products, 162, 174, 176- 178 pollutants, 243, 244 soil, 307

wet storage stain, 237 Alcohols, 112, 178, 293, 393 Alloying, 3

anode, 214, 215 corrosion potential. 144-149 corrosion rates, 258, 260, 385, 387 galvanic corrosion, 184, 198,216 intergranular corrosion, 227-229

Aluminum adsorption of SO" 244 affinity to oxygen, 10 alloying element, 145,363,387,404 anode, 214,403 atmospheric corrosion, 258 corrosion potential, 145,263 galvanic corrosion, 184, 188, 197,202,210 intergranular corrosion, 181, 227 -231 Zn-AI phase diagram, 4

Aluminum oxide, 323 Amalgamation, 385, 391, 404 Ammonia, 285, 375 Annealing, 232, 257, 359 Antimony, 260 Anodes, 184, 186,212,213,305,403

alloying, 214, 215, 404

464

Anodes (cant.)

cathodic protection, 407 efficiency, 213, 215,403 passivation, 403, 407

Anodization, 85-87,115 Area

adsorption, 135 effective surface, 143,202, 343 gal vanic corrosion, 184, 196, 199-121, 214 polarity reversal, 206, 217 surface roughness, 143

Atmosphere, 241 corrosion forms, 184, 261 corrosion product, 158-168, 261 corrosion rates, 245-248 galvanic corrosion, 208 intergranular corrosion, 227 pitting, 220

Auger, spectroscopy, 157, 162 Automobile, 6, 215, 263, 315 Axis, 174

Bacteria, 244, 285, 295, 305 Band bending, 97-100, 104, 108 Band edge, 98,101-103,115,117,120 Band gap, 96, 98, 103, 108, III, 115, 118 Band structure, 96, 103-105, 114, 120 Barrier height, 106, 117 Batteries, 68, 373

cathode, 374 electrolyte, 374 pitting, 220, 225

Benzene, 78, 395,396 Benzoate, 299 Binding medium, 337, 344 Black film, 86 Blistering, 233, 315, 321 Bond strength, 359 Bonding, 159; see also Adhesion Brass, 3, 184, 375 Breakdown

of passivation, 66, 89, 221, 225 pitting. 221 of semiconductor, 107-109, 115, 119

Bridge, 51, 351, 363 Buffering, 84, 91, 173 Bundle, 262

Cadmium, 184, 198,231,388,404 Capac i tance

adsorption, 35 corrosion product film, 62, 63 double layer, 27, 55, 62, 63 space charge layer, 100, 103, 106 surface coatings, 56

Capillary effect, 88, 237, 242, 245, 307, 353 Car: see Automobile Carbon, 245,338, 346.374 Carbon dioxide

anodiztion, 86 corrosion products, 168, 170, 176 corrosion rates, 270, 287, 289 galvanic corrosion. 203 pitting, 219 polarity reversal, 203 solubility in water, 284

Carbonates corrosion products, 158-181, 237, 278 dissolution. 31 formation condition, 23, 24 278 intergranular corrosion, 234 passivation, 77-80, 85-87 polarity reversal, 203

Carbonation, 358, 366 Casting, 7

INDEX

Catalytic reaction, 34, 38, 45,108,113,269,338 Catalyst, 75 Cathodic protection, 213, 359, 407 Cells, 195,201,301,334,373 Cement, 352 Charge carriers, 96, 105, 109, 110 Charge transfer. 32, 59, 62, 10 I, 104, 115, 122, 333 Charge transfer coefficient, 35, 40, 44, 48 Chemicals: see Ions Chipping, of paint, 328, 331 Chlorides; see also Ions

adsorption, 27, 28 battery electrolytes, 374, 384 complexing with zinc, 24 in concrete, 351, 357 conductivity, 13, 127 corrosion current, 128, 135 corrosion products, 171, 172, 174, 177 corrosive agents, 357

galvanic corrosion, 198-202 intergranular corrosion, 229 marine, 252, 255, 266, 291 pitting, 221-223 in solutions, 296

current doubling, 113 dissolution. 31. 124 flux, II impedance, 60 oxygen reduction, 51 passivation, 78 passivation breakdown, 89 plating bath, 13 polarity reversal, 204 road salt, 263 salt spray test, 270

INDEX

Chlorides (cont.)

in solvents, 395, 399 vapor, 400

Chromium, 184. 260 Chromate, 85; see also Chemicals Chromating,16 Chromate film

characterization, 16, 17, 171. 175 effect on corrosion, 144, 238, 260, 329, 362 properties, 17, 180

Clay, 305, 311 Cleaning, 11, 12 Cleavage, 165, 170 Climate, 254 Coating life, 256 Coating weight, 323 Coating thickness, 9 Coatings, 12, 14 Cobalt, 188 Colloidal solution, 16,305 Composite coatings, 323 Complexes, 25, 33-39 Condensation, 233, 237, 341, 252 Concrete, 184,227,351,403,407 Conductivity

concrete, 354 corrosion products. 187 galvanic corrosion, 188,213 metal. 2 pitti ng, 225 soil, 305, 307, 310 solution, 26, 27, 301 surface films, 74, 79, 115 waters, 285 zinc oxide, 95, 96, lIS

Contact line, 195,218,277 Contaminants, 161, 163, 176,241,265 Convection, 72, 75. 88, 139, 141,275 Conversion coatings, 16,260 Conversion factors, 129, 130 Cooling, 12, 162 Coordination number, 25 Copper, 145,245,391

alloying elements, 145, 146,307 galvanic corrosion, 184, 194, 196,210

Corrosion, 54 Corrosion current, 125,314,365

calculation, 125-127 correlation to weight loss, 153 definition, 125 measurement techniques, 127, 128 relation to corrosion potential, 130, 368

Corrosion environments atmosphere, 241 batteries, 373

concrete, 351 Corrosion environments (cont.)

gaseous, 399 lab testing chambers, 267, 270, 272 organic sol vents, 393 paints, 315 soils, 305 solutions, 296 waters, 283

Corrosion forms, 183,293 Corrosion potential, 125-156

in concrete, 363, 367 definition, 125 painted, 332 pitting. 224 relation to corrosion current, 153 respect to passivation. 68. 85, 207 in soil, 211, 212. 312 in solution, 85.133-153 zinc-rich paints, 347, 348

Corrosion products, 157,261,399 characterization techniques, 157 classification, 157 corrosion current, 141, 149. 152 corrosion potential, 149, 152 effect on corrosion, 54, 178 effect of climate, 254 galvanic corrosion, 184,202,210.224,340 impedance, 62, 63 oxygen reduction, 51, 53 relative to weight loss. 272 stability, 31, 165, 170, 176 transformation, 168-176

Corrosion rates, 130 atmospheric, 245 in concrete, 360-363, 366 galvanic corrosion, 208-212 gaseous, 400-402 intergranular corrosion, 228-234 metals other than zinc and steel, 248, 292 in organic sol vents, 395-398 pitting, 219 simulated tests, 266-277 in soil, 308-311 in solutions, 296-304 under-paint, 319 units, 129, 130 in waters, 286-296

Corrosion tests, 211, 237, 317, 325 Cosmetic corrosion, 319, 320, 360. 378 Countries, 248 Cracking, 183,238, 358, 364 Creep, 2 Creeping, 319-323 Crevice, 218, 236,357

465

466

Crevice corrosion, 183 Cross section, 107 Crystal

polycrystal, 115-117, 144 powder, 94 size, 94, 171, 175,320 zinc single crystal, 27, 32, 47 165, 174

Crystal structure corrosion products, 160, 161, 165, 175 zinc, I zinc oxide, 94

Crystal orientation breakdown, 108 capacitance, 28 cast and rolled products, 2 corrosion potential, 143 corrosion rates, 143, 302 decomposition, 122 dissolution and deposition, 35 photocurrent, III pitting, 225 standard potential, 20

Curing, 329, 337, 352 Current

dark current, 105 distribution, 184, 192, 194 limiting current, 31 peak current, 68, 69, 82, 83 saturation current, 110 versus potential curves: see I-V curves

Current collector, 375, 390 Current distribution, 192 Current doubling, 111-113 Current efficiency, 32, 79, 80 Current output, 404 Curvature, 39 Cut edge, 216, 262 Crystallization, 16, 323 Cyclic test, 216, 272, 318, 325 Cyclic wet/dry pattern, 254, 272

Deaeration: see Aeration Decomposition

corrosion products, 173, 176

HP2,51 zinc oxide crystal, 110, 119-124

Deformation, 303, 331 Deicing, 263 Delamination, 315, 333 Dendrite, 39, 377 Depassivation,91 Depletion layer, III Depolarization, 207 Deposition, 36-39, liS, 117

Depth intergranular corrosion, 227 pitting, 217, 220, 225 sea water, 285, 294

Desorption, 34, 101; see also Adsorption Dew, 242 Dezincification, 149 Die casting alloy, 3, 7, 227 Dielectric properties, 74, 89, 395 Diffusion

in concrete, 354 deposition, 39 dissolution, 31, 35, 162 of electron and hole, 110 of hydrogen, 40, 139 of mercury in zinc, 386 in organic solvents, 396 in paint, 316 passivation, 62, 69-73, 77, 80, 84, 88 of salts, 316, 357 of various ions, 26 of zinc in zinc coatings, 8 in zinc oxide, 97

INDEX

Diffusion coefficients, 25, 40, 71, 190, 316, 354 Diffusion length, 110 Discharging, 377, 390 Disintegration, 32 Distance

from city center, 244 gal vanic action, 20 I, 209, 213 from sea coast, 244, 252 from waterline, 301

Dislocation, 39, 225 Dissolution, 29

at corrosion potential, 125-129 corrosion products, 30, 36, 168, 171 efficiency, 32 exchange current, 30, 31 inhibition, 62 paint delamination, 333 at passivation, 66, 80, 87-89 pitting, 226 process, 62 of zinc oxide, 119-124

Distilled water, 140, 169, 170, 286 intergranular corrosion, 227 pitting, 217, 224 polarity reversal, 203, 204

Donor,96, liS, 118, 122 Doping, 117 Double layer, 27-29, 55, 62,115, 173,396 Drying

accelerated test, 267, 325 battery, 221

INDEX

Drying (coni.)

concrete, 356 corrosion current, 144 corrosion products, 160, 177, 242, 254 wet storage stain, 257

Ductility, 227, 238, 359 Duplex coating, 323 Dust, 215, 245, 316 Dye, III

Edge, 196,217,277 Electrochemical techniques, 29, 54, 153 Electrogalvanizing, 13, 14 Electrolumineseces, 114 Electron acceptor, 96 Electrolyte

battery, 374, 379 conductivity, 26, 27. 191, 192 near surface, 32 pitting, 225, 227 resistance, 55, 62, 144, 211 thickness, 190, 192-197,213,276

Electroplating, 13, 14,260 Electrowinning, 19, 39 Elevation, 252 EMF series, 144, 185, 186,211 Enthalpy, 390 Epoxy, 339 Equilibrium, 19,20-25, 120,127,133 Equivalent electrical circuit: see Impedance Etch, 74, 102,221 Eutectic phase, 3, 13, 323 Exchange current, 30, 36, 42,125,127,130,151,

396 Extracts, 356 Extrusion, 232

Faradaic process, 32 Fatigue, 369 Fermi level, 96, 98, 100-103 Field strength, 90, 104 Film: see Surface films Flake, 7 Flame: see MetaJlizing Flat band, 97, 98 Flatband potential, 100

definition, 98 determination, 100 oxide film, lIS, 116, 118,202 single crystal, 100, 10 I

Flow, 144, 178, 184,266,289,294,348 Flux, II, 110,237,354 Fluxing, II Fly-ash,269 Fog, 243

Formability, 321 Formic acid, 112, 113

Galfan, 12, 162,259,263 Galvalume, 12, 162,263,324 Galvanneal, 12, 145, 147, 148,263 Galvanic corrosion, 183, 261, 312, 332, 339

corrosion rate, 198,201,210-213 of coupled metals, 184, 196-198, 210 definition, 183 factors, 188, 209 testing, 184,209,211 theory, 185-196

Galvanic current, 185, 191, 194-197,213 Galvanic protection, 213

anodes, 215 coatings, 215 definition, 185 field data, 212 throwing power, 213 zinc-rich paint, 339

Galvanic series, 187,211 Galvanizing: see also Electroplating

batch process, 10 classification, 7, 8 continuous process, II

Galvanized steel, 256 coating methods, 7, 256 galvanic protection, 213 life, 256 pitting, 203, 219, 225, 308 polarity reversal, 203 premature darkening, 262 surface treatment, 12 wet storage stain, 183, 236

Galvanized rebar, 359 Gases, 184,339

CO,: see Carbon dioxide H,: see Hydrogen H,S,243,268,285,401 N,,242 NH3,243 0,: see Oxygen SO,: see Sulfur dioxide

Gassing, 224, 338, 378 Gel, 353, 382 General corrosion, 183, 225 Geometrical effect, 185, 186, 189-192, 213 Gravitation, 217 Grain, crystal

orientation, 2 potential, 144 shape, 74 size, 3, 230, 235, 388

Grain boundary, 3, 32, 225, 352

467

468

Grid,390 Grinding, 143

Hardness, 284 Hardware, 213 Heat treatment, 231 Highway, 262 Hole, 96, 217 Hot dip: see Galvanizing Hot water

corrosion products, 168-170, 179 corrosion rates, 288, 289 pitting, 219, 291 polarity reversal, 203, 208

Humidity atmosphere, 241 intergranular corrosion, 226 test, 267 time of wetness, 248, 252, 280 wet storage stain, 183, 236

Hydration number, 25 Hydration process, 36, 45, 67, 352 Hydration shell, 39 Hydrogen, gas

anode,214 corrosion rate in water, 299 diffusion, 40, 139 intergranular corrosion, 235 measurement device, 378 rebar/concrete surface, 359 solubility, 40 surface preparation, 78 units, 129

Hydrogen embrittlement, 183, 238 Hydrogen peroxide, 51, 107, 112 Hydrogen reaction, 39

corrosion potential, 134 exchange current, 40, 42 inhibition, 47 over potential, 41, 45, 230 oxide film, 45 thermodynamics, 21

Ice, 237 Illumination, 109 Impedance, 54

corrosion current, 115 dissolution, 35 equivalent circuit, 56, 62 paints, 318, 340 polarization resistance, 127 semiconducting film, 118 spectrum, 56-61, 74 thin-layer electrolyte, 277

Impurities, in electrodes, 47 electrolyte, 39, 51, 227 grain boundaries. 235 water, 207 zinc, 47, 183,258,377,404 zinc oxide, 93, 96, 100

Incubation, 319 Indium, 387 Indoor atmosphere, 16 I. 162, 264 Inductance, 55 Inhibitors, 359, 384

INDEX

Interfaces, 55, 67, 90, 103, 137,235,316,339,359 Intergranular corrosion. 129, 183.225.239,407 Intermetallic compounds, 3. 8-12, 145, 227-238 Ionic properties, 25-27 Ionic strength, 72 Ionization, 135 Ions. in solutions

Ag+, 114, 175 As'+, 46, 112, 382 AsO~-, 85, 89 BO;-, 89, 116, 117,221 Br-, 51, 60, 89,113, 124, 135,383 BrO,,32 Ca2+~ 85. 137. 140, 174, 179,205,357 Cd'+, 220 Ce' +, 137, 180 CH,CO;,89 Ct: see Chlorides CW, 13, 112 C10:;, 32, 137 CIO.;, 28, 51, 89, 113, 128. 171,384 Co2+, 298 col-: see Carbonates complexing agents, 25 concentration, 298 corrosion current, 131, 135, 145, 150 corrosion potential, 131, 135-137, 145, 149 corrosion products, 172, 177 corrosion rates, 297, 298 current doubling, 113 crO;-, 16,31,89,223 Cu'+' 46,175,201,291,382 diffusion coefficients, 26 exchange current, 30 F-,89 Fe'+, 46, 382 Fe(CN)t, 103 f1atband potential, 101 galvanic corrosion, 184,201,204 HCOO-112 HP-, 51, 53 hydrogen evolution, 41

INDEX

Ions, in solutions (collt.)

1-,89, 107. 113, 123 In'+.383 I-V curve ofZnO. 106 K+, 45 Mg2+, 201 MnO:;, 31, 113 MoOt, 89 Ni2+, 39, 46. 382 Na+,201 NH;, II. 13,28,34,46,60,128, 173,244,374,

384 NO~, 30, 51, 89,107,112,135,137,140,205 passivation, 66, 89, 90 Pb2+, 36, 47. 73, III. 220. 383 pitting, 222 PO~-, 51. 115, 139. 171,223 S2-,296 Sb'+, 46, 382 SiOl-,205 Sn2+, 31, 46, 73, 383 SOl-, 137 S01-, 14,40,51,57, 113, 135, 140, 171,201,

244,384 WO~-, 31. 135, 136, 223 Zn2+, 133

battery, 373 current doubling, 113 corrosion current, 134 corrosion potential, 130, 133. 138 dissolution, 29, 63, 396 hydrogen reaction, 46 photo decomposition, 122 standard potential, 19

Zn(OH)i-. 113 battery, 381 corrosion potential, 134 dissolution, 29, 63 hydrogen reaction, 46, 47 passivation, 75, 77 solubility, 22

Iron, steel adsorption of S02' 244 alloying element, 198,216,293,404 concrete reinforcement, 358 corrosion potential, 145,312 corrosion products, 202, 332 corrosion protection, 208, 210-217, 259 corrosion rates, 208, 210, 212

atmospheric, 246, 252 gaseous, 402 soil,310 under-paint, 263

Fe-Zn phase diagram, 5

galvanic action, 184, 188.203,208. 345 Iron. steel (cant.)

intermetallic compounds, 3, 219, 279 phosphatising, 330 solubility in zinc, 3

IR drop, 74, 403 Isotherm, 105 I-V curves

breakdown of ZnO, 108 cathodic reaction on ZnO, 106 corrosion current, 128 decomposition ofZnO, 121 galvanic corrosion, 184,200 intergranular corrosion, 233 passivation, 67, 68, 73. 74, 79-84 passivation breakdown, 89 photocurrent, 110 pitting, 221 in soil, 313 in solvents, 399 zinc rich paints, 345

Kelvin probe, 184 Kinetics

corrosion processes, 125-127 dissolution, 29-39 electrochemical techniques, 29 galvanic corrosion, 188-191 hydrogen reaction, 39-46 oxygen reduction, 48-53 passivation, 68-85 semiconductor electrochemistry, 105-115

Kink sites, 35, 122

Lattice constant, I, 94 Leaching, 356, 358 Lead, 258

galvanic corrosion, 184,210 intergranular corrosion, 227, 229-231

Leclanche cell, 38, 220, 225, 373 Life, 256, 333, 360, 375 Lifetime, 113. 115, 346 Light

absorption, 86, 94,109-115,350 deflection, 94, 95 emission, 114, 115 penetration depth, 110 transmission, 94, 95

Linear polarization, 54 Loam, 305 Local corrosion, 185, 200 Localized corrosion, 66, 91,129,225 Luminescence, 114

469

470

Magnesium, 145,260,388 anode,214,403 gal vanic corrosion, 184, 210 intergranular corrosion, 229

Manganese, 145, 146 Mass transport, 71, 77, 88 Mechanisms

atmospheric corrosion, 278 carrier recombination, III current doubling, III deposition, 38 dissolution, 32 formation of corrosion products, 181 hydrogen reaction, 43 intergranular corrosion, 235 metallic surface film, 86 oxygen reaction, 49 passivation, 75, 80 passivation breakdown, 89, 225 pitting, 225 polarity reversal, 207 premature darkeni ng, 262 protection by zinc rich paint, 339 under-paint corrosion, 333 wet storage stain, 236

Mechanical properties, 2. 90. 231. 234 Melting point. I Meniscus, 30 I Mercury. 385 Metallizing. 6, 407 Metallography. 8, 9. II Metallurgical effect, 229. 302 Metals (other than zinc and steel)

adsorption, 244 atmospheric corrosion, 248 gal vanic corrosion, 184. 198. 210 hydrogen exchange current, 42 sea water corrosion. 292

Microstructure. 232 Mill scale, 347 Minerals, 283 Mixing, 53 Mobility. 25-27. 36 Moisture. 175,237,242.355,400 Monolayer, 29, 78. 79, 82 Morphology, 39, 74. 75,163-165,172.175,244 Mortar. 358, 365 Mott-Schottkyequation. 100

Nernst equation. 133, 138 Neutralization, 16 Nickel, 184, 198,210,260.387 Normal corrosion, 185.210,211 Nucleation, 16,77,79.171

Ohmic effect CUlTent measurement, 156 gal vanic corrosion, 188. 190. 196 sacrificial protection. 403

INDEX

Open circuit condition, 68. 82. 87. 125, 188,225. 345

Orbital. 103 Organic substances. 384. 393. 402 Oscillation. 39, 74 Osmatic pressure, 316 Overpotential, 127. 188.386

anode. 215.403 dissolution. 33 hydrogen evolution, 41. 43 oxygen reduction. 50 passivation. 66

Oxidation of zinc, liS. 162 of water. 120. 122

Oxide: see Zinc oxide Oxygen

in concrete. 354 diffusion, 51. 53. 274,195.334 diffusion coefficient, 48 effect on corrosion, 141-143, 181 evolution, 78, 88 galvanic corrosion, 190 intergranular corrosion, 287 kinetics, 48-54, 202 paints, 334, 339 pitting, 218 polarity reversal, 203, 206-208 stability, 21 standard potential, 48 solubility, 48, 284, 298

Paint, 328. 337 adhesion, 15,82.328-330 galvanic corrosion, 184 paintability, 12, 14 permittivity, 316 properties, 316. 337 thicknesi>, 324

Particles, 339, 341, 343, 352, 389 Particulate film, liS, 117 Passivation, 65-92

in batteries, 375, 376 breakdown, 66. 81, 87. 89-91. 221, 225 condition, 21, 23, 67, 78 definition. 65, 87 effect on corrosion, 130-133, 138, 191,233 overpotential, 66 passivation current, 67, 75, 87-89 passivation potential, 67,81, 84, 85

INDEX

Passivation (COlli.)

polarity reversal 207-208 process. 67. 74-77 time to passivation. 65. 70-73. 77. 78

Passive films: see a/so Surface films characterization. 75. 78 properties. 75. 93.115-118.149.179.207 stability. 67. 86-92. 299

Passive state. 65. 67. 87. 88, 208, 363 Paste, 352 Permeation, 176. 178. 215, 316, 339, 353 Perforation, 221, 319 pH, 137.206.298

buffer, 82. 84, 173 capacitance. 27 concrete. 357 corrosion current. 131. 137-140, 148, 152 corrosion potential, 131, 137-140, 148, 152 corrosion products. 171-173. 273 corrosion rates, 273. 298, 311 dark potential, 102 decomposition ofZnO, 119, 122 flatband potential, 102-105, 115, 116 intergranular corrosion, 233 passivation, 66, 80, 83, 299 passivation breakdown, 89 pitting. 222 polarity reversal, 206 soil, 309-311 solubility, 22. 23. 299. 357 waters. 285

pH-potential diagram, 21,23,374 Phase diagram, 4, 5 Phosphates, as chemicals

corrosion potential. 136 dissolution, 31. 62 oxygen reduction, 5 I passivation, 80-84, 86, 89 zinc-rich paint, 346

Phosphate coating, IS, 171, 180,329,334 Phosphating. 15,80.260.329 Photo: see Light Photo catalysis, 113. 269 PholOcurrent. 95, 98. 100. 109

current doubling, III dissolution of ZnO. 121-123 luminesces, 115 passive film, 116, 117

Photoeleetrochemistry, 109-118 Photoluminensece, 114 Photopotential, 109, 110, 117, 207 Physical properties, I. 93, 94 Pickling. I I Pigment, 316, 338. 341, 345 Pipe, 217. 262, 291, 312

Pitting, 217, 290 characterization, 66, 89. 217 corrosion current, 129 corrosion rate 219-220 galvanic, 184 in hot water, 290 occurrence, 202. 217, 261, 263. 293. 308 measurement, 217 mechanism, 89-91

Pitting potentia!, 66, 89, 217, 221-224, 226 Plastics, 184,213,218,401 Plate, 209 Polarity reversal, 179, 184, 202-208. 219, 407 Polarization resistance, 127

conductivity, 367 corrosion rate, IS I, 154 impedance, 51 zinc-rich paint, 342, 349

Polarization parameter, 192 Polishing, 32, 143.225 Pollutants, 242, 249, 269 Polymers. 316, 338 Polymerization, 82 Porosity, 74, 353 Potential, electrode

breakdown potential. 66 dark potential, 102, 104 half-wave potential, 51 Helmholtz potential, 101-105 mixed potential, 125 open circuit potential. 68,82,87. 125, 188 photopotential, 109, 117,207 pitting potential, 221 rest potential, 102, 104, 125,221, 222 reversible potential, 39, 65, 138, 185 standard potential, 19. 39

Potential barrier: see Surface barrier Potential bias, 105, 114 Potential distribution, 184. 192, 195 Potential of zero charge, 28, 104 Pourbaix diagram, 21 Powder, 170, 177 Premature darkening, 262 Pressure, 170, 291 Primer, 316, 323

Quenching, 232 Quantum yield, efficiency, 110, 113-117

Radiation, 241 Radicals, 112, 114,285 Rain, 158, 163, 164,242

galvanic corrosion, 211 synthetic, 271

Rebar, 359

471

472

Recombination, 98,110, III, 113-115 Recrystallization, 2, 12 Red rust, 256, 320 Redox couple, 98,105-108

corrosion potential, 127 dissolution of ZnO, 122, 123

Redox potential, 120 Repassivation,91 Resin, 316 Resistivity: see Conductivity Resource, zinc, I Rock,305 Rolling, 303 Rolled zinc, 7 Roof,249 Rotating electrode, 40, 51, 68-70, 82, 123, 143 Roughness: see Surface Rubber, 337,401 Runoff, 164,250

Sacrificial protection: see Galvanic protection Salinity, 252 Salt, 358 Salt layers, 67, 88, 223, 266, 270, 318, 325 Salt spray test, 266, 270, 318, 325 Salvation, 36 Sample, for testing, 188, 195, 196

orientation, 72, 191, 254, 262 position, 201, 301 preparation, 143 shape, 191, 254 size, 191,201

Sand,305,311,352 Scanning rate, 156 Scribe, 323 Sea water, 169-171,284,291

corrosion rates, 291 galvanic corrosion, 184, 187,211 intergranular corrosion, 227

Sealing, 313, 377 Season, 158,247,249 Self corrosion, 214, 403 Semiconducting behavior, 75, 89, 93-124

polarity reversal, 202, 208 Sensitization, 110 Sheet, 237,255,258,262 Sheltering

corrosion products, 160-166 corrosion rates, 255 galvanic corrosion, 211

Sherardising, 7 Ship, 215 Silt, 305 Silicate, 313, 338 Silicon, 9, 257

Silver, 260, 387, 391 Slip, 3 Snow, 242 Soil,305

galvanic corrosion, 184,211 pitting, 220

Solidification, II. 353 Solubility

air, 49 alloying elements, 3, 229, 230 hydrogen, 39 minerals, 284 oxygen,48,49, 298 passive films. 87. 91, 299 salts in organic solvents, 393

INDEX

zinc compounds, 22, 66, 91, 158, 171. 299 Solutions, 171-176,201,204,219.296; see also

Electrolytes and Ions Solvation, 274, 280, 393, 396 Solvent, 170.393 Space charge layer, 98, 100. 104-106, 108 Spalling, 358, 364 Spangle, 10 Spectra, 116, 117 Splash zone, 294, 365 Spray, 6, 7 Stability

carbonates, 23 concrete, 358 corrosion products, 31, 165, 170, 176 hydroxides, 21 oxide, 21,119-124 passivation, 87-92, 299

Stain. 257, 268, 349 Stainless steel. 184, 196, 198, 210 Steam, 235 Steel: see Iron Steady state, 35, 135, 153. 155 Stern-Geary constant. 127 Stirring, 139. 168, 173 Strength, 227, 234, 317, 352. 359 Stress, 90, 231, 239, 303 Strain, 332 Stress corrosion, 183. 184, 238 Superplasticity, 2 Surface area, 143, 149,341.343,375,390 Surface barrier, 105-110 Surface condition, 143, 144.202,347,363 Surface films; see also Corrosion products and

Passive films catalytic effect, 45, 75 classification, 67 color, 74, 75, 80, 85-87, 204 corrosion potential, 207 formation, 75-78, 80, 84, 399

INDEX

Surface films (conI.)

impedance. 62. 63. 79 inhibitive effect. 3 I. 5 I metallic, 73, 80, 86 nature, 75, 77-80, 84-86, 89, 178-181 phase transformation, 168-17 I. 208 semiconducting, 102, 115-118,202 stability, 78,87-92

Surface roughness, 149, 150 Surface states, 101.103, 105, 107, 117, 140 Surface structure, 242 Sulfur dioxide

adsorption, 245 air pollutants, 243 corrosion mechanism, 280 corrosion rates, 249, 280, 400 intergranular corrosion, 233 solubility, 249

Surface treatment. 260, 302, 388 chromating, 16, 180 gal vanizing, 12 phosphating, 15 plming, 13 ZnO crystal, 102, 103, I I 1

Sweep rate, potential, 69, 80, 82, 88

Tafel slope corrosion current, 125-127, 153, 156 determination, 127, 128, 156 dissolution, 30, 33, 34, 36-38 hydrogen reduction, 40, 41, 48 oxygen reduction, 49

Tank,208, 214,219,237,268,403 Temperature, 140,203

anode efficiency, 406 corrosion products, 168-170 corrosion rates, 14 I. 390 passivation, 78, 80, 85 pi tli ng, 217, 220 polarity reversal, 203 potential,20, 140, 141 semiconductor, 97 solubility, 48

Texture, 10, 15, 232, 303, 306, 390 Thermodynamics, 19-25 Thin-layer electrolyte, 274

capacitance, 28 concentration, 276 corrosion potential, 142 gal vanic action, 176, 193, 333 hydrogen reduction, 276 oxygen reduction, 53, 279

Throwing power, 213, 217, 333 Tidal zone, 293, 294, 364 Time, effect, 149, 144,206

concrete curing, 353 Time, effect (conI.)

corrosion current. 144, 150, 152 corrosion potential, 149. 151. 152 corrosion products, 158, 163-165, 170 corrosion rates, 253, 293 galvanic corrosion, 193 gassing, 379 paint curing, 339 polarity reversal, 206

Time of the day, 253 Time of the year, 163 Time of wetness, 248, 252, 280 Tin, 184, 198,230,260,387 Titanium, 184, 185, 196, 198 Transient effect, 35, 154, 184 Transpassive state, 65 Transport number. 27 Tunnelling, 108. 109. 115 Twinning, 3

Ultraviolet light, 94, 317 Under-paint corrosion. 315 Under-vehicle corrosion. 263 Underground. 213. 217, 305 Uniform corrosion, 185

Valence, 32 Vanadium, 260 Vapor, 178.228, 269. 387 Viscosity, 73, 393

Wall. 249 Water, 9

in concrete, 355 content in air, 242 corrosion products, 168-171. 177 intergranular corrosion. 227 pitting, 219 polarity reversal, 203 in solvents, 393

Water drop, 274 Water line, 301, 31 I Water spray, 270 Weather, 252, 339 Weathering, 305, 347 Weight loss

relation to corrosion current, 129. 151-156 relative to corrosion products, 163 units, 141-143

Wetting, 177,241,271,325,344 Wet storage stain. 183.236.262 White rust. 237 Wire, 176,209. 254. 359 Wind. 242. 245

473

474

Woods, 401

X-ray, 94, 157,207,224

Yellow rust, 257

Zinc alloys; see also Alloying and Zinc coatings battery anodes, 387 corrosion current and potential, 144-149 corrosion products, 176 die-casting. 3, 7 sacrificial anodes, 403

Zinc coatings, 12, 14,321. 407 applications, 6. 322 classification, 3 composite coatings, 323 corrosion products, 180 duplex coatings, 337 gal vanic corrosion, 216 production methods, 7-14 under-paint corrosion, 321 under-vehicle corrosion, 263 Zn-AI, 12, 145,324

Zn-Co, 118, 145-147, 181 Zinc coatings (cant.)

Zn-Cr, 145,216 Zn-Cu, 145. 146,216 Zn-Fe, 12, 145, 147, 148,263,323 Zn-Mg. 145,216 Zn-Ni, 118, 145-147, 184,216 Zn-Ti, 145,216

Zinc dust, 7, 316, 338, 341 Zinc oxide, 93-124

applications, I, 93, 338 corrosion products. 157.263,399 oxide films: see Surface films photo electrochemistry. 107 physical properties, 93-97 semiconducting property, 97 stability, 107-109

Zinc powder, 7, 375, 381,389 Zinc products, 3, 6 Zinc-rich paint, 183, 184,215,337 Zinc tape, 7 Zincate, 382 Zincrometal, 338

INDEX