166

REFERENCES

International journals

[1]. Abdulkadir, C.M., Akif, K., Ahmet, E., Ibrahim, H., and Guzelbey,

(2008), “Neural network modelling of arc spot welding”, Journal of Materials

Processing Technology, 202, pp137– 144.

[2]. Abilio, M., Pinho, D.J., Alfredo, S.R. and Antonio, A.F., (2007),

“Influence of the submerged arc welding in the mechanical behavior of the

P355NL1 steel-Part II: analysis of the low/high cycle fatigue behaviors”,

Journal of Material Science, 42, pp 5973–5981.

[3]. Adlar, Y. P., Markova, E.V., and Granovsky, Y.P., (1975), “Design of

experiments to find optimal conditions”, MIR Publishers, Moscow.

[4]. Al-Aomar, R., (2002), “Robust Simulation based Multi criteria

Optimization Methodology”, Proceedings of the 34th conference on Winter

simulation: exploring new frontiers, San Diego, California, 2, pp8-11,1931-

1939.

[5]. Ana, M., Paniagua. M., Paulino, E.D., Victor, M. and Lopez, H., (2003),

“Chemical and structural Characterization of the crystalline phases in

agglomerated fluxes for submerged arc welding”, Journal of Materials

Processing Technology, 141, pp 93-100.

167

[6]. Ana, M., Paniagua, M., Victor, M., Lopez, H., Maribel, L. and Saucedo,

M., (2005), “Influence of the Chemical Composition of Flux on the

Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Submerged-Arc Welds”, Journal of

Materials Processing Technology, 169,pp 346-351.

[7]. Ana, M., Paniagua, M., Victor, M. Lopez, H., Hector, J., Dorantes, R.,

Paulino, E., Diazb, E. and Diaz, V., (2009), “Effect of TiO2-containing fluxes

on the mechanical properties and microstructure in submerged-arc weld

steels”, Material Characterization, 60,1, pp36-39.

[8]. Apps, R. L.and Lelson, K.A., (1963) , “effect of welding variables upon

bead shap and size in submerged arc welding”, weld met fabr,31, pp453-457.

[9]. Asiabanpour, B., Palmer, K. and Khoshnevis, B., (2004), “An

Experimental Study of Surface Quality and Dimensional Accuracy for

Selective Inhibition of Sintering”, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 10,3, pp181-

192.

[10]. Aslan, N., (2008), “Application of response surface methodology and

central composite rotatable design for modelling and optimization of a

multigravity separator for chromites concentration.”, Power Technology ,185

pp 80-86.

[11]. Babu, S.P.K. and Natarajan, S., (2008), “Influence of heat input on high

temperature weldment corrosion in submerged arc welded power plant carbon

steel”, Materials & Design, 29, 5, pp 1036–1042.

168

[12]. Bacchewar, P.B., Singhal, S.K and Pandey, P. M., (2007), “Statistical

modelling and optimization of surface roughness in selective laser sintering

process”, IMechE Vol.221 Part B.

[13]. Balasubramanian, V., Lakshminarayanan, A. K., Varahamoorthy, R. and

Babu, S., ( 2009), “Application of response surface methodology to prediction

of dilution in plasma transferred arc hardfacing of stainless steel on carbon

steel”, Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International, 16,1,pp 44-53.

[14]. Bappa A., Dipten, M., Dipankar, B. and Venkadeshwaran, K., (2009),

“Prediction of weld strength and seam width for laser transmission welding of

thermoplastic using response surface methodology”, Optics and Laser

Technology, 41, pp 956-967.

[15]. Basu, B. and Raman, R., (2002), “Micro structural Variations in a High-

Strength Structural Steel Weld under Isoheat Input Conditions”, Welding

Journal, 81, 11, pp239s-248s.

[16]. Bebis, G. and Georgiopoulus, M., (1994), “Feed Forward Networks,

Why Network Size is so important”, IEEE Potential, pp27-31.

[17]. Belton, G.R.,Moore, T. J. and Tankins, E.S., (1963), “Slag-metal

reactions in submerged arc welding” Welding Journal Research Suppl.

Research, 68 ,3,pp. 289-290. ISSN: 00432296.

[18]. Bennet, A. P. and Stanley, P. J., (1966), “Fluxes for the SAW of QT 35

Steel. British Welding Journal”, 13, pp 59-66.

169

[19]. Besseris, G. J., (2008), “Multi-response optimization using Taguchi

method and super ranking concept”, Journal of Manufacturing Technology

Management, 19, 8, pp1015-1029.

[20]. Bhadeshia, H., (1997), “Mathematical Modeling of Weld Phenomena

III”, London Institute of Materials, pp 229-284.

[21]. Bhole, S.D., Nemade, J.B., Collins, L. and Cheng, L., (2006), “Effect of

nickel and molybdenum additions on weld metal toughness in a submerged

arc welded HSLA line-pipe steel”, Journal of Materials Processing

Technology, 173,pp 92–100.

[22]. Chai, C.S. and Eagar, T.W., (1981), “Slag-Metal Equilibrium during

Submerged Arc Welding” Metallurgical Transactions B, 12(B), September,

pp539- 547.

[23]. Chai, C. S. and Eagar, T. W., (1982), “Slag-Metal Reactions in Binary

CaF2- Metal Oxide Welding Fluxes”, Welding Research Supplement, July,

pp229s-232s.

[24]. Chandel, R.S., Chan, B., Yang, L.J. and Bibby, M.J., (1994), “A

software system for anticipating the size and shape of submerged arc welds”

Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 40, pp 249-262.

170

[25]. Chandel, R.S., Seow, H.P. and Cheong, F.L. (1997) “Effect of

increasing deposition rate on the bead geometry of submerged arc welds”,

Journal of Materials Processing Technology.72, pp 124 – 128.

[26]. Chandel, R.S., (1987), “Mathematical modeling of melting rates for

submerged arc welding” Welding Journal, 65 ,5,pp 32s -39s.

[27]. Charles, H. and Entrekin. J.R., (1979), “The Influence of Flux Basicity

on Weld-Metal Microstructure”, Metallography, 12, pp 295-312.

[28]. Chen, Y. and Xu, Z., (2001), “Study of High Toughness Ferrite Wire for

Submerged Arc Welding of Pipeline Steel” Materials Characterization, 47,pp

67-73.

[29]. Chester, D., (1990), “Why Two Hidden Layers Are Better than One”,

Proceedings of IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks,

Washington, DC, pp 265-268.

[30]. Christopher, Bayley, Gregory, Glinka and John Porter, (2000), “Fatigue

crack initiation and growth in A517 submerged arc welds under variable

amplitude loading” International Journal of Fatigue, 22,pp 799–808.

[31]. Cook, K., Andersen, G.E., Karsai, G. and K. Ramaswamy, ( 1990),

“Artificial neural networks applied to arc welding process modeling and

control” IEEE Trans. Ind. App. vol. 26, pp. 824-830.

171

[32]. Datta, S., Bandyopadhyay, A. and Pal, P.K., (2008), “Application of

Taguchi philosophy for parametric optimization of bead geometry and HAZ

width in submerged arc welding using a mixture of fresh flux and fused flux”,

International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 36,pp 689-

698.

[33]. Datta, S., Bandyopadhyay, A. and Pal, P.K., (2008), “Solving multi

criteria optimization problem in submerged arc welding consuming a mixture

of fresh flux and fused slag”, International Journal of Advanced

Manufacturing Technology, 35,9-10,pp 935-942.

[34]. Datta, S., Bandyopadhyay, A. and Pal P.K., (2006), “Desirability

Function Approach for solving Multi-Objective optimization problem in

Submerged Arc Welding”, International Journal of Manufacturing Science

and Production, 7,2,,pp 127-135.

[35]. Datta, S., Sundar, M., Bandyopadhyay, A., Pal, P.K., Roy, S.C. and

Nandi, G., (2006), “Statistical Modeling For Predicting Bead Volume Of

Submerged Arc Butt Welds” Australasian Welding Journal, 51/2, pp 39-47.

[36]. Davis, M. L. E. and Bailey, N., (1982), “Properties of Submerged Arc

Fluxes-Fundamental Studies” Metal Construction, 65, 6, pp 202-209.

[37]. Davis, M. L. E. and Bailey, N., (1991), “Evidence from Inclusion

Chemistry of Element Transfer during Submerged Arc Welding”, Welding

Journal, 70, 2, pp 57s-65s

172

[38]. Eagar, T.W., (1980), “Oxygen and Nitrogen Contamination during

Submerged Arc Welding of Titanium” Proceedings of the International

Conference of Welding Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

[39]. Edwin Raja Dhas, J. and kumanan, S., (2007), “ANFIS for prediction of

weld bead width in a submerged arc welding process” journal of scientific &

industrial research, vol.66, april, pp335-338.

[40]. Erdal, K. , Ugur, O., Ceyhan Y., (2007), “The effect of process

parameters on penetration in gas metal arc welding processes” Materials and

Design, 28,pp 649–656.

[41]. Eroglu, M., Aksoy, M. and Orhan, N., (1999), “Effect of coarse initial

grain size on microstructure and mechanical properties of weld metal and

HAZ of a low carbon steel” Materials Science and Engineering, 269, A, pp

59-66.

[42]. Eroglu, M. and Aksoy, M., (2000), “Effect of initial grain size on

microstructure and toughness of intercritical heat-affected zone of a low

carbon steel” Materials Science and Engineering, 286, A, pp 289–297.

[43]. Farias, J.P., Scotti, A., Balsamo, P.S. and Surian, E., (2004), “The Effect

of Wollastonite on Operational Characteristics of AWS E6013 Electrodes”

Journal of Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 26, 3,

pp 317-322.

[44]. Ferrera, K. P. and Olson, D. L., (1975), “Performance of the MnO-SiO2-

CaO Systems as Welding Fluxes” Welding Journal, 54, pp 211s-215s.

173

[45]. Flick, N.A., Grong, O., Edwards, G. R. and Matlock, D. K., (1986),

“The Role of Filler Metal Wire and Flux Composition in the SAW Metal

Transformation Kinetics” Welding Journal, 65, 5, pp 113s-121s.

[46]. Ful-Chiang, Wu, (2005), “Optimization of Correlated Multiple Quality

Characteristics Using Desirability Function Quality Engineering” 17, 1, pp

119-126.

[47]. George, E. C., Robert, J. B., Kristinn, A. and Alvin, M. S., (1993),

“Weld Modelling and Control Using Artificial Neural Networks,” IEEE,

2181-2189.

[48]. Ghosh, P.K. and Ahmed, M. (1999), “Characterization of Mechanical

Properties of Multipass Submerged Arc Weld by Model Analysis of its

Microstructure Facilitated by Aid of Computer” Indian Welding Journal, 32,

4, pp 32-42.

[49]. Godfrey, C. O.and Shivendra, K., (2006), “Response surface

methodology-based approach on CNC drilling operations”, Journal of

Materials Processing Technology, 171, pp 41-47.

[50]. Gulenç, B. and Kahraman, N., (2003), “Wear behavior of bulldozer

rollers welded using a submerged arc welding process” Materials and Design,

24,pp 537-542.

174

[51]. Gupta,V.K. and Parmar,R.S., (1986) , “Fractional factorial technique to

predict dimensions of the weld bead in automatic submerged arc welding” j

inst engr. India, 70,pp67-71.

[52]. Gupta, S.R. and Arora, N., (1991), “Influence of flux basicity index on

weld bead geometry and HAZ submerged arc welding” Indian Welding

Journal, 24, 3, pp127-133.

[53]. Gupta, S.R. and Arora, N., (1993), “Influence of Flux Basicity on Weld

Bead Geometry and HAZ in Submerged Arc Welding” Journal of Material

Processing Technology, 39,1-2,pp 33-42.

[54]. Gunaraj, V. and Murugan, N., (1999), “Prediction and Comparison of

the Area of the Heat Affected Zone for the Bead-no-Plate and Bead-on-Joint

in Submerged Arc Welding of Pipes” Journal of Materials Processing

Technology, 95, 1-3, pp 246-261.

[55]. Gunaraj, V. and Murgun, N., (1999), “Application of response surface

methodology for predicting weld bead quality in submerged arc welding of

pipes” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 88,1-3, pp 266-275.

[56]. Gunaraj, V. and Murugan, N., (2000), “Prediction and Optimization of

Weld Bead Volume for the Submerged Arc Process- Part-1” Welding

Research Suppl, 79, 10, pp 286s-294s.

[57]. Gunaraj V, Murugan N., (2000), “Prediction and optimization of weld

bead volume for the submerged arc process-part-2” Weld Res. Suppl.79, 11,

pp 331–338.

175

[58]. Gurmeet, S., Kulwant, S. and Jagtar, S., (2010), “Mathematical

Modeling of the Effect of Welding Parameters on Penetration In

Submerged Arc Welding” International Journal of Engineering Studies,

Research India Publications, 0975- 6469 , 2, 3 pp313—320.

[59]. Hafiz, A.M.K.,Amin, A.K.M.N., Karim, A.N.M. and Lajis, M.A., (

2007), “ Development of surface roughness prediction model using response

surface methodology in high speed end milling of AISI H13 tool steel.”,

IEEE,.

[60]. Jackson, C.E. and Shrubsall, A. E., (1953), “Control of penetration and

melting ratio with welding technique” Welding Journal, 32, 4, pp 172s- 178s.

[61]. Jang, J. and Indacochea, J.E., (1987), “Inclusion effects on submerged-

arc weld microstructure” Journal of Materials Science, 2, 2, pp 689-700.

[62]. Jang, J.S.R.and Sun, C.T., (1997), “Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing:

A Computational Approach to Learning and Machine Intelligence” Prentice

Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

[63]. Jerzy, N. and Paweł, R., (2005), (The influence of welding heat input on

submerged arc welded duplex steel joints imperfections” Journal of Materials

Processing Technology, 164,165,pp 1082–1088.

[64]. Jeyapaul, R., Shahabudeen, P. and Krishnaiah, K., (2005), “Quality

Management Research by Considering Multi-Response Problems in the

176

Taguchi Method a Review” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing

Technology, 26, 1331-1337.

[65]. Joarder, A., Saha, S.C. and Ghose, A.K., (1991), “Study of submerged

arc weld metal and heat-affected zone microstructures of plain carbon steel”

Weld. J. Suppl. Res, 70, 6, pp 141–146.

[66]. Jones, S.P., Jansen, R. and Fusaro, R.L., (1997), “Preliminary

Investigation of Neural Network Techniques to Predict Tribological

Properties”, Tribol Trans, 40, 2, pp312.

[67]. Jorge, J.C.F., Souza, L.F.G., and Rebello, J.M.A., (2001) , “The effect of

chromium on the microstructure/toughness relationship of C–Mn weld metal

deposits” Materials Characterization, 47, pp195– 205.

[68]. Kaae, J.L., (1968), “Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and

Susceptibility to Cracking in the HAZ of Controlled Rolled Niobium Treated

Low Carbon Manganese Steels” British Welding Journal, 12, 7, pp 395-398.

[69]. Kanjilal, P., Pal, T.K. and Majumdar, S.K., (2006), “Combined effect of

flux and welding parameters on chemical composition and mechanical

properties of submerged arc weld metal” Journal of Materials Processing

Technology, 171,pp 223-231.

[70]. Kanjilal, P., Mazumder, S. K., Pal, T.K.,(2004), “Prediction of

Submerged Arc Weld-Metal Composition from Flux Ingredients with the help

of Statistical Design of Mixture Experiment” Scandinavian Journal of

Metallurgy, 33pp 146-149.

177

[71]. Karaoglu, S. and Secgin, A., (2008), “Sensitivity analysis of submerged

arc welding process parameters” Journal of Material Processing Technology,

202,3,pp 500-507.

[72]. Keshav, P. and Dwivedi, D. K., (2008), “Some investigations on

microstructure and mechanical properties of submerged arc welded HSLA

steel joints”, Journal of Advance Manufacturing Technology, 36, pp475– 483.

[73]. Khallaf, M.E., Ibrahim, M.A., EI-Mahallawy N.A. and Taha, M.A.,

(1997), “On crack susceptibility in the submerged arc welding of medium-

carbon steel plates” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 68pp 43-49.

[74]. Kim, D. et.al, (2010), “Analyses of hybrid Taguchi methods for

optimization of submerged arc weld, Joining Processes”, Challenges for

Quality, Design and Development, March 5-6, National Institute of

Technology, Agartala, Tripura.

[75]. Kim, D., Kang, M.and Rhee S., (2005), “Determination of optimal

welding conditions with a controlled random search procedure”, Welding

Journal, 8, pp125-130.

[76]. Kim, I.S., Son, J.S., Park, C.E., Lee, C.W., Yarlagadda K.D.V. and

Prasad, (2002), “A study on prediction of bead height in robotic arc welding

using a neural network” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 130-131

pp229– 234.

178

[77]. Kim. I. S., Jeong, Y.J., Lee, C.W. and Yarlagadda, P.K.D.V., (2003),

“Prediction of Welding Parameters for Pipeline Welding using an Intelligent

System”22,9-10,pp 713-719.

[78]. Kim, I.S., Son, J.S., Park, C.E., Lee, C.W., Yarlagadda K.D.V. and

Prasad, (2002), “A study on prediction of bead height in robotic arc welding

using a neural network” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 130-131

pp229– 234.

[79]. Kim, Ill-Soo., Joon-Sik Son, Sang-Heon Lee, Prasad K.D.V.

Yarlagadda, (2004) , “Optimal design of neural networks for control in

robotic arc welding”, Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 20,

pp57–63.

[80]. Kim I.S., Kim J.S., and Kim O.S., (2003),“A study on relationship

between process variables and bead penetration for robotic Co2 arc welding”,

Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 136, pp139-145.

[81]. Kishor, P., Kolhe, C.K.and Datta, (2008), “Prediction of microstructure

and mechanical properties of multipass SAW”, Journal of Materials

Processing Technology, 197, pp 241-249.

[82]. Klaric, S. , Samardzic, I and EWE Ivica Kladaric, (2008), MAG

Welding Process Analysis of Welding Parameter Influence on Joint

Geometry”, 12th

International Research/Expert Conference ,Trends in the

Development of Machinery and Associated Technology, TMT, Istanbul,

Turkey, August, pp26-30

179

[83]. Kolhe, K.P. and Datta, C. K., (2005), “Prediction of Microstructure and

mechanical properties of multi-pass Submerged Arc Welding”, Proceedings

of International Conference on Mechanical Engineering in Knowledge Age,

December 12-14, Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi, India.

[84]. Kolahan, F. and Heidari, M. (2009), “A New Approach for Predicting

and Optimizing Weld Bead Geometry in GMAW” World Academy of

Science, Engineering and Technology, 59

[85]. Kostrivas, A. and Lippold, J. C., (2000), “A Method for Studying Weld

Fusion Boundary Microstructure Evolution in Aluminium Alloys” Welding

Research Suppl., 79, pp 1s-8s.

[86]. Kumar, A. and DebRoy, T., (2004), “Guaranteed Fillet Weld Geometry

from Heat Transfer Model and Multivariable Optimization” International

Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 47, 26, pp. 5793-5806.

[87]. Kumar, V. (2011), “Modelling of Weld Bead Geometry and Shape

Relationships in Submerged Arc Welding using Developed Fluxes” ,Jordan

Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Volume 5, Number 5, Oct.

ISSN 1995-6665, Pp 461 – 470.

[88]. Kumanan, S., Edwin Raja Dhas, J., (2007), “Determination of

submerged arc welding process parameters using taguchi methods and

regression analysis”, Indian journal of engineering &material science, vol. 14,

Jun, pp177-183.

180

[89]. Lee, J.I. and Um, K.W., (2000), “A prediction of welding process

parameters by prediction of back-bead geometry”, Journal of Materials

Processing Technology, 108, pp 106-113.

[90]. Lightfoot, M.P., Bruce, G.J., McPherson, N.A. and Woods, K., (2005),

“The Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Weld-Induced

Deformation in Ship Plate”, Welding Journal, 84, pp23s-31s.

[91]. Lothongkum, G.E., Viyanit, P. and Bhandhubanyoung, (2001), “Study

on the effects of pulsed TIG welding parameters on delta-ferrite content,

shape factor and bead quality in orbital welding of AISI316L stainless steel

plate”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology.110,pp 233–238.

[92]. Malin, V., (2001), “Root Weld Formation in Modified Refractory Flux

One-Sided Welding Part 1-Effect of Welding Variables”, Welding Research

Suppl., pp 217s-226s.

[93]. Malin, V. (2001) Root Weld Formation in Modified Refractory Flux

One-Sided Welding: Part 2- Effect of Joint Geometry”, Welding Journal

Research Suppl., pp227s-237s.

[94]. Manikya Kanti, K. and Srinivasa Rao, P., (2008), “Prediction of bead

geometry in pulsed GMA welding using back propagation neural network”,

journal of materials processing technology, 200, pp 300–305.

[95]. McGlone, J.C., (1982), “Weld bead geometry prediction-A review”,

Metal Construction, 14, 7, pp 378-384.

181

[96]. Mitra, U., Chai, C.S. and Eagar, T.W., (1984), “Slag-Metal Reactions

During Submerged Arc Welding of Steel”, Proceedings of International

Conference and Reliability in Welding, 2, Chinese Mechanical Engineering

Society, Harbin, PRC, B.24.1.

[97]. Moi, S. C., Bandyopadhyay, A. and Pal, P. K., (2001), “Submerged Arc

Welding with a Mixture of Fresh Flux and Fused Slag”, Proceedings of

National Seminar on Advances in Material and Processing, IIT, Roorkee,

India.

[98]. Mohan, N. and Pandey, S., (2005), “Modeling for Element Transfer in

Submerged Arc Welding” Proceedings of International Conference on

Mechanical Engineering in Knowledge Age, December 12-14, Delhi College

of Engineering, Delhi.

[99]. Montgomery, D.C. and Mayers R.H., (1995), “Response surface

Methodology: Processes and product Optimization Using Designed

Experiments” John Wiley & Sons, New York.

[100]. Mostafa, N.B. and Khajavi, M.N., (2006), “Optimisation of welding

parameters for weld penetration in FCAW” journal of Achievements in

Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 16, 1-2.

[101]. Murray, P.E., (2002), “Selecting Parameters for GMAW using

Dimensional Analysis” Welding Journal, pp125s-131s.

182

[102]. Murugan, N. and Gunaraj, V., (2005), “Prediction and Control of Weld

Bead Geometry and Shape Relationships in Submerged Arc Welding of

Pipes”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 168,pp 478-487.

[103]. Murgan, N., and Parmar, R.S., (1994), “Effect of Process Parameters

on the geometry of the bead in the automatic surfacing of stainless steel”,

Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 41, pp 381 – 398.

[104]. Nagesh, D.S. and Datta, G.L., (2002), “Prediction of weld bead

geometry and penetration in shielded metal-arc welding using artificial neural

networks”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology.28 Jan.

[105]. North, T.H., Bell, H.B. and Raig, C., (1978), “Slag/ Metal interaction,

oxygen and toughness in submerged arc welding”, Welding Journal, 56 , 3,pp

63s-73s.

[106]. Pal, P.K., Bandyopadhyay, A. and Bala, A.K., (2001), “Some Aspects

of Submerged Arc Welding with Mixture of Fresh Flux and Fused Slag”,

Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering,

BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

[107]. Pal, S., Pal, S.K. and Samantaray, A.K., (2008), “Artificial neural

network modelling of weld joint strength prediction of a pulsed metal inert

gas welding process using arc signals”, Journal of Material Processing

Technology ,202,pp 464-474.

183

[108]. Pandey S., (1986), “Some studies on MIG welding of aluminum and its

alloys 5083”, Ph.D. dissertation, IIT Delhi.

[109]. Pandey, N.D., Bharti, A. and Gupta, S.R., (1994), “Effect of

submerged arc welding parameters and fluxes on element transfer behaviour

and weld-metal chemistry” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 40:

pp195-211.

[110]. Pandey, S., (2004), “Welding current and melting rates in submerged

arc welding- A new approach”, Australian Welding Journal, 49 pp. 34-42.

[111]. Pathak, A. K. and Datta, G. L., (2004), “Three-dimensional finite

element analysis to predict the different zones of microstructure in submerged

arc welding”, Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part B,

Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 218, pp 269-280.

[112]. Patnaik, A., Biswas, S. and Mahapatra, S.S., (2007), “An Evolutionary

Approach for Parameter Optimization of Submerged Arc Welding in Hard

facing Process”, International Journal of Manufacturing Research, vol. 2(4),

pp.462-483.

[113]. Peng, Yun., Wuzhu, Chen. And Zuze, Xu., (2001), “Study of high

toughness ferrite wire for submerged arc welding of pipeline steel”, Materials

Characterization, 47,pp67– 73.

[114]. Petr, H., Rostislav, C. and Monika N.,( 2009), “influence of welding

parameters on geometry of weld deposit bead” International Conference on

Economic Engineering and Manufacturing Systems Brasov, 26 -27 November

184

Recent, Vol. 10, 3,27, November, 291 Czech University of Life Sciences

Prague, Czech Republic.

[115]. Ping, Li., Fang, M.T.C. and Lucas, J., (1997), “Modelling of

submerged arc weld beads using self-adaptive offset neutral networks”,

Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 71, pp 288-298

[116]. Polar, A., Indacochea, J.E. and Blander, M., (1991), “Fundamentals of

the Chemical Behavior of Selected Welding Fluxes” Welding Journal, 70, 1,

pp15s-19s.

[117]. Prasad, K. and Dwivedi, D.K., (2008), “Some investigations on

microstructure and mechanical properties of submerged arc welded HSLA

steel joints” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,

36,5-6,pp 475-483.

[118]. Parappagoudar, M.B., Pratihar, D .K., Datta, G. L., (2007), “ Non-

linear modelling using central composite design to predict green sand mould

properties”, IMechE Vol.221 Part B .

[119]. Price, W.L., (1977), “A Controlled Random Search Procedure for

Global Optimization”, the Computer Journal, 20, 4, pp 367-370.

[120]. Quintana, R., Cruz, A., Perdomo, L. and Castellanos, G., Garcia, L.L.,

Formoso, A. and Cores A., (2003), “Study of the transfer efficiency of alloyed

elements in fluxes during the submerged arc welding process”, Welding

International, 17 ,12,pp 958–965.

185

[121]. Raghu Babu, G., Murti, K. G. K. and Ranga Janardhana, G., (2008),

“An Experimental Study On The Effect Of Welding Parameters On

Mechanical And Microstructural Properties Of Aa 6082-T6 Friction stir

Welded Butt Joints”, Vol. 3, No. 5, October ISSN 1819-6608 Arpn Journal

of Engineering and Applied Science.

[122]. Ravindra, J. and Pramar, R. S., (1987), “Mathematical model to predict

weld bead geometry for the flux cored welding process”, metal construct, 19,

pp31 -35.

[123]. Renwick, B.G. and Patchett, B.M., (1976), “Operating characteristics

of submerged arc process” Welding Journal, 55, 3, pp 69s-79s.

[124]. Reddy, G. M., Ghosh, P. K. and Khanna, A., (1991), “The Influence of

Electrode Polarity and Welding Current on Mechanical Properties of

Submerged Arc Weld”, Indian Welding Journal, 23, 3, pp 145-150.

[125]. Ridings, G.E., Thomson, R.C. and Thewlis, G., (2002), “Prediction of

Multiwire Submerged Arc Weld Bead Shape Using Neural Network

Modeling”, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 7, 5, pp 265-

279.

[126]. Robinson, M.H., (1961), “Observation on Electrode Melting Rate

During Submerged Arc Welding”, Welding Journal, 40, pp503s-515s.

[127]. Samard, I., Kladari, I., (2009), “the influence of welding parameters on

weld characteristics in electric arc stud welding”, metalurgija 483, pp181-185.

186

[128]. Schwemmer, D.D. and Olson, D.L., (1979), “Relationship of Weld

Penetration to Welding Fluxes” Welding Journal, 58, 5, pp 153s-160s.

[129]. Serdar, K. and Abdullah, S., (2008), “Sensitivity analysis of submerged

arc welding process parameters”, Journal of Materials Processing

Technology”, 202, pp 500-507.

[130]. Shan-Ping Lu., Oh-Yang, K., Tae-Bum, K. and Kwon-Hu, K., (2004),

“Microstructure and wear property of Fe–Mn–Cr–Mo–V alloy cladding by

submerged arc welding” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 147, pp

191-196.

[131]. Sharma, A., Arora, N. and Mishra, B.K., (2008), “A practical approach

towards mathematical modeling of deposition rate during twin-wire

submerged arc welding”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing

Technology, 36, pp 463-474.

[132]. Shigeo, O., Tadashi, K. and Kouichi, S., (2007), “High-speed One-side

Submerged Arc Welding Process“NH-HISAW”, Nippon Steel Technical

Report No. 95 January , 17 ,UDC 621 , 791 ,pp 753 . 5.

[133]. Singh, K., Pandey, S. and Arul, M.R., (2005), “Effect of Recycled Slag

on Bead Geometry in Submerged Arc Welding” Proceedings of International

Conference on Mechanical Engineering in Knowledge Age, December 12-14,

Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi.

[134]. Singh,K., Pandey, S. and Mani, R.A. ,(2006), “Recycling of

Submerged Welding Slag” Australasian Welding Journal, 51,2, pp 34-38.

187

[135]. Smith, N.J., (1989), “Microstructure / Mechanical property

relationships of submerged arc welds in HSLA 80 steel”, Welding Journal,

68, 3, pp 112s-120s.

[136]. Sterjovski, Z., Nolan, D., Carpenter, K.R., Dunne, D.P. and Norrish, J.,

(2005),“Artificial neural networks for modelling the mechanical properties of

steels in various applications” ,Journal of Materials Processing Technology

170 ,pp536-544.

[137]. Stefanija Klaric , Ivan Samardzic, EWE Ivica Kladaric, (2008), “MAG

Welding Process Analysis of Welding Parameter Influence on Joint

Geometry”, 12th

International Research/Expert Conference ,Trends in the

Development of Machinery and Associated Technology,TMT, Istanbul,

Turkey, August, pp26-30

[138]. Stuck, S.S. and Stout, R.D., (1972), “Heat treatment effects in multi-

pass weldments of high strength steel” Welding Journal, 52, 10, pp 508s -

514s.

[139]. Sui, S.H., Cai W., Liu Z.Q., Song T.G. and Zhang, A., (2006), “Effect

of Submerged Arc Welding Flux Component on Softening Temperature”,

Journal of iron and steel research, 13,2,pp 65-68.

[140]. Surian, E.S. and Vedia, L.A., (1999), “All-Weld-Metal Design for

AWS E10018M, E11018M and E12018M Type Electrodes”, Welding

Research Suppl., pp 217s-228s.

188

[141]. Sukhomay, P., Surjya, K.P., and Arun, K. S., (2008), “Artificial neural

network modelling of weld joint strength prediction of a pulsed metal inert

gas welding process using arc signals”, Journal of Material Processing

Technology ,202,pp 464-474.

[142].Tandon, S., Kanshal, G.C. and Gupta, S.R., (1988), “Effect of Flux

Characteristics on HAZ during Submerged Arc Welding”, Proceedings of the

International Conference on Welding Technology, September, University of

Roorkee, pp 65-73.

[143]. Tarng, Y.S., Yang, W.H. and Juang, S.C., (2000), “The Use of Fuzzy

Logic in the Taguchi Method for the Optimization of the Submerged Arc

Welding Process”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing

Technology, 16, pp688–694.

[144]. Tarng, Y.S. and Chang, S.C., (2002), “The use of grey- based Taguchi

methods to determine submerged arc welding process parameters in hard

facing” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 128, pp 128-131.

[145]. Thao, D.T. and Kim, I.S., (2009), “Interaction model for predicting

bead geometry for Lab Joint in GMA welding process”, international

scientific journal,.vol-1 issue 4 pp 237-244.

[146]. Thangavel, P., Selladurai, V. and Shanmugam, R., (2006),

“Application of response surface methodology for predicting flank wear in

turning operation”, IMechE Vol.220 Part B .

189

[147]. Tsai, H. L., Tarng, Y. S. and Tseng, C. M., (1996), “Optimization of

Submerged Arc Welding Process Parameters in Hardfacing”, International

Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 12, pp 402-406.

[148]. Tsai, J.T., Liu, T.K. and Chou, J.H., (2004), “Hybrid Taguchi-Genetic

Algorithm for Global Numerical Optimization”, Evolutionary Computation,

Proceedings of IEEE Transactions, 8, 4, pp365-377.

[149]. Tusek, J., (1999), “A Mathematical Model for the Melting Rate in

Welding with a Multiple Wire Electrode”, Journal of Physics D, Applied

Physics, 32, 1739-1744.

[150].Tusek, J. and Suban, M., (2003), “High-productivity multiple-wire

submerged-arc welding and cladding with metal powder addition” Journals of

Materials Processing Technology, 133, pp 207-213.

[151]. Vairis, A. and Petousis, M., (2009), “Designing experiments to study

welding processes: using the Taguchi method”, Journal of Engineering

Science and Technology Review 2, 1, pp 99-103.

[152]. Veerendra, S., Vilas, T., Mohan, R., S. and Raju, K.S., (2007),

“Predicting the performance of submerged arc furnace with varied raw

material combinations using artificial neural network”, Journal of Materials

Processing Technology, 183, pp 111-116.

190

[153]. Vitek, J.M., Iskander, Y.S. and Oblow, E.M., (2000a), “Improved

Ferrite Number Prediction in Stainless Steel Arc Welds Using Artificial

Neural Networks-Part 1”, Neural Network Development. Welding Research

Suppl., pp 33s-40s.

[154]. Vitek, J.M., Iskander, Y.S. and Oblow, E.M., (2000b), “Improved

Ferrite Number Prediction in Stainless Steel Arc Welds Using Artificial

Neural Networks-Part 2, Neural Network Results. Welding Research Suppl.

Pp 41s-50s.

[155]. Vitek, J.M., Iskander, Y.S., Oblow, E.M., Babu, S.S., David, S.A.,

Fuerschbach, P. and H. Smartt, (1998) “Neural network modeling of

pulsedlaser weld pool shapes in aluminum alloy welds”, Proc. 5th Int. Conf.

rends Welding Research, Pine Mountain, GA, June 1–5, pp. 442–450.

[156]. Wang, Jen-Ting and Jean, Ming-Der., (2006), “Optimization of Cobalt-

Based Hardfacing in Carbon Steel using the Fuzzy Analysis for the Robust

Design” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 28

,pp 909-918.

[157]. Wang, S.H., Luu, W.C., Ho, K.F. and Wu, J.K., (2002), “Hydrogen

permeation in a submerged arc weldment of TMCP steel”, Materials

Chemistry and Physics, 77, pp 447–454.

[158]. Widrow, B. and Lehr, M.A., (1990), “30 Years of Adaptive Neural

Networks, Perception and Back propagation”, Proceedings of IEE, 78, 1415-

1442.

191

[159]. Win, Z., Gakkhar, R. P., Jain, S.C. and Bhattacharya, M., (2005)

“Parameter optimization of a diesel engine to reduce noise, fuel consumption,

and exhaust emissions using response surface methodology”, ImechE Vol.219

Part D.

[160]. Wojnowski, D., Oh, Y.K. and Indacochea, J.E., (2000), “Metallurgical

assessment of the Softened HAZ region during multi-pass welding”, Journal

of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, 122,

pp 310-315.

[161]. Wilson, E.M., (1966), “SAW of 1% Titanium 18% Nickle-Co-Mo Mar

aging Steel”, British Welding Journal, 13, 2, pp 67-74.

[162]. Wu, C.S. and Gao, J.Q., (2002), “Analysis of the heat flux distribution

at the anode of a TIG welding arc”, Computational Materials Science, 24, pp

324-327.

[163]. Xue, Y., Kim, I.S., Son, J.S., Park, C.E., Kim, H.H., Sung, B.S., Kim,

I.J., Kim, H.J. and Kang, B.Y., (2005), “Fuzzy Regression Method for

Prediction and Control the Bead Width in the Robotic Arc-Welding Process”,

Journal of Materials Processing Technology, pp 164-165, 1134-1139.

[164]. Yang, L.J. Chandel, R.S., and Bibby, M.J., (1993), “The effects of

process variables on the weld deposit area of submerged arc weld”, Welding

Journal, 72 ,1, pp 11s-18s.

192

[165]. Yang, L.J., Bibby, M.J. and Chandel, R.S., (1993), “Linear regression

equations for modeling the submerged-arc welding process”, Journal of

Materials Processing Technology, 39, pp 33-42.

[166]. Zhang, X.P. and Dorn, L., (1999), "Investigation on the possibility of

using the micro shear test as a surveillance method to estimate the mechanical

properties and fracture toughness of nuclear pressure vessel steel, A508CL3,

and its joints welded by narrow-gap submerged-arc welding”, International

Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 76, pp 35–41.

Books

[167]. Cochran, G. and Cox, M., (1963), “Experimental design”, Asia

Publishing House, India.

[168]. Cohen, Cohen, West, & Aiken, (2003),”applied multiple

regression/correlation analysis in the behavioral sciences”, third

edition,Mahwah, NJ. Erlbaum.

[169]. Christos Stergiou and Dimitrios Siganos, Introduction to neural

networks, Neural Network

[170]. Davies, A.C. Welding Science and technology,Vol-1,Ninth Edition

Cambridge university press.

[171]. Douglas C. Montgomery, Design and Analysis of Experiments.5th

edition, John Wiley & Sons (Asia).

193

[172]. Elhance, D.N., Veena Elhance, B.M. Agarwal, Fundamental of

Statistics, Liind Rep. Edition, Kitab Mahal Publications.

[173]. Gupta, S.C. and Kapoor, V.K., (2001), “Fundamental Of Applied

Statistics” Sultanchand &Sons,.

[174]. Houldcroft, P. T.,(1989). “Submerged Arc Welding”, Abington, U.K.

[175]. Howard carry B, (1979), “modern welding technology”, prentice hall

inc, Englewood cliffs, NJ).

[176]. Jeffus, Larry., (2000), “Welding: Principles and Applications”,

Florence, KY, Thomson Delmar Learning.

[177]. Jonathan S.,Ogborn, “Submerged arc welding”, the Lincoln electric

company.ASM Handbook on welding.pp202-209.

[178]. Kapur, J.N.,and Saxena, H.C., ( 1997), “Mathmetical Statistics”,

S.Chand&Company Ltd.

[179]. Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid., (2006) “Manufacturing,

Engineering & Technology”, Fifth Edition, by Serope ISBN 0-13-148965-8.

Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

[180]. Khan,M.I. (2011), “Manufacturing Science” PHI, New delhi.

[181]. Nadkarni, S.V., (1988), “Modern welding technology”, Oxford &IBH

Publishing co. Pvt ltd, New Delhi.

194

[182]. O’Brien, R.L., (1991) , “welding hand book”,Vol.11AWS, ,pp191-232

[183]. Olson, D.L. et al., (1983), “Submerged Arc Welding”,

Vol,9th

ed.,Metals Han Book, American Society For Metals, pp114-152.

[184]. Parmar, R.S., “Welding Process and Technology” Second edition,

Khanna Publication.

[185]. Raymond H. Myers, Douglas C. Montgomery, “Response Surface

Methodology Process and Product Optimization using Designed

Experiments”, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, INC.

[186]. Ronald E. Walpole, Raymond H. Myers, Sharon L. Myers, Keying ye,

Probability and Statistics for Engineers & Scientists, Seventh Edition, Dorling

Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

[187]. Rudra pratap, “Getting started with Matlab7”, Indian edition ,Oxford

university press.

[188]. Stefano Nolfi Domenico Parisi, “Evolution of Artificial Neural

Networks”, Institute of Psychology, National Research Council, Rome.

[189]. Simon Haykin, (1981, 1986) “Neural networks, a comprehensive

foundation”, pearson eduction,ISBN 81-7808-300-0,2004

[190]. Basic Training Manual,Submerged Arc Welding,Australian Welding

Institute,September

195

[191]. 9th

welding handbook vol.2, part-1 AWS (American welding society).

[192]. The procedure handbook of arc welding the Lincoln electric co., 1973,

pp6.3-26 to 6.3-73.

Softwares

The MathWorks, Inc., 2006: MATLAB r2006b.The MathWorks, Inc.

SPSS 17.0 software used

MINITAB 13.0

Microsoft EXEL

Websites

http://www.welding-technology-machines.info/physics-of-welding/weldbead-

geometry.htm.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network.

http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol4/cs11/report.html#

www.google.com