AD-AIOI 07 R INTO R CTIV S T E P T OP OC EANR AP4 y s,AACURRENT RESE ARCH ACTIVITIES OF TIE DEPARTMjENT OF OCEANOAPHY. 1W)APR III 11,10104-75-.002y

UNCLASSIFIED REF-ASI-3 14

IuuhuuuuuEEIIIIIIIIIIIIIuIIIIIIIIIIIIIlIINEININEIIII

IIIIIIIIIIIIIlIIhIIIIIII

-~~~ i"'\r 'MEE,

Ree rc Deprten

LUivllol ofOeaorah

0 EvhmtL

.. - CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

/OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHY

University of Washington

Seattle, Washington 98195

Reference: A81-3

April 1981 / /

. . . . . - - - --f" " " -- i. . .. ., ' ,, . , --'

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION..............................................................MARINE OPERATIONS.......................................................... iii

R/V Thompson 1979 cruise tracks ..................... ..................... ivR/V Thompson 1980 cruise tracks......................................... v

BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY.....................................................IMechanisms of transfer of energy arnd biomass in coastal marine

ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest....................................1IPhytoplankton studies.................................................. 1Zooplankton studies.................................................... 2Chlorophyll degradation products ..................... ...........o.......3Sensitivity analysis of a model of phytoplankton growth ...............4Benthos studies...................................... ................ 4Surf-zone studies...................................................... 5

Relationship between nitrate uptake and growth in marine phytoplankton.. 6Nanoplankton studies ..................... ..................... ............6Respiration and intrinsic growth rates of ciliated protozoans and very

snail metazoans......... .............................................. 7Production control mechanisms of the subarctic Pacific Oceano.............7Subarctic Pacific ecosystem research: a planning project ..................8Relative abundance of copepod species in temperate-boreal pelagic

communities............................................ ............... 8Selective predation by cyclopoid copepods................................ 9Distribution and abundance of zooplankton in the Columbia River

Estuary................................................................ 9Population dynamics and feeding of larvaceans............................ 9Effects of UV-B radiation on near-surface zooplankton ....................10Biomagnetic studies...................................................... 10Flux of organic particulates to the sea floor........................... 10Benthic orgaitism-sediment-flow interactions............................. 11Role of predation in soft-bottom benthic succession ......................12Cominity development on submerged artificial surfaces ...................12

CHEMICAL, BI0-, AND GEOCHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHYComparative studies of enzymes involved in ammonia-N assimilation

in marine phytoplankton........ .................................... . 14Chemical parameters and microbial populations in organic matter

diagenesis in anoxic marine environments............................. 14Hydrocarbons in Puget Sound.............................................. 15Chemical and geochemical studies off the Washington Coast ................16

Sediment-trap studies................................................. 16Sedimentological studies................. ............................ 17

Carbon fluxes in Lake Washington........................................ 17Effect of redox reactions on marine chemistry........................... 18Diagenesis in marine sediments........................................... 18Manganese nodule program................................................. 18

Diagenesis and diffusion in interstitial waters .......................18Adsorption experiments................................................ 19

Composition of marine humic substances................................... 19Lignin geochemistry of quaternary sediment cores........................ 20

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHYSediment transport in the Columbia River Estuary ....................... 21Sediment transport in the nearshore environment ........................ 21Joint U.S/China investigation of marine sediment dynamics .............. 22A Pacific Northwest paleomagnetic instrumentation consortium ........... 22Paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, and oblique mineralogy studies in an

eastern Iceland drill core ........................................... 22Paleomagnetic input into dynamo models for the earth's magnetic field.. 23Rock magnetism of Pacific Ocean deep-sea cores ......................... 23Thermal state of old oceanic crust and lithosphere ....................... 23Convection in a porous medium at high Rayleigh number and its

geothermal implications .............................................. 24DSRV Alvin in situ investigation of deep oceanic crust ................. 25Volcanic volatiles ...................................................... 25Fine structure of the oceanic crust ..................................... 25Generation and evolution of the oceanic crust .......................... 25Hot spot-ridge crest-fracture zone dynamics ............................ 26ONR refraction experiment ............................................... 26Seismic properties of the upper Iceland crust .......................... 26Puget Sound Lowland seismic activity ................................... .27

PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHYModel studies of the ocean-atmosphere system ........................... 28

Basic model studies of steady oceanic circulation.................... 28Energy-balanced global climate model ................................ 28Large-scale oceanic thermal dynamics ................................ 28

Predictability of the atmosphere ....................................... 28Studies of finite amplitude waves ....................................... 29Geostropnic transport and water characteristics of the central

Pacific Equatorial Current system .................................... 29Dynamics of equatorial waters .......................................... 29Arctic sea-air interaction .............................................. 30Bering Sea ice studies .................................................. 30International Southern Ocean Studies .................................... 30Diagnostic determination of low frequency currents in the Southern

Ocean................................................................. 31Dynamic analysis of the eddy field ...................................... 31Arctic Ocean circulation studies ........................................ 32

Polar Basin ......................................................... 32West Spitsbergen Current-............................................. 32Beaufort Sea ........................................................ 33

Oceanic variability and dynamics.......................................... 33Oceanic fronts in the western North Pacific.............................. 34Oceanic boundary layers................................................35Mixing processes ....................................................... 35Eastern Boundary Current systems ....................................... 36Statistical theoretical methods in ocean dynamics ....................... 36Internal wave studies................................................... 37Hydrodynamics of amplitude-modulated water waves ....................... 37Mid-ocean acoustic transmission experiment ............................. 38Effect of continental shelves on tides ................................. 38Nonlinear generation of long-period tides on continental shelves ....... 39

Transport of dissolved and suspended matter in the Washington-Oregoncoastal zone ......................................................... 39

Transport of particulate suspended matter through submarine canyons .... 40Mixing in highly stratified estuaries .................................. 40Turbulent boundary layer studies ........................................ 40Analysis of circulation contributions to upstream salt flux ............ 41Computation of periodic tidal motions in deep estuaries and fjords ..... 41

APPLIED OCEANOGRAPHYProcesses and resources of the Bering Sea Shelf......................... 43

Physical oceanographic studies in outer Bristol Bay ................. 43Early life history studies of Alaska pollock ........................ 43

Outer continental shelf environmental assessment program ............... 43Norton Sound/Chukchi Sea oceanographic processes ...................... 43Under-ice current and pressure measurements in Norton Sound ......... 44Bristol Bay oceanographic processes ................................. 44Bering/Chukchi seas acoustic studies ................................ 44

Deep-ocean mining environmental study .................................. 44Dissolved components of discharge ................................... 45Increased oxygen demand and microbial biomass ........................ 45Effect of deep-sea mining on marine phytoplankton and primary

productivity ..................................................... 46Impact of a pilot-scale manganese nodule mining test on the benthic

community ......................................................... 46Prediction of oil slick motion in coastal waters ....................... 46Effects of an oil well blowout on zooplankton .......................... 47Collaborative acoustic analyses ......................................... 47Suspended sediment study ................................................ 47Stability of dredge mterials in Elliott Bay............................. 47Tribal fish ticket software system ...................................... 47

FACULTY AND STAFF.. ...................................................... 48DEGREES AWARDED IN 1979-80 ................................................. 52CONTRIBUTIONS ...................... ....................................... 54INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS TO CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ....................... 68

yIT . L%

INTRODUCTION

The University of Washington's The research program providesDepartment of'Oceanography has esta- substantial support for teaching viablished comprehensive teaching and a large assortment of facilities andresearch programs, which are con- projects that are available forducted by a diverse group of undergraduate and graduate studentfaculty, staff, students, and sup- research. In 1979-80, 17 studentsport personnel. More than 120 pro- achieved the Ph.D. degree, and 19jects comprise our research program, Master of Science and 60 Bachelor'swhich covers a broad range of ocean- degrees were awarded.ogiophic investigations and hasannual expenditures in excess of Both the educational and re-eight million dollars. These inves- search aspects of the department aretigations range from individual augmented through joint or adjunctresearch projects to multidisciplin- appointments of personnel with theary and/or multiuniversity projects, Applied Physics Laboratory, thesuch a- the Deep 'Ocean Mining Envi- Applied Mathematics Program, theronmental Study (DOMES), the first Geophysics Program, the AtmosphericGARP Global Experiment (FGGE), the Sciences Department, the DepartmentFirst International Biomass Experi- of Geological Sciences, the Collegement (FIBEX), the Global Atlantic of Fisheries, the Division of MarineTropical Experiment (GATE), the Resources, the Quaternary Researchnternational Program of Ocean Center, and the Institute for MarineDrilling (IPOD) supported by the Studies. Several research projectsDeep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), are being carried out in collabora-the International Southern Ocean tion with departments in addition toS'udies (ISOS), the Manganese Nodule those listed above, e.g., the FridayProgram (MANOP), the Outer Conti- Harbor laboratories, and the Depart-nentol Shelf Environmental Assess- ments of Chemistry, Aeronautics andment Program (OCSEAP), the Joint Astronautics, Zoology, and Environ-U.S.-U.S.S.R. Mid Ocean Dynamics Ex- mental Health.periment (POLYMODE), the Processesand Resources of the Bering Sea Additional research opportuni-Shelf Program (PROBES), the Rivera ties for the department are providedOcean Seismic Experiment (ROSE), and by associations with the Pacificthe proposed Subarctic Pacific Eco- Marine Environmental Laboratory ofsystem Research Program (biUPER)._ NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survey.

Severzl PMEL and USGS personnel areThe Depart.ent is supported affiliate faculty members, and nu-

primarily by funds from the State of merous joint research projects areWashington and federal agencies, being conducted. Cooperative ar-The major sources of funding during rangements WiLh L.her governmental1979-80 were the National Science agencies, i.e., the National MarineFoundation (49%), State of Washing- Fisheries Service, the Nationalton (14%), National Oceanic and At- Ocean Survey, the U.S. Coast Guard,mospheric Administration (13%), the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Army CorpsOffice of Naval Research (9%), and of Engineers, and the Washingtonthe Department of Energy (9%). The State Department of Ecology alsoremaining support was derived from extend the research opportunities.the U.S. Army Crops of Engineers,U.S. Air Force, various state and The Departments of Oceanographylocal government agencies, and from And Atmospheric Sciences continueprivate organizations. participation in the Joint Institute

Ii

for Study of the Atmosphere and Research. Dr. D.A. MeManus is edi-Ocean (JISAO), which was established tor of Marine Geology. Dr. R.W.in 1977, through appointment of sen- Sternberg is on the editorial boardior fellows and visitors at all of Geological Marine Letters andlevels. Collaboration on ocean cli- associate editor of the Journal ofmate research, estuarine research Sedimentary Petrology, and Dr. J.S.and marine chemistry has resulted in Creager is co-editor of Quaternarya steady stream of senior and post- Research and associate editor ofdoctoral visitors who add a great Marine Geology. Dr. Lewis isdeal to our research and education editorial advisor for marine geologyprogram. on JOIDES Site Surveys. Dr. Merrill

edited a special volume of PhysicsRecent additions to the faculty of the Earth and Planetary

include Affiliate Professor William Interiors, and Dr. Sternberg was a1. Aron, Director, Northwest and contributing editor to a lectureAlaska Fisheries Center, Adjunct notes series, Coastal and EstuarineProfessor Minze Stuiver, Geological Marine Studies (Springer-Verlag).Sciences and Zoology, and ResearchAssociates Cho-Teng Liu, Ronnal Well-equipped teaching and re-Reichard, and Stephen Riser, joint search laboratories are augmented byappointments with JISAO, and Eric a research fleet consisting of theD'Asaro and Brady Elliott, joint ap- 209-foot general oceanographic re-pointments with the Applied Physics search vessel, the Thomas G.Laboratory. Thompson, two 65-foot vessels, the

Hoh and the Onar, and various smallSeveral major research journals craft (see also page iii).

are edited by departmental faculty.Dr. F.A. Richards is the editor ofDeep-Sea Research and Dr. D.P. Henry Summaries of the projectsis a member of the editorial board. currenting being carried out in theDr. M. C. Gregg is associate editor Department of Oceanography areof the Journal of Physical Oceanog- provided. The faculty, staff, andraphy, and Dr. B.A. Taft is associ- students associated with eachate editor of the Journal of Marine research project are identified atResearch. Dr. K. Banse is on the the end of the project summary;editorial board of the Plankton So- square brackets indicate theciety of Japan and is an editorial students who participated in theadvisor for the Marine Ecology- research. Inquiries may beProgress Series. Drs R.T. Merrill addressed to the faculty members orand B.T.R. Lewis are associate edi- to the Associate Chairman fortors of the Journal of Geophysical Research.

iii

MARINE OPERATIONS

In 1979, the R/V Thomas G. November with a two-day geologyThompson commenced the field season cruise into Lake Washington.with an extended cruise, Januarythrough March, off the coast of The 1980 field season for R/VMexico. This was the ROSE (Rivera Thompson got off to a late start be-Ocean Seismic Experiment) project, a cause of required shipyard repairs;multi-institutional effort, jointly the first cruise was a four-day tripsponsored by the Office of Naval Re- off the coast of Washington for asearch and the National Science seismic experiment in late February.Foundation. In late March, Thompson On 10 March, Thompson sailed for thereturned to the Bering Sea for the Bering Sea to again take up thesecond year of the PROBES (Processes PROBES program. Enroute home fromand Resources of the Bering Sea Alaska, a biological investigationShelf) program. This program is a was conducted at Ocean Station PAPAmultidisciplinary, multi-institu- and in the north central gyre areational ecosystem investigation, north of Hawaii. After a short stayUpon return from Alaskan waters in in port in July, two programs, seis-July, the ship cruised to Saanich mic and dredging, were conducted inInlet, B.C. for a seven-day chemis- the Juan de Fuca Ridge area off thetry cruise, "Redox Reactions"; then Washington Coast. These programsoff the coast of Washington for two spanned the July 22 through Augustweeks on a biological cruise, joint- 30 time period. On 11 September,ly sponsored by the Department of the ship sailed from Seattle for anEnergy, the National Science Founda- extended cruise into the Southtion, and Battelle Northwest. In Pacific, which will terminate inearly August, the Thompson proceeded 1981. The first leg of this voyageto the northern California coast for was a chemical investigation along aa two-week geological investigation, track from Monterey, California, to"Sediment Accumulation" and "Bettis Hawaii; then south along the 160thLow Level Ocean Waste Disposal." meridian to 200 south, ending atEnroute home to Seattle, in mid- Tahiti in late October. The secondAugust, a physical oceanography pro- leg was another chemical cruisegram, "Sediment Transport," was con- which proceeded eastward from Tahitiducted off the Oregon and Washington to the East Pacific Rise area, thencoasts. In late August a return back to Tahiti. On the final leg fortrip was made to Saanich Inlet for 1980, Thompson conducted a biologi-the second phase of the chemistry cal investigation along a track fromcruise. After a brief respite in Tahiti to Hawaii.Seattle, the Thompson sailed inearly September to the northeast The R/V Hob and R/V Onar werecentral Pacific on another biolog- engaged throughout 1979 and 1980 inical cruise, then to the Mexican short cruises in Puget Sound,coast for a chemistry cruise. Pro- several trips to British Columbia:ceeding up the coast in early Saanich Inlet, the Fraser River areaNovember, a biological investigation of and Knight Inlet. These cruiseswas conducted in the Southern covered a wide spectrum of biologi-California Bight area. The field cal, chemical, geological, and phys-season was completed in late ical oceanography projects.

iv R/V THOMPSON1979 CRUISE TRACKS

120* 140* 160. IP3* O 140* 1 0 100* 80* so.80" I I I I' I eQ. ,, ' l ,,,

Po •

o

60.- 20*

20* 20'

2o- - 20*:v o

60O" I l J l I I I 0o

120' 140l 160" I80* 160* 140* 120* I00* 80*

A. Dr. B.T R. LEWIS, JAN.2/MAR.14B. Dr. L. COACHMAN, MAR. 27/JUNE 23C. Dr. S. EMERSON, JULY 5/JULY12 and AUG25/SEP. 1C. Drs. M. PERRY/G ANDERSON/ C. LORENZEN, JULYI6/AUG. 2E. Dr. R. STERNBERG/C. NITTROUER, AUG.3/AUG.16F. Dr. B. HICKEY, AUG. 16/AUG. 20G. Drs. C. LORENZEN / B. FROST/ M. PERRY, SEP. 3/SEP. 29H. Dr. J. MURRAY, SEP 29/NOV. tI. Dr. C. LORENZEN,NOV. 3/NOV. 30

J. Dr. E. LEOPOLD, NOV.29 / NOV. 30

R/V THOMPSON v

1980 CRUISE TRACKS

120* 140* 16(')

Igo* 160* 140- 1201 I00 80 .

8o.. 0II 1 L. \ 5.i , 80.

60.- 60o

A, D,E

40* 1w.

20o 20*

,0o. 0 7",o

20* TAHITI 20*

40 - 40o

606I0 I .| I -.I I. I I I 60"

O120 1400 160* 1800 160* 140* 120, 100 so,

A. Dr. B.T.R.LEWIS,FEB. 27/MAR. 2

B. Dr. J. GOERING, MARO. 0 /JUNE 13

C. Drs. C. LORENZEN/ M.J. PERRY, JUNEI4/JULY14

D. Dr. B.T.R LEWIS, JULY 22/ JULY 27

E. Drs. P JOHNSON / J. DELANEY, JULY 30/AUG. 29

F Dr. K. BRULAND, SEP. 11/ OCT. 27

G Dr. J. MURRAY, OCT. 31 /NOV. 29

H. Dr. C, LORENZEN, DEC. I /DEC.16

BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Mechanisms of Transfer of Energy and ciency have important implicationsBiomass in Coastal Marine Ecosystems for understanding and modeling pri-of.the Pacific Northwest mary productivity as a function of

light in the ocean. (Perry, M.C.The objectives of this biologi- Larson)

cal research program include a bet-ter understanding of the processes In many pelagic ecosystems, ni-governing the communities of orga- trogen is a potentially limiting re-nisms in the water column, on the source to phytoplankton production.seabed, and in the surf zone. The A very large percentage of thefield program is complemented by cell's nitrogen is directly associ-laboratory studies which emphasize a ated with the photosynthetic appara-more detailed understanding of key tus (as nitrogen in chlorophyll-processes and interactions, binding-protein and carboxylating(Anderson) enzymes); these components may serve

as reservoirs of protein-nitrogenPhytoplankton studies: Adap- and act as buffers against temporary

tion to low light intensity allows depletion of nitrogen in th-e envi-phytoplankton to improve their pho- ronment.tosynthetic performance, hence theirproductivity and growth rates; such The ability of a species toadaptions are important components utilize limiting concentrations ofof species' exploitative strategies nitrogen, which is reflected in thefor utilization of limiting re- structure (PSU size) and functionsources. One mechanism of adaption (PS efficiency) of the photosynthe-to low light is an increase in the tic apparatus, constitutes part of aphotosynthetic unit (PSU) size or species exploitative strategy. Re-the proportion of light-harvesting search on changes in PSU size, ribu-pigments to reaction center chloro- lose bi-phosphate carboxylose acti-phyll. PSU size, measured as the vity, PS efficiency, and quantumratio of chlorophyll to P700, exhi- yield of several species in responsebits some variation among species to nitrogen stress is also providinggrown under high light intensity. a molecular explanation for the phy-At low light intensities PSU size siological and photosyntheticincreases in most diatom species and changes that occur in phytoplanktonin some flagellates. subjected to nitrogen stress.

(Perry, M.C. Larsen, Welschmeyer)At light intensities below

those required to saturate photosyn- The role of autotrophic nitri-thesis (PS), the efficiency of PS fying bacteria in the oceanic nitro-per PSU is a function of PSU size. gen cycle is being investigated inSpecies which adapt to low light by relationship to the primary nitriteincreasing PSU size show enhanced PS maximum in coastal waters of theefficiency per PSU. In contrast, PS northeast Pacific Ocean. Two spe-efficiency per chlorophyll a varies cific immunofluorescent assays, de-inversely with PSU size. In several veloped in this laboratory, were -

species grown at high light the PSU used to enumerate two species of thesize was large; this may be signif- two known genera of marine ammonium-icant for short-term adaption to oxidizing bacteria in samples fromfluctuating light fields in the off the coast of southernmixed layer. The patterns of California. These population e k-changes in PSU size and PS effi- mates, in conjunction with N-

2

mates, in conjunction with 15N- Zooplankton studies: Field ob-nitrogen tracer measurements of oxi- servations, theoretical studiesdation of ammonium to nitrite, indi- (Jamart et al., 1977), the resultscate that ammonium-oxidizing bac- of factor analysis, and investiga-teria are most active in nitrite tions on chlorophyll degradationproduction at the depth of the ni- products indicate that grazing andtrite maximum. Their activity is nutrient regeneration by zoc ,, nktonnear zero in the upper euphotic play significant roles in structur-waters above the primary nitrite ing the distribution and abundancemaximum zone, implying light inhibi- of phytoplankton, particularly dur-tion of nitrification. These dif- ing the summer months. Our approachferences in activity level of the in toward obtaining a quantitative un-situ population are particularly derstanding of phytoplankton-zoo-interesting in view of the finding plankton interactions in this regionof nearly uniform cell numbers of is a combined field and laboratorythe two species of bacteria with program; simulation models and adepth. conceptual model of the effect of

species size on annual turnoverVariation in growth of the ni- rates continue to provide a theore-

trifying population with depth is tical context for the experimentalpresently being investigated in investigations. The objectives ofW shington coastal waters using the field program are to quantifyCO2 autoradiography. In combina- natural grazing rates zooplankton,

tion with immunofluorescent enumera- including microzooplankton, and totion of the population, autoradiog- determine the abundance and compo-raphy will allow direct determina- sition of the zooplankton assem-tion of the proportion of cells ac- blages. Laboratory studies focus ontively assimilating carbon. A par- feeding and growth rates of copepodstial uncoupling of ammonium oxida- and on developing new experimentaltion and CO2 assimilation by the methods for assessing natural graz-nitrifiers could be implied by the ing pressure in the field.lack of population structure ob-served previously. (Perry [Ward];R.J. Olsen, Scripps Institution of Recent experimental field stud-Oceanography) ies have emphasized measurement of

the grazing impact of microzooplank-Plankton biomass or carbon is ton, which are often extremely abun-

often chemically estimated by deter- dant. Because microzooplankton,mining the ATP in the suspended i.e., ciliates and copepod nauplii,matter (obtained by straining the cannot be individually manipulatedsample through a 0.2 mm mesh), then at sea or separated from the over-multiplying the ATP concentration by lapping size range of phytoplankton,a conversion factor from ATP to car- they typically are contaminants inbon of 250 (from phytoplankton stu- routine phytoplankton g~owth experi-dies). By means of a literature ments. Consequently, these experi-review, it was shown that in oceanic ments measure the resulting differ-and coastal water samples, half or ence between phytoplankton growthmore of the measured ATP may be of and microzooplankton grazing ratheranimal origin. Because metazoans than the actual phytoplankton growthhave carbon/ATP ratios materially rate which is desired. An experi-lower (about a third, or perhaps mental technique that allows the in-even less) than the value of 250; vestigator to separate the compo-the use of ATP measurements may lead nents of phytoplankton growth andto a considerable overestimate of grazing has been developed. Whileplankton biomass. (Banse) the effect of microzooplankton graz-

3

ing often does not constitute a ma- Chlorophyll degradation pro-jor correction to estimates of phy- ducts: Chlorophyll degradationtoplankton growth, there are circum- products, primarily phaeophorbide a,stances in which the grazing that are produced in the marine environ-occurs during the phytoplankton ment by the passage of the chloro-growth experiment leads to an under- phyll a molecule through the gut ofestimation of phytoplankton growth a herbivore. These products areby as much as a factor of two. found in finely dispersed particul-(Landry, Zakar [Hassett]) ate matter, in zooplankton fecal

pellets, and incorporated within theFeeding and growth rates of the sediments. We have developed a High

last four naupliar stages of CaLanus Pressure Liquid Chromatography sys-pacificus at 12*C as a function of tem to quantitatively measure thesefood concentration have been deter- pigments.mined. Near-optimum growth was ob-served at food concentratiIns as lowas 43-49 mg carbon liter . Under Since these pigments originateoptimum food conditions, the gross in the phytoplankton, samplesgrowth efficiency was about 33% and collected by sediment traps providethe assimilation efficiency, assum- information on the duration anding a respiration rate extrapolated intensities of algal blooms. Forfrom observations on young copepo- example, the commonly excepted se-dids, was about 62%. These data are quence one expects to find in tempo-incorporated into a preliminary car- rate regions has not been noticed inbon budget that represents feeding, Dabob Bay. The only consistent fea-defecation, respiration, and growth ture is that algal blooms are notrates of the naupliar stages of C. seen between June and September.p:ac icus. The principal objective Blooms have been detected by theof current research is to measure traps in October (1977 and 1980),respiration rates of the naupliar December (1979), February (1980),stages, since there are indications March (1977), and May (1980). Thein the literature that naupliar intensity of the bloom seems to varystages function metabolically quite from year to year by a factor ofdifferently from young copepodid about 15X on the basis of pigmentstages. (Frost [Smayda]). flux. Maximum carbon flux associ-

ated with each of the blooms occursLaboratory experiments on the within one-two months after the max-

ingestion rates of marine copepods imum pigment flux. This is reason-have generally demonstrated a criti- able to expect since fecal pelletscal food concentration beyond which resulting from herbivorous grazingingestion rates may increase linear- contain only a small fraction (5-ly with food concentration through- 10%) of the ingested algal carbon.out the range of food experienced in The remainder is incorporated intonature. Presently, sensitive assays other compartments of the foodare being developed for measuring chain.digestive enzyme activities of cope-pods. These assays will provide a Numerous sediment trap samplesmeans of testing, under controlled collected off the Washington coastconditions, the hypothesis that fall within the range of phaeophor-marine copepods are able to accli- bide flux found in Dabob Bay; sug-mate activity levels of digestive gesting that results and deductionsenzymes in response to changes in from the long-term studies in Dabobambient food concentrations. Bay are applicable to the open Wash-(Landry (Hassett]) ington coast. (Lorenzen)

4

Sensitivity analysis of a model component process studies and long-of phytoplankton growth: Recently, term monitoring. Field experimentsa numerical two-dimensional (time and theories derived from them haveand depth) model describing phyto- been used iteratively to investigateplankton growth and nutrient distri- component processes of dispersal,bution off the Pacific Northwest recruitment, and deposit feeding.coast was developed. The model con- The net effects of these and othersists of coupled integro-partial community processes are being moni-differential equations expressing tored empirically via a long-termconservation of chlorophyll a, ni- (15-year) sampling program in thetrate, and ammonium. The relevant main basin of Puget Sound. In addi-physical and biological processes tion, taxonomic efforts that are me-are represented by conventional cessary to provide unambiguous iden-functions and parameters wherever tification of the important speciespossible. The system is "closed" by (e.g., the target of deposit-feedingspecification of grazing pressure experiments) are being carried out.and light intensity. A long-termsimulation over spring and summer Investigations into the forag-months represents well the main fea- ing strategies of deposit feederstures of observed chemical data and continue. Experiments with membersbiological variables, including the of several major taxa have demon-formation and deepening of a subsur- strated the size selective ingestionface chlorophyll maximum. predicted by our earlier model.

Also, as suggested by this model,During the past year, we com- laboratory observations of animals'

pleted a sensitivity analysis of the feeding behavior have indicated thatsystem by comparing the "standard some deposit feeders are capable ofrun described above with the varying their ingestion rate in re-results of twenty numerical experi- sponse to varying food quality. Aments, in each of which a single more detailed model developed to in-function or parameter in the model vestigate the relationship betweenis modified. The nature of the re- optimal ingestion rate and foodsults of the experimentation is ex- quality indicates, under a broadplained by the following hypothesis: range of assumptions, that these twofor the model equations originally parameters should be directlyused in the simulation, the phyto- related. Preliminary experimentalplankton-nitrogen system, as it re- results confirm this prediction.sponds to zooplankton and light in- Current efforts are aimed at devel-tensity, evolves in such a way that oping accurate methods for control-the amount of carbon ingested by ling and assessing food quality toherbivores is determined mainly by allow further investigation of thethe resources available to primary food quality-ingestion rate rela-producers. Physical constraints af- tionship. (Jumars [Taghon])fect the utilization of these re-sources. It appears that in a dyna- The revision of the benthic po-mical sense the chlorophyll distri- lychaetes of Washington and Britishbution adjusted in time and depth so Columbia, the best-studied parts ofas to optimize the transfer of car- the Oregon Biogeographic Province,bon to secondary producers. has been completed. The second and(Winter, Banse [Jamart]) last volume treats 292 species or

subspecies of sedentariate and arch-Benthos studies: Investiga- lannelid polychaetes. Including the

tions of biomass and energy transfer errantiates, approximately 485 ben-in the benthos use two approaches -- thic polychaetes are now known from

5

Washington and Oregon, landward of West, a tilamentous centric diatom,the 200-m isobath of the shelf. Of and Astevzionefla socialis Lewin &these, 44% occur also in the Norris, a colonial pennate diatom.northern part of the San Diego Bio- They range from Port Grenville,geographic Province (i.e., on the Washington, to Cape Blanco, Oregon.shelf off southern California) and Data for the statistical treatments45% also on the cool-temperate were collected from 12 beaches innorthwest Pacific continental Oregon and one, Copalis Beach, inshelves. Washington, the site of a long-term

sampling program. On the basis ofAmong the Cossuridae and Malda- cell densities, the beaches were

nidae, the last families studied for arranged in four groups: high (>the handbook, five new records were 10,000 cells/ml), medium (10,000-added to the region, and additions 1,000 cells/ml), low (< 1,000 cellsto the descriptions of some species /ml), and no surf diatoms present.were made. The maldanid AxiotheZla Surf diatoms were found at alltorquata, one of the new records, is beaches except the two southernmostfound in large abundance in the in- Oregon localities.tertidal of Boundary Bay; it mayhave been introduced when oysters Discriminant analysis showedfrom the North American East Coast that the four groups of beacheswere transplanted there. (Banse) could also be completely separated

by three discriminant functions com-Surf-zone studies: The surf posed of four physical variables:

and beach systems along the Washing- offshore bottom slope, percent chlo-ton adn Oregon coasts are unsur- rite, percent montmorillonite, andpassed for a study of the surf eco- beach length. Topography (i.e., asystem as they maintain unusually gentle bottom slope resulting inhigh standing stocks of plant and shallow water and a well-developedanimal biomass. Surf diatoms con- surf zone) appeared to be the varia-stitute the major marine plant bio- ble of prime importance in determin-mass; they are, therefore, the main ing whether or not a particularfood source of many animals, includ- beach-surf system can sustain per-ing razor clams, a major industry in sistent diatom blooms in the surf.parts of the area. Our experimental The absence of surf diatoms at twostudies have been directed toward an beaches can probably be explained byunderstanding of energy flow and their steeper slope of beach faces,transformation of materials in this steeper offshore bottom slope, nar-unique ecosystem. (Lewin) rower surf zone, and different clay

mineral composition.A 14-month study of surf dia-

toms was designed to (1) establish A statistical technique (step-their range in Washington and wise multiple linear regressionOregon, (2) relate species abundance analysis) was employed to relateto the type of beach and coast, (3) changes in diatom abundance overrelate changes in species abundance time to changes in environmentalto changes in environmental vari- variables. Regression analysis wasables, such as nutrient concentra- applied to the data from Octobertions, salinity, air and water tem- through April, since the cell countsperatures, rainfall, river dis- of A. socialis could be normalizedcharge, and upwelling. only over this time period. The

variables measured were better ableThe species comprising the surf to explain the variance of the cell

blooms are Chaetoce'oe armtum T. counts of the dominant species (C.

6

armatum) than that of A. socialis. store nitrate and the products ofLow air temperature, low water tem- nitrate assimilation. Our studiesperature, and low salinity were as- include elucidating the enzymaticsociated with increased number of pathway for nitrate assimilation andboth species of surf diatoms. As determining the metabolic regulationnutrients were constantly being uti- of nitrate uptake and assimilation.lized by the phytoplankton cells, (Ahmed, Dortch [Clayton])the nutrient concentrations were in-versely proportional to the phyto- Nanoplankton Studiesplankton density and yielded highnegative correlations. The place of Measurements of the carbon up-origin of the sample explained a take by different size fractions oflarge part of the variance in cell plankton have shown that nanoplank-counts, implying that the physical ton is the most important group ofcharacteristics of the coastline primary producers in the subarctic(beach length, beach slope, offshore Pacific. The purpose of this pro-bottom slope, etc.) may be more cri- ject is to identify the nanoplanktontical than the other environmental species most important in primaryconditions. (Lewin [Garver]) production and to generalize as to

the important algal classes.The large data set acquired

from long-term sampling at a single Water samples collected in thebeach, together with that from the Gulf of Alaska were each treated onmulti-beach sampling program, have shipboard in two ways: prepared forprovided considerable insight into examination with the scanning elec-the response of surf-zone diatoms to tron microscope (SEM) and preservedspecific environmental variations in buffered formalin. The SEM sam-and also contributed to a general ples were used to quantitatively de-qualitative understanding of the termine species abundance. The spe-surf-zone ecosystem. We propose. cies composition differed considera-therefore, to explore the feasibil- bly in the SEM preparations fromity of constructing quantitative that in the subsamples preserved inmodels of at least a portion of the formalin. For example, the follow-surf-zone ecosystem. (Lewin, ing species were not found in theWinter) latter subsamples but were the most

abundant forms in the SEM prepara-Relationship between Nitrate Uptake tions: two species of Cryptomonasand Growth in Marine Phytoplankton (Cryptophyceae), Phaeocystis puche-

tii (Prymnesiophyceae), MinidiscusPrimary productivity and spe- trzoculatus and Nitzschia cylindus

cies composition are often con- (Bacillariophyceae), and a group oftrolled by the supply of nitrogen to siliceous forms tentatively identi-the euphtoic zone of the ocean, but fied as choanoflagellate cysts. Inthe utilization of nitrate is poorly the SEM samples we also observedunderstood nad recently has been many flagellated organisms which,found to be particularly complex. however, we have been unable to(See also p. 1.) Experiments have identify. To aid in the identifi-been designed to aid in our under- cation of these organisms and thestanding of the relationship between abundant cysts referred to above, wenitrate uptake and growth in marine are now expanding our study to usephytoplankton. We are examining, the transmission electron micro-both in the laboratory and in the scope. A more accurate representa-field, the ability of several spe- tion of the nanoplankton communitycies of marine phytoplankton to than has been possible formerly

should result. (Booth, Lewin)

7

Respiration and Intrinsic Growth Power functions like these haveRates of Ciliated Protozoans and been applied to abundance measure-Very Small Metazoans ments in the plankton and benthos to

estimate rates of respiration, forIn a review of the Production/ example, even though it was known

Biomass quotient, Banse and Mosher that the precision of such estimates(1980) suggest that very small size is not great. This review furthermay provide a refuge from predation. substantiates this by showing theThis would lead to lowered mortality great uncertainty for the body massand thus require lowered production, of small zooplankton and benthic me-with the concomitant lowering of iofauna and argues for material in-daily ration and respiratory ex- vestments in direct measurements ofpense. Tentatively, the lowered e.g., feeding rates. (Banse)mortality was regarded as the evolu-tionary reason for tue lowered res- Production Control Mechanisms of thepiration rate of very small meta- Subarctic Pacific Oceanzoans (relative to that calculablefrom the allometric relation for The open-water ecosystem of thelarge invertebrates), subarctic Pacific is unique among

temperate-boreal oceans in thatThe respiration-to-body mass there is no substantial seasonal

relation (R - a K-) of very small variation in phytoplankton standingmetazoans is being reviewed. Data stock. We hypothesize that grazingfrom the literature for rotifers, by zooplankton controls phytoplank-mites, and oligochaetes confirm the ton growth. Two simulation modelsrelation known so far only for free- that have been developed satisfac-living nematodes, i.e., the torily represent this phenomenon butexponents of the allometric respira- suggest extreme sensitivity of thetion relations do not differ signif- phytoplankton-zooplankton interac-icantly from the usual 3/4 power, tion. To refine the hypothesis,but the proportionality coefficients precise details of the life historya are between those of larger meta- patterns of the dominant planktoniczoans and protozoans. suspension feeders, the copepods

Neocalanus cristatus and N. plum-The relation between intrinsic chrus, are needed.

growth rate (r) and body mass (r -cM-) of small metazoans and ciliated We are now collecting a two-protozoans is also being reviewed. year series of vertically stratifiedRotifers seem to be scaled-down ver- zooplankton samples from the Canadi-sions of large metazoans, i.e., the an Coast Guard weather ships at Oce-proportionality coefficients are an Station P (50*N, 145*W) in theabout the same -- not what one would eastern subarctic Pacific. Theexpect from the predation refuge hy- first sampling results indicate thatpothesis. Nauplii and copepodites the life cycles are certainly dif-of two pelagic copepods (Acartia ferent than previously thought. Inspp.) with isochronal development, particular, N. plumchrus overwintershowever, have very low coefficients in all of its copepodite stages

of exponential growth. Likewise, rather than just in the fifth. Wespecies of benthic meiofauna of believe this implies that a widethree phyla possess small r-values range of sizes of this form may bewhich are in part even lower than present near the surface early inthose of ciliates of the same size. spring which would provide strong

8

grazing pressure for control of Relative Abundance of Copepod Spe-

plant stocks as plant growth rates cies in Temperate-Boreal Pelagic

increase. (Frost, C.B. Miller, CommunitiesOregon State University)

This project has the broad goalof identifying and analyzing theprocesses that affect the relative

Subarctic Pacific Ecosystem Re- abundance of copepod species in ma-search: A Planning Project rine epipelagic communities. The

research currently stresses study ofcertain suspension-feeding calanoid

Trophic interactions in marine copepods of the genera Calanus andpelagic ecosystems are the subject Pseudocatanus which are major compo-of the most successful theories in nents of the zooplankton in temper-ecology. These theories are embo- ate-boreal orceans of the Northerndied in process models that predict Hemisphere. Laboratory studies onthe time course of plant and animal feeding behavior, growth rates, andabundances. The oceanic subarctic reproductive rates permit quantita-Pacific provides a special situation tive description of intrinsic growththat will give oceanographers field rates of copepod populations and thecomparisons of very great power for effects on population growth ofadvancing the theory generally and several important environmental var-the process models in particular. iables. To understand the role ofIn this region there is an apparent- predation in altering relative abun-ly permanent balance between phyto- dance of copepod species, laboratoryplankton growth and grazing. Repli- experiments on feeding behavior ofcating this balance in process mode- important planktonic carnivores areIs provides a test of model ade- being carried out. Results are be-quacy. Field and experimental mea- ing integrated into simulationsures of model variables and para- models of plankton to investigatemeters will allow critical tests of theoretically the processes thatour understanding of the responses control and modify interspecificof phytoplankton, grazers, and pre- interactions among suspension-dators to each other and to the feeding copepods. Data are beingphysical problems of the pelagic obtained on the dynamics of naturalhabitat. populations of copepods occurring in

Puget Sound.

We are developing a proposal to Experiments on the selective

carry out a major, coordinated study feeding in adult females of Calanusof pelagic ecosystem processes in pacificus have been completed, andthe oceanic subarctic Pacific. This the results are available in recentprogram is called SUbarctic Pacific publications. Similar investiga-Ecosystem Research, project SUPER. tions are now being made with Pseu-Approximately 30 scientists will docalanus sp. Analyses of rates ofparticipate in a SUPER workshop at growth and development of copepodsthe Lake Wilderness Conference under controlled laboratory condi-Center in February 1981. The anti- tions indicate that there are strong

cipated outcome of the workshop is a interactions between temperature,plan for field studies of all of the food abundance, and body size. Thatprocesses relevant to pelagic eco- is, comprehensive understanding ofsystem dynamics in the subarctic patterns of growth can be achievedPacific. (Frost; C.B. Miller, only with multifactor experiments.Oregon State University) Laboratory studies of reproductive

9

rates of Calanus pacificrs at dif- babilities of predator attack andferent food concentrations and tem- prey escape from recorded observa-peratures generally agree with the tions of predator-prey interactionsresults of laboratory studies of made with a video-microscope system.growth rate. Reproductive rates These data serve to generate a pre-have been estimated for populations dictive model of prey selectionin Dabob Bay; results indicate that which can be tested experimentallyfor much of the year the population when predators are given mixtures ofis severely food-limited. Experi- different prey. Field collectionsmental procedures have been to assess the densities and distri-developed to examine feeding rates butions of cyclopoid copepods andand possible selective feeding in their prey will allow us to estimatethe predatory planktonic copepod Eu- the impact of these predators onchaeta elongata. The older copepo- natural populations of zooplankton.did stages of E. elongata can feed (Landry, Zakar)on copepod prey ranging in size fromthe nauplius I to the adult female Distribution and Abundance of Zoo-of Calanus pacificus. However, they plankton in the Columbia River'prey most efficiently on intermedi- Estuar'yate-sized (about imm length) suspen-sion-feeding copepods. We are now As part of the multidiscipli-considering the mechanisms for this nary Columbia River Estuary Datafeeding behavior in the context of Development Program, the distribu-optimal foraging and encounter- tion and abundance of zooplankton,capture efficiency. A field study including fish larvae, are being in-of diel vertical migration in Pseu- vestigated. (See also p. 21.) Thedocalanus and the potential causal one-year field program was designedmechanisms is currently underway. to carry out net and acoustic sam-(Frost, Runge [Yen, Ohman]) pling at selected stations every two

weeks. However, extra sampling hasSelective Predation by Cyclopoid been undertaken to attempt to iden-Copepods tify effects of recent volcanic

eruptions. (English, Heron, Kisker,The general goal of this pro- Roetcisoender, Stahl)

ject is to evaluate the implicationsof selective predation by inverte- Population Dynamics and Feeding ofbrate predators on the size and spe- Larvaceanscies composition of pelagic marineecosystems. An integrated approach Larvaceans are common marineof experimentation and quantitative plankters which build mucous housesobservation is being used to deter- to collect the very small particlesmine predation rates and prey selec- that constitute their food. Littletion by the cyclopoid copepods Cory- is known of their quantitative biol-caeus and Oithona, numerically domi- ogy. Our approach to these studiesnant predators In Puget Sound, with is twofold: experiments using veryemphasis on understanding selection large floating plastic columnspatterns in terms of the basic pro- anchored in Saanich Inlet, B.C. ofcesses of predator-prey interac- the Controlled Ecosystems Populationtions, i.e., encounter, perception, Experiments (CEPEX) and laboratoryattack, and escape. We determine experiments. "Natural" enclosed po-encounter frequencies (functions of pulations of the cosmopolitan larva-predator and prey swimming veloci- cean, Oikopleura dioica Fol, wereties and the range at which the pre- studied in the 1300 m3 water columnsdator can detect prey) and the pro- of CEPEX during two long-term exper-

- 4

10

iments (90 - 120 days). The larva- Shrimp and crab larvae and eu-ceanj responded quickly (r - 0.7 phausids, collected in Puget Sound,day ) to nano- and bacterioplankton tolerated UV-B irradiance up toblooms, which resulted in rapid ma- threshold levels with no significantturation of already present juve- reduction in survival or develop-niles and in increased survival of mental rates compared to control or-young larvaceans. The subsequent ganisms. Beyond threshold levels,cohorts, strikingly similar in activity, development, and survivalnumber and duration to published rapidly declined. The apparent UVdescriptions of eruptions of 0. di- thresholds are near present incidentoica, showed growth rates (indivi- UV levels but are exceeded late induals doubled their weight each day) the season of surface occurrence ofand generation times (7-10 days at each species. UV increases result-13-C) comparable to laboratory popu- ing from ozone depletion may signi-lations. ficantly shorten this season.

Oikpleura dioica removes bac- Recent experiments suggest thatterioplankton <1 Jim diameter at a number of common near-surface zoo-least as efficiently as they filter plankton species do not have ananophytoplankton > 5 .im, regardless timely response to increased UV andof larvacean body size. Even though therefore would not alter theirindividual feeding rates may be high near-surface occurrence. (Damkaer,(> 100 ml/day for mature animals), Heron; D.B. Dey, Northwest andgrazing rates are so dependent on Alaska Fisheries Center)larvacean size that, in conjunctionqith the size-frequency distribution Bionugnetic Studiesof the population, the populationgenerates little grazing effect. Experiments with sockeye salmonThus, although the dynamics of the fry show that they are able to senselarvacean populations are very de- the horizontal component of thependent on the dynamics of the small earth's magnetic field. Unlike somesize fractions (nano- and bacterio- animals such as homing pigeons,plankton), 0. dioica has little eff- honey bees, and certain mud bac-ect on its food populations, consum- teria, sockeye fry do not containing less than 5% of its prey biomass single domain magnetite particles.on the average and less than 20% at Although several potential sensingmaximum. (Banse [K. King)) mechanisms have been eliminated, we

have not determined, as yet, how thefry detect the geomagnetic field.

Effects of Uv-B Radiation on Near- (Merrill; E.L. Brannon, T. Quinn,Surface Zooplankton College of Fisheries)

Studies are continuing on the Flux of Organic Particulates to theecological effects of enhanced mid- Sea Floorrange ultraviolet radiation - thelevel that would result from pollu- Sediment traps provide a classtion of the stratospheric ozone of data relevant to food chain dyna-layer. Though the oceans are rela- mice that previously was unavail-tively opaque to UV radiation, in- able. Analyses of sediment trapcreases in incident UV may affect samples make it possible to documentorganisms living within the first the flux of organic particulatesfew meters of the sea surface or through the water column and theirseasonally occurring there, final deposition on the sea floor.

11

The traps are calibrated in situ If the probability of lateral advec-with the use of lead-210 and have tion is allowed to differ betweenbeen shown to collect 119 119% of fecal pellets and "free" sediments,the material which arrives on the then measured particle selection bysea floor. (See also pages 3, 16.) deposit feeders may either increase

or decrease particle residence timeTwo annual cycles have been in surficial sediments. Our labora-

completed in Dabob Bay, Washington, tory experiments indicate that theand we are well into the third. direction of this difference inEventually we expect to complete transportability depends strongly onfive years of observations, with the the size composition of the bed.aim of documenting temporal varia- (Jumars, Nowell)tions in the onset and intensity ofphytoplankton blooms, the importanceof the control of phytoplankton It is commonly believed thatblooms by herbivorous zooplankton, the presence of "dense" assemblagesand the significance of the control of animal tubes create locally aof nutrient cycles by both herbi- more stable bed. Our recent con-vores and physical processes. trolled laboratory experiments(Lorenzen [Copping, Hall, demonstrate that clusters of pro-Welschmeyer]) truding tubes created by an oweniid

polychaete have a destabilizing in-Benthic organism-Sediment-Flow In- fluence on the bed at densities pre-teractions viously reported from field studies

as "stabilizing." We suggest thatStudies of marine benthic other, unaccounted-for factors, such

biology, sediment transport, and as microbial binding of sediment,stratigraphy have remained generally may be responsible for this apparentseparate, even though processes im- contradiction. (Nowell, Jumarsportant to all three disciplines are [Eckman])closely coupled in nature. Our re-cent work has been aimed at deter-mining some important organism- To investigate the effects ofsediment-flow interactions. Speci- near-bottom flow and organism beha-fically we have been studying: (1) vior, experiments were designed withpotential effects of surface deposit respect to organism behavior underfeeders (especially via particle se- natural conditions of flow and tolection) on stratigraphic patterns, determine the effect of flow on(2) effects of tube-building infauna feeding behavior. Spionid poly-on sediment stability, and (3) chaete are generally considered toeffects of near-bottom flow and be surface deposit feeders. How-sediment transport on organism ever, three species that commonlybehavior. use their two feeding tentacles to

pick up sediments from the bed wereA simple, discrete-time Markov observed, at moderate flows, to form

model has been generated to predict their tentacles into helices andeffects of particle selection by hold them up into the flow, therebysurface deposit feeders on particle capturing material in suspension.residence time in surficial sedi- This switching of feeding behavior,ments. Initially discounting flow which was caused by increased fluxeseffects, the model predicts that of suspended matter (not just by themore strongly selected particles flows themselves), may be a generalwould remain near the sediment sur- feature of dynamic benthic environ-face for a greater period of time. ments. (Jumars, Nowell [Taghon])

12

Role of Predation in Soft-bottom Community Development on SubmergedBenthic Successions Artificial Surfaces

Basic questions of successionPredation is a fundamental fac- as framed by Connel and Satyer

tor of soft-bottom benthic community (1977) are being examined. In par-structure. Nevertheless, the most ticular we are testing the impor-abundant, and potentialtthe most tance of certain initial colonizingimportant, group of soft-bottom ben- species to the community developingthic predators, the microphagous on submerged artificial surfaces.surface deposit feeders, has rarely Extensive series of identical sub-been studied to assess the effect of strates are submerged 30 feet belowthis form of predation on community the surface at a site in northernstructure. Mainly this neglect is Puget Sound. The substrates are re-due to methodolog :al difficulties. gularly examined until they haveMicrophagous surface deposit been colonized by an encrusting bry-feeders, primarily small polychaetes ozoan. On some substrates the bryo-and crustaceans, are difficult to zoan is oiled, on others the samemanipulate in the field, while their bryozoan species is removed manu-prey, the settled larvae and juve- ally. The remaining unaltered sub-niles of macrofaunal and meiofaunal strates serve as controls. Our ob-taxa, are difficult to enumerate in servations of subsequent histories,field samples and often impossible with and without the bryozoan beingto identify in the guts of their present, will indicate the effect ofpredators. this species on the developing com-

munity. Encrusting bryozoan spe-cies, such as the one used in these

Improved techniques are being experiments, have been shown fromused to evaluate the role of preda- previous experiments to be more sen-tion in structuring soft-bottom com- sitive to oil than are either by-munities. Highly selective manipu- droids or barnacles. It seems pos-lations of surface deposit feeders sible that a small-scale oil spillin succession experiments in the might cause species deletions com-field directly test whether they in- parable to those in our experimentshibit the recruitment of other taxa. and thus effect species diferenti-To clarify the mode of inhibition, ally. (Schoener [Copping, Ota])the gut contents of the manipulatedsurface deposit feeders are ana- The possbility of the occur-lyzed, using a refined immunological rence of general patterns in commun-gut content assay. ity development on newly submerged

hard substrates has elicited thisresearch project. Data suggesting

This immunological assay is that such patterns exist were ob-specific for individual prey pro- tained from Navy experiments con-teins in the gut of the predator. ducted at various Northern Hemi-The proteins are detected by sub- sphere latitudes. These patternsjecting the predator's gut contents deal primarily with the rate of spe-to electrophoresis and reacting the cies accumulation on identical sub-proteins with monospecific antisera. strates.With this highly sensitive assay itis possible to detect minute quan- In Puget Sound our primary goaltities of prey protein in the guts is to determine whether such devel-of microphagous predators. (Jumars opment patterns hold for different[Gallagher, Taghon]) types of sessile benthic communi-

13

ties. Submerged substrates at twolocalities were observed over a two-year period. There were two predom-inant types of sessile species, abryozoan community at one localityand a tunicate community at theother. Interestingly, similar pat-terns in community development wereseen even though the communitiesthemselves differ taxonomically.Based on these results, generalmodels of community structure willbe constructed. The generality ofdevelopment under unpolluted condi-tions suggests that this measure mayserve as an indicator of pollutionstress; this concept will be exa-mined further.

In addition to assessing thespecies abundance on panels, thetypes of colonists and their changewith time were noted. Our results,however, are opposite to those ofJackson (1977) for tropical communi-ties, in that solitary species be-come predominAnt as time progresses.Comparisons of community developmenton our two-year old substrates withthat of 15-20 year old floats con-firm our results over an even longertime scale. (Schoener [Greene])

14

CHEMICAL, BIO-, AND GEOCHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Comparative Studies of Enzymes In- ton populations in Puget Sound,volved in Ammonia-N Assimilation in Washington. These studies are ex-Marine Phytoplankton pected to enhance our understanding

of the process of nitrogen assimila-In constructing dynamic models tion and nutrient limited growth in

of marine phytoplankton communities, the marine environment. (Ahmed,it is essential to measure the rates Dortch [Bressler, Clayton])of key metabolic processes that de-termine growth, multiplication, and Chemical Parameters and Microbialsuccession. Although the role of Populations in Organic Matter DLia-nutrients in limiting primary pro- genesis in Anoxic Marine Environ-duction in the sea is now well ments.recognized, measurements do not rea-dily yield "real time" data; there- While the phenomenon of earlyfore there is a need to develop new organic matter diagenesis is wellmethods, such as senstivie enzymatic recognized, the associated rates,assays, to assess the nutritional processes, and pathways are poorlystatus of marine phytoplankton. The understood. Most work in the pastenzymes involved in the direct assi- relied on studying the production ofmilation of ammonia-N to an interme- sulfide which is presumably coupleddiary metabolite resulting in the to the organic matter decomposition.formation of amino acids are of vi- However, both the dissimilatory re-tal importance. However, only glu- duction of sulfate (a respiratorytamate dehydrogenase (GDH) has been substrate) or the formation of sul-studied in some detail. The enzymes fide (the respiratory end product)glutamine synthetase (GS)/glutamate are at best indicators of the pro-synthase (GOGAT), which can be many cess of sulfate reduction and shouldtimes more efficient in ammonia as- not be relied upon as exclusive mea-similation, only a few years ago surements of organic matter diagene-were thought to be nonexistent in sis in anoxic marine environments.enkaryotes. We, however, have al- Supplementing the measurements ofready demonstrated the existence of sulfate reduction and sulfide pro-the GS/GOGAT pathway in several duction, direct measurements ofmarine phytoplankton species, and electron transport system (ETS) ac-studies are currently underway to tivity, cytochrome C, and ferricya-study the kinetic and regulatory nide reducing activities, as well asproperties of these enzymes in ma- determinations of ATP levels andrine phytoplankton. We are also in energy charge, are being made tothe process of determining the -e- describe the changes occurring with-lationship between external N- in the anoxic ecosystems of Lakenutrient concentration and internal Nitinat and Saanich Inlet, Britishnutrient, amino acid, and GS/GOGAT Columbia. These studies are beingand GDH levels, using batch as well complemented and correlated with theas chemostat cultures. The effect of determination of the types of micro-light/dark cycle on various meta- bial (bacterial) populations thatbolic parameters will also be exa- are primarily responsiblt for themined. The knowledge gained in the diagenic changes. Thus verticallaboratory is expected to be use- profiles of bacterial diversity andfully tested and applied in field population have been constructed andexperiments with natural phytoplank- the bacterial isolates identified

15

after extensive biochemical and hydrolysis products of some micro-growth tests by a complete placement bial antibiotics. Sediment-core andprogram (cluster analysis). It is sediment- trap studies demonstrateexpected that these studies will that pristane and marine-derived or-lead to a better understanding of ganic matter in general are prefer-the contribution of various bacter- entially remineralized near the sea-ial populations (sulfate reducers as sediment interface resulting in thewell as fermenters) to the diagenic accumulation of material closely re-reactions and therefore to a better sembling terrestrially-derived or-understanding of the overall diagen- ganic matter.ic processes. (Ahmed [V. Johnson,S. King]) Temporal distributions of total

All and aliphatic hydrocarbons inHydrocarbons in Puget Sound "'Pb-dated sediment cores indicate

that concentrations of both chemicalThe goal of this continuing classes have increased by up to a

research is to assemble a unified factor of 10-50 over the last 100picture of origins, pathways, and years. These increases are mostultimate fates of hydrocarbons in pronounced near the cities ofthe relatively uncontaminated envi- Seattle and Tacoma and implicate de-ronment of Puget Sound and the Wash- veloping urban centers, rather thanington coast. (See also p. 16.) oil refineries to the north, as theThe current phase of the program primary source of anthropogenic hy-seeks to increase understanding of drocarbons. The major components of

this urban-derived mixture are PAH,1) the relative importance of 13a, 17B-diasteranes, 17 a, 21$-tri-

polyntclear aromatic hydro- terpanes, and an unresolved complexcarbons (PAH) sources to the mixture of branched and cyclic hy-environment, including marine drocarbons. Although it was foundvs. terrestrial sources and that marine plankton did not producethe input of preformed PAH any of the PAH, zooplankton fecalvs. in situ production of pellets account for %100% of the PAHPAIl; sediment flux.

2) the characterization and im- In contrast to the increasingportance of aliphatic hydro- anthropogenic component in the mostcarbon sources, including in- recent Puget Sound sediments, natu-put from rivers, METRO sewage rally-derived compounds are presenteffluents, planktonic orga- at fairly constant levels in allnisms, and atmospheric dust- samples. Perylene is one of the fewfall; PAH that appears to be naturally

derived; however, the source is3) the distribution and charac- unknown. Aliphatic hydrocarbons

terization of nitrogen-con- from natural terrestrial sourcestaining hydrocarbon analogs include a suite of fossil isoprenoidin marine sediments and orga- and normal alkanes, additionalnisms. normal alkanes from leaf waxes of

vascular plants, and diterpenoid andMarine-derived hydrocarbons some triterpenoid hydrocarbons.

recognized in the sediments include Concentrations of aromatic organo-pristane and a suite of multi- sulfur compounds in the sedimentsbranched compounds containing 20, are also constant over time, and the25, and 30 carbon atoms. The latter major source appears to besuite appears to be related to atmospheric input from natural

16

sources such as forest fires. variations in fluxes and to(Carpenter, Hedges, Barrick [Prahl, establish quantitatively the role ofFurlong]) the vertical transport by the fecal

pellets. This locality was chosenChemical and Geochemical Studies off as the initial study area for thethe Washington Coast following reasons: (1) It is re-

moved from direct inputs of majorIntegrated field, laboratory, rivers; (2) Horizontal advection be-

and theoretical programs to gain a low the thermocline is minimalbetter understanding of the pro- (Kollmeyer, 1965); (3) Sedimentationcesses that supply and transport is primarily controlled by biologi-various chemicals to the communities cal processes occurring in the over-of organisms in the pelagic, ben- lying water column, in which thethic, and surf-zone environments are zooplankton are dominated by cala-continuing. Our primary emphasis is noid copepods which produce rela-in determining how energy related, tively robust fecal pellets; (4)potentially hazardous trace chemical valuable ancillary information de-species are injected, distributed, scribing the physical, chemical, andsorbed, stored, metabolized, and biological oceanography of the bayultimately disposed of by coastal are available (Kollmeyer, 1965;marine ecosystems of the Pacific Ebbesmeyer et al., 1975; Shuman,Northwest. We have concentrated on 1978). The first two reasons areseveral basic processes and the particularly important because largedevelopment of methodologies and inputs of riverborne particulatesexpertise to study them. They would obscure any quantitative as-include: (1) vertical transfer of sessment of the role of fecal pel-trace chemicals from the surface to lets as agents of sedimentation, andthe underlying water and sediment; horizontal advection could greatly(2) transfer of certain chemicals alter the efficiency with which dif-from the sediment back into the ferent particles are collected byoverlying water column; (3) redox sediment traps (Staresinic et al,processes which besides changing 1978).valence states of certain chemicalsmay alter their precipitation/diss- The large particle fluxes ofolution tendencies, their biological mass and several elements and com-availability, and/or toxicity. pounds obtained from sediment trap

collections integrated over the II-Sediment-trap studies: Several month period were compared with the

recent studies have indicated that annual total fluxes of mass and thefecal pellets are an important same elements and compounds to thetransfer agent for particulate sediments (determined from anJ6 sesmatter and numerous species through of surficial sediments and Pb-the water column. Zooplankton fecal derived sedimentation rates). Re-pellets are a readily identifiable sults for the elements believed tocomponent of suspended particulate be relatively unreactive after depo-matter and can be collected effi- sition in the sediments show thatciently with sediment traps. (See the traps collect essentially all ofalso pages 3, 10.) the flux of these species to the sea

floor. Two elements, C and Mn,A one-year time series of con- appear to have greater fluxes in the

secutive monthly sediment-trap traps than accumulate in the sedi-deployments was carried out at a ment. The apparent excess of or-well-defined location in Dabob Bay, ganic carbon in the traps turns outWashington, to determine seasonal to be nicely balanced by oxygen con-

17

sumption rates of the benthos in Much higher fluxes of 210Pb toDabob Bay as measured by Christensen the sediments were found off the(1974). In several other coastal/ Washington shelf and slope than haveestuarine regions such as Narragan- been reported off the east coast ofsett Bay, manganese diffuses back the United States by the Yale group.out of the sediments to the overly- As the fluxes 2 ae also higher thaning seawater (Graham et al, 1976). estimates of Pb fluxes from theWe believe this behavior explains air locally and from the Columbiawhy higher fluxes of Mn are observed River, it is currently hypothesizedin the traps than actually acumulate that the high fluxes are due to up-

in the sediments. welling off the coast. This hypo-thesis will be tested during the au-

Zooplankton fecal pellets quan- tumn cruise to the Quinault Canyontitatively account for 100% of the region. (Carpenter,Peterson [Bennett])polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon re-moval to the sediments at the sta-tion in Dabob Bay. Hydrocarbons de- Carbon Fuxes in Lake Washingtonrived from marine plankton undergorapid and preferential remineraliza- A study of the carbon cycle oftion compared with terrestrial- Lake Washington, Seattle, Washing-derived hydrocarbons. ton,is being carried out for a 24-

month period to quantify the impor-

At one locality (in Dabob Bay), tant fluxes and biological transfor-zooplankton fecal pellets are the mations that control the carbonmajor agent vertically transporting budget of the lake. Thedistribu-both inorganic and organic chemicals tion of DIC and its C 2/C 3 ratio infrom the surface waters to the the lake is monitored as a functiondeeper waters and/or sediments. Si- of time; the results will be appliedmilar studies are being carried out to a lake model to derive quantita-at stations off the Washington tive information about the variedcoast. Calanoid copepods which are processes that control the carbonthe dominant zooplankton are wide- distribution. We will then evaluatespread throughout the oceans; hence independently as many fluxes as pos-we believe that their fecal pellets sible (air-water, sediment-water,will prove to be a major transport- primary production). By these meansing agent in numerous other oceanic an estimate of the comparabilityareas. (Carpenter [Bennett, Prahl]) will be derived, and hence reliabil-

ity of the whole-lake mass balanceand individual flux approaches to

Sedimentological studies: In a biogeochemical problems will be as-series of experiments designed to certained. This is fundamental todetermine whether the contaminants the investigation of any naturalthat reach the sediments will remain system, because it is necessary tothere or will be remobilized and determine whether geochemical andflux back into the overlying water, biological rates measured overchemical fluxes across the sediment- small-space and time-scales accu-seawater interface were measured rately represent the whole system.with the bell jar method developedhere. No significant flux of ar- Analyses of monthly profiles insenic from contaminated coastal sed- the water column of Lake Washingtoniment occurs. We observed greater for temperature; the radioactive gasfluxes of mercury into overlying an- radon-222; the carbonate system pa-oxic waters than into oxygenated rameters total CO2 , alkalinity, andwaters. pH; and the stable isotopes carbon

18

12 and carbon 13 of the dissolved study the diagenesis of organic mat-carbon have been completed. The ter and trace metals in the inter-data are presently being incorported stitial water of marine and fresh-into a whole lake model to determine water sediments. Samples collectedthe sources and sinks of carbon in with an in situ interstitial waterthe lake. (Emerson, Quay) sampler are combined with samples

obtained by centrifuging sedimentsEffect of Redox Reactions on Marine from cores. This approach is uniqueChemistry in that analyses of the gases (02,

Ar, N2, C02, CH4 , and H2S) are com-A study of the water chemistry bined with those of nutrients, alka-

in an intermittently anoxic fjord, linity, and major ions (Ca, Mg), andSaanich Inlet, British Columbia, is pH.focusing on processes occurring atthe oxygen-hydrogen sulfide inter- Samples have been collected re-face. Particular emphasis is given cently from Lake Washington and fromto the investigation of the predomi- Saanich Inlet and Princess Louisanantly organic matter-manganese Inlet in British Columbia for a de-oxide particulate layer that forms tailed study of the chemical pro-at the 02-H2S boundary and its ef - cesses of sulfate reduction and me-fect on the trace species chemistry thane fermentation. During Novemberof the water column. The goal of 1981 we will conduct a cruise fromthis study is to derive information Tahiti to the East Pacific Rise atabout organic matter degradation re- 15*S; our investigations will con-actions, the kinetics of inorganic centrate on the carbonate chemistryoxidation reactions, the solubility and results of early diagenesis inof the transition metals and trace sediments on the flanks of the crestisotopes in oxygenated and sulfide of the ridge. (Murray [Sawlan,containing waters, and the incorpor- Kuivila]; V. Grundmanis, Hawaii Loaation of these trace species into College)the manganese oxide-rich particulatelayer. Manganese Nodule Program

Samples were collected on two The objective of MANOP, a mul-cruises to Saanich Inlet in 1979. ti-institutional program, is a de-Analyses of the chemistry of the tailed study of the influx, remobi-water across the oxygen-hydrogen lization, and final deposition ofsulfide interface show that the transition metals supplied by thetrace metals copper and cadmium are deep-sea floor of the central eas-removed from solution in the anoxic tern Pacific. Remote observationswaters, nickel is unchanged, and and experiments at the sea floor us-manganese and iron are enriched. ing bottom ocean monitors (BOMS)Reduced manganese and iron diffuse have been conducted.into the oxygenated waters and areoxidized above the 02-H2S boundary. Diagenesis and diffusion in in-The oxidation of manganese is bac- terstitial waters: The results ofterially catalyzed and occurs with the 1977 MANOP cruise to two areasa time constant of a few days. (M and H) leave no doubt about the(Emerson, Kalhorn) value of pore water chemistry for

determining the state of oxidationDiagenesis in Marine Sediments of sediments in which manganese no-

dules grow and the flux within in-A multifaceted sampling analy- terstitial waters of manganese and

tical approach is being used to other metals. The pore water group

19

has undertaken the task of A model has been developed thatdeveloping the sampling and ana- applies the concepts learned fromlytical procedures for interstitial modeling model compounds in the la-water analyses. The following meth- boratory to natural marine particu-ods have been employed: squeezing, late matter. Using this approach wecentrifuging (intercalibrated with have reached the conclusion that thethe harpoon of Dr. Murray), and adsorption behavior of natural ma-using a newly developed instrument, rine particulate matter is con-the peeper, a free-fall vehicle and trolled by organic compounds.a closeable peep.

Future studies will be con-cerned with the trace metal geochem-

Analyses of the pore water istry of the surface fluff layer atchemistry at four sites in the deep the sediment-water interface. Sam-Pacific of differing sediment chem- ples will be collected using R/Vistry (siliceous and carbonate Alvin. (Murray, Balistrieri)oozes, metaliferous and hemipelagicsediments) have been completed. We Composition of Maine Humic Sub-have focused on the carbonate system stancesparameters alkalinity, total CO2 andpH. A model using total alkalinity Humic substances are brown, ni-as a master variable has been devel- trogenous polymers of variable mole-oped to investigate the processes of cular weight that compose the bulkorganic matter diagenesis and cal- of the organic matter occurring incite resaturation in the sediments, soils, sediments, and naturalThe ultimate goal of our research is waters. Terrestrial humic acids areto be able to interpret the benthic formed primarily from the conden-fluxes of these constitutents and sation of nitrogenous organic com-the effect of pore waters on the pounds with the phenolic moleculeschemistry of the oceans. (Emerson, resulting from the microbial degra-[Jacobs, Jahnke]) dation of lignins in vascular

plants. There is growing evidence,however, that marine humic sub-

Adsorption experiments: The stances are formed by a differenthypothesis that inorganic adsorption pathway which involves the conden-metal ions on metal oxides is an im- sation of nitrogenous compounds withportant mechanism of incorporation carbohydrates to form polymers knownand enrichment of thesL metals into as melanoidins. The hypothesis thatferromanganese nodules is being melanoidins comprise a major portiontested. Our approach to thi: -o- of marine humic substances will beblem is two-fold. In situ aasurp- tested by structural analyses usingtion/mineral exposure experiments CuO and alkaline KMnO4 degradationare being conducted in cooperation reactions. The degradation productswith Dr. R. G. Burns (MIT) and Dr. of marine and terrestrial humicP. G. Brewer (WHOI). To supplement acids will be compared with eachthese field measurements, we are other and with products of syntheticinvestigating the extent of metal polymers that are hypothesized toadsorption in controlled experiments correspond in structure. If thein the laboratory. Besides answer- melanoidin hypothesis is valid, ma-ing basic questions about the ad- rine humic acids and synthetic mela-sorption affinity of different noidins should exhibit the followingsolids, these experiments will pro- characteristic structural traits:vide us with a predictive basis for (a) low concentrations of benzenedesigning in situ experiments, ring units, (b) high levels of oxy-

20

gen and nitrogen heterocyclic rings, Sediments from the Washington(c) high structural diversity, and continental shelf and slope, and(d) low concentrations of lignin- from the Columbia River have nowderived structural units. been analyzed. A new method for

identifying woody and nonwoody tis-Results to date of a test of sues of angiosperm and gymnosperm

the melanoidin hypothesis by struc- plants, based upon their character-tural analyses using CuO degradation istic production of different typesreactions indicate basic differences of lignin-derived phenols, has beenin the bulk chemical properties of worked out. Using these composi-natural marine and terrestrial humic tional relationships it has beensubstances. Marine humic substances possible to define a lignin-richare apparently more aliphatic in na- band of sediments occurring alongture as indicated by higher H/C ato- the mid-continental shelf offmic ratios and stronger absorbance Washington. The lignins in theseof methyl-bonded hydrogens in their deposits are primarily derived fromIR spectra. The marine polymers are gymnosperm woods and nonwoody angio-also typically enriched in nitrogen sperm tissues and are chemicallyand Carbon-13 compared to terres- stable for time periods of hundredstrial counterparts. Marine humic of years.acids produce relatively low concen-trations of lignin-derived phenols Lignin compositions of sedi-obtained from cupric oxide oxida- ments collected behind dams in thetion. Total yields of lignin- Columbia River drainage basin re-derived phenols from terrestrial hu- flect local vegetation patterns.mic acids vary widely--from low Lignin concentrations vary widelyvalues comparable to those found for suggesting a significant input ofthe marine samples to values ap- organic material from sources otherproximately an order-of-magnitude than vascular plants. Preliminaryhigher. Analyses of KMnO4 oxidation results suggest that hiydrodynamicproducts are now in process. sorting of lignin-bearing particu-(Hedges [Ertel]) late materials may affect sedimen-

tary compositions.

Lignin Geochemistry of Quaternary

Sediment Cores The lignin content of a ten-meter sediment core from Lake

Investigations of land-derived Washington is now being determinedorganic matter in sedimentary depo- with the goal of comparing ligninsits are continuing. Lignin com- and pollen compositional changespounds are being used as indicators since the last glacial period.of vascular plant remains in cores (Hedges [Ertel, Mann, Van Geen]; H.of Quaternary sediments from the Wa- Turin, Princeton University)shington area. In addition, repre-sentative lignin source materials,such as vascular plant tissues andColumbia River sediments, are beingcharacterized, and stability of lig-nins in marine and lacustrine sedi-ments is being determined. Ligninsin sediments and plants are deter-mined by high temperature oxidationwith cupric oxide to produce mix-tures of phenols which are analyzedby gas-liquid chromatography.

21

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Sediment Transport in the Columbia tion of the sedimentary history andRiver Estuary variations in sedimentary environ-

ments in the estuary; (4) estimationInvestigations of sedimenta- of sedimentation rates and sediment

tion in the Columbia River Estuary budgets for the estuary; (5) defini-are being carried out as part of a tion of sediment transport pathslarge multidisciplinary Columbia into the estuary, within theRiver Estuary Data Development Pro- estuary, and out from the entrance;gram. (See also p. 9.) Through and (6) calculation of sediment vol-most of the year, sediments accumu- umes involved in active sedimenta-late at the mouths of tributaries, tion processes in the estuary.in the river channels and estuary, (Creager, McManus, Sternberg,and near the entrance. Each year Stewart [Gelfenbaum, Roy, Sherwood])there is a net gain in sedimentstorage in the river until even- Sediment Transport in the Nearshoretually sediment is discharged Environmentdirectly into the littoral zone.Although the accumulation of sedi- An in situ field program to de-ment in the lower river increases termine the nature and relativewith time, the locations of deposits importance of suspended sediment inchange as both the river and tidal the overall long-shore transportflows abandon or occupy new channels process is underway. In the initialon the flood plain and tidal flats. phase, the U.W. Sediment DynamicsWith better understanding of the Group successively evaluated sedi-estuarine system, it will be possi- ment sensing and sampling instrumen-ble to predict the effects of fur- tation and methodology. A prototypether alteration of the estuarine integrated system comprised of var-configuration. This will involve ious electronic sensors and mechan-determination of the complex sedi- ical samplers for obtaining time-mentological processes that are series suspended sediment data inactive in the estuary, including se- the surf zone was constructed.diment distribution, sediment sour- Field testing and calibration haveces, transport processes, and depo- been accomplished both locally andsitional processes. With these in conjunction with Scripps Institu-parameters defined, the nature and tion of Oceanography and the Navalstability of the sediments can be Postgraduate School.determined. A knowledge of theseprocesses is also critical in under- During the past year field stu-standing and predicting interactions dies using these instruments wereand activities of the benthic fauna. carried out at Twin Harbors, Wash-

ington, and at Ledbetter, Santa Bar-The studies are expected to ex- bara, California. Continuous obser-

tend over a five-year period (with vations were made of suspended sedi-major field studies during the first ment concentrations within the surfthree years). They will include: zone over a range of wave condi-(I) detailed and comprehensive docu- tions. The data are being analyzedmentation of the pattern of sediment to determine the relationship of se-distribution in the estuary; (2) diment suspension to flow condi-determination of changes in the pat- tions, the spatial distribution oftern of sedimentation both on a sea- suspended sediment within the surfsonal scale and on scales of 10's zone, and total and net longshoreand 100's of years; (3) determina- transport of sediment. (Sternberg,

Lister [Downing])

22

Joint U.S./China Investigation of A Pacific Northwest Paleomagneticmarine Sediment Dynamics Instrumentation Consortium

A Paleomagnetic InstrumentationA cooperative research effort Consortium has been established at

has been initiated between NOAA and the University of Washington. Thethe National Bureau of Oceanography consortium consists primarily, butof the People's Republic of China. not exclusively, of University ofIn addition to NOAA and Chinese sci- Alaska, Oregon State University,entists, scientists from several Western Washington University, andacademic institutions in the United University of Washington scientistsStates are participating. The ob- who are engaged in paleomagnetic andjectives of this research are to in- rock magnetic studies. The basicvestigate the movement and accumu- instruments used by the consortiumlation of sediment (both at present members are a three-axis supercon-and during the Holocene) within the ducting magnetometer and associatedYangtze River estuary and on the ad- computer system, two demagnetizingjacent continental shelf. Specific units, a vibrating sample magneto-ares of investigation include mea- meter, a viscous remanence magneto-surements of the current regime, hy- meter, and an eight-foot, three-axisdrographic character (temperature, Helmholtz frame for thermal demagne-salinity, suspended matter) of the tization. This state-of-the-artshelf, seafloor morpholugy and equipment is housed at the Oceanog-shallow stratigraphy, substrate sam- raphy Department, University ofpling for benthic biology, chemis- Washington. The quantity and scopetry, and geology/geotechnics. A of Pacific Northwest paleomagneticpreliminary cruise using one NOAA and rock magnetic research areand two Chinese research vessles was greatly enhanced by the availabilitycarried out in June-July 1980. of this Instrumentation Consortium.

(H.P. Johnson, Merrill)

The specific objectives of the Paleomag netic, Rock Magnetic, andproject with which we are involved Opaque Mine aZlog Studies of anare to determine the character of Easten Iceland DriZl Corethe bottom currents and the associ-ated sediment response at selected The Iceland Drilling Project--alocations on the continental shelf consortium of scientists from sever-of the East China Sea. Measurements al countries--was responsible forare made with an instrumented tri- drilling a two-kilometer deep con-pod, which was deployed at 50 m pletely cored hole in Eastern Ice-depth off the mouth of the Yangtze land during the summer of 1978.River for a 30-day period. Measure- (See also p. 26.) Papers on thements include mean currents 1 m and many research projects concerned2.3 m off the seabed, tidal fluctua- with this drill core will appear intions, and wave activity. Observa- a dedicated issue of the Journal oftions of water turbidity (nepholo- GeophysicaZ Reeea' ch.meter), bottom photography, andlimited suspended sampling also were Currently, we are studying thecarried out. The data will be ana- effects of burial metamorphism, con-lyzed to determine the effects of tact metamorphism, and low tempera-bottom currents, tidal currents, and ture oxidation on the magnetic pro-surface gravity waves in the trans- perties of samples from the core.port of sediment in that area. Preliminary paleomagnetic data show(Sternberg, L. H. Larsen) that three magnetic polarity units

36

23

are present in the drill core, con- ses and atomic adsorption analyses,sistent with the radiometric ages of to delineate the origin and altera-associated rock units. Detailed tion of the magnetic minerals. Par-rock magnetic and opaque mineralogy ticular attention is given to iden-studies show that the deeper parts tifying erroneous paleomagnetic sig-of the drill core are extremely re- natures, to obtaining reliable pale-magnetized, probably by contact with omagnetic results from cores pre-circulating hydrothermal fluids. viously judged to be unreliable, and(H.P. Johnson, Merrill) to using rock magnetics for a better

understanding of 4he overall geo-Paleomagnetic Input into Dynamo chemical environmens in deep-seaModels for the Earth's Magnetic sediments.Field

Todorokite forms authigenicallyCooperative work with the Aus- in many red clay regions and appears

tralian National University on long- to acquire a chemical remanence thatterm anomalies in the time-averaged masks the previous remanence. Con-paleomagnetic field and on geomagne- trary to previous findings in ourtic secular variation is continuing, laboratory and elsewhere, magnetiza-Analyses using 266 land-based points tion appears to have minor effect on[each "point" represents a consider- changing the directions of the rema-able amount of data] and 100 deep- nence in deep-sea cores. (Merrill,sea cores, all with ages less than H. P. Johnson [G. Smith]five million years, clearly indicatethat the time-averaged field is not Thermal State of Old Oceanic Crustsimply a geocentric axial dipole and Lithospherefield as is assumed in paleomagne-tism. Moreover, the analyses show A heat flow measuring instru-that there are significant differ- ment has been developed and con-ences for normal and reversed polar- structed. It has the capability ofity times, an indefinite number of penetrations

into the ocean floor without mechan-These results are surprising as ical damage and measures both the

it can be shown by considering mag- thermal gradient in the sedimentsnetic induction and Navier-Stokes and the thermal conductivity of theequations, which are fundamental to material around the probe. Data aredynamo theories, that either state telemetered in real time by a digi-has equal probability of occurring. tal acoustic link, and the instru-Speculations on how this problem ment can be deployed for a fullmight be resolved have been given, three days by any standard deep-seabut so far none of these appear very winch on the ship. The first testconvincing. (Merrill; M. W. cruise, off Newport, Oregon, pro-McElhinney, Australian National duced over two hundred sea-floorMuseum) thermal gradients and a substantial

number of conductivity measure-Rock Magnetism of Pacific Ocean ments. A record lowering with 82Deep-Sea Cores penetrations was achieved over 48

hours. Minor bugs in the first ver-A two-pronged magnetic and geo- sion of the instrument were then

chemical study of several deep-sea corrected, and a backup unit built.cores from the Pacific Ocean is con-tinuing. Rock magnetic studies are The final version of the in-combined with geochemical studies, strument has been used in a jointincluding neutron activation analy- shipboard investigation of heat flow

24

in the subtropical western North At- problem of heat transfer rates in

lantic. Our personnel supervised porous-medium convection. Prior ex-

installation of the instrument on periments have not modeled a porous

the Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti- medium closely enough to obtain con-

tution ship R/V Knorr and were sistent results at Rayleigh numbers

available to maintain it on the more than a few times critical. De-

cruise. A large quantity of high- terminations of the temperature-and-

quality data was obtained at sites flow structure in the convecting me-

carefully selected to represent both dium have not had the resolution to

a range of age and freedom from detect the development of boundary

local tectonic disturbance. Routine layers, except for a few experiments

processing of the measurements will done in a two-dimensional Hele Shaw

be carried out at the Woods Hole cell. The twofold requirement of

Oceanographic Institution and Massa- reaching a high Rayleigh number in a

chusetts Institute of Technology, porous bed and of ensuring that the

but University of Washington person- grain size is smaller than the boun-

nel expect to be closely involved in dary layers that develop near the

the interpretation and publication heat source and heat sink means thatphase of the project. satisfactory experiments can be car-

ried out only in a very large appa-

An additional investigation of ratus. Such a large facility will

the process of conductivity measure- be constructed, and once for all the

ment will be performed locally with relationship between heat transportthe field instrument. Interesting and Rayleigh number will deline-discrepancies have been noted be- ated up to a value of 10 for the

tween the temperature curves mea- latter.sured in the field and those expec-ted from the theory and constructionof the apparatus. This discovery isdue to the uniquely high resolutionand accuracy of the new instrument The project is currently pro-and the attempt we are making to im- ceeding well but behind schedule dueprove the accuracy of heat flow mea- to the departure of the graduatesurement by nearly an order of mag- student involved in the design andnitude. (Lister [Mojesky]) construction of the laboratory fa-

cility. To date an outstanding

Another part of the study is Master's thesis has been produced,

the determination of the internal and all the major problems of cellheat generation in the thick sedi- construction and control have beenments of the area to calculate a solved. In addition, we have disco-

correction to the measured heat vered an ideal material--rubberizedflow. Surface cores and DSDP sam- curled fiber--for the porous medium

ples will be used and the measurem- fill of large convection cells. Itent made with equipment at the has a high permeability, a low ther-Pacific Geoscience Center, Sidney, mal conductivity, and less variationB. C. (Lister, Davis) in permeability with flow rate than

porous media made out of sand orgravel; further, it is light and in-

Convection in a Porous Medium at expensive. Characterization of the

High Rayleigh Number and Its material has beer completed, using a

Geotherma Implications 12-channel labyrinth and pressureheads as low as 5 mils (.005 inches)

Experimental and theoretical of water. (Lister [Gibson]; J. R.

studies are underway to settle the Booker, Geophysics Program)

25

DSRV Alvin In Situ Investigation of morphic rocks of theDeep Oceanic Cruet oceanic crust and upper

mantle;A series of DSRV Alvin dives on

the Kane Fracture Zone on the Mid- 2) to use experimental andAtlantic Ridge, where hydrothermal theoretical methods to de-quartz veins were discoverd to be termine the nature ofcommon in older oceanic crust ex- acoustic wave propagationposed by tectonic movements, have in the lithosphere;been carried out. Detailed studiesof these veins will provide impor- 3) to determine the structuretant constraints on models of sub- of the oceanic crust andsurface hydrothermal circulation of the processes involved inseawater through the oceanic crust. its formation.(Delaney, H.P. Johnson, W.B. Bryanand G. Thompson, Woods Hole Oceano- Seismic refraction data taken withgraphic Institution) ocean bottom seismometers and a

deep-towed array during the ROSE ex-Volcanic Volatilee periment are being analyzed in terms

of the structure of the East PacificA multi-institutional investi- Rise at 12*N and the change in crus-

gation on the abundance, distribu- tal and upper mantle velocities withtion, and transport mechanisms of age. To improve the quality of thevolatiles in high temperature geolo- interpretation of the seismic data,gic systems is underway. The pro- theoretical work is being done ongram includes: (1) use of the ion wave propagation in laterally heter-microprobe at Johnson Space Center, ogenous media and radon transformHouston, Texas, to perform the first techniques for inverting the data.systemmatic analyses of water in si- The analysis will be greatly facili-licate systems using a microbeam tated by the recent acquisition of atechnique; (2) collaborative studies new multiusers computer system.with John R. Holloway at Arizona (Lewis, Christensen, Garmany [Wong,State University to experimentally Tuthill, Hegdahl])define diffusion of reaction para-meters of volatile migration through Generation and Evolution of thesilicate melts under subvolcanic Oceanic Crustconditions; (3) a comprehensivestudy of the pre-eruption water con- The processes of lithospherictents of island arc and oceanic vol- generation and consumption are beingcanic systems using the ion micr- investigated, using the Juan deprobe to study glass- apor inclu- Fuca, North America, and Pacificsions trapped in phenocrysts which plates as the study area. (See alsosubsequently erupt to the surface. p. 26.) Refraction, reflection, and(Delaney [Karsten]) magnetic studies have been under-

taken on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, theFine Structure of the Oceanic Crust central part of the Juan de Fuca

plate, and on the Washington marginThe principal thrust of this in the area of Grays Harbor; a land

program is refraction line was run in the coas-tal zone. Results to date indicate

1) to determine the detailed the presence of a ridge crest thatcompressional and shear is typical of a fast spreading situ-wave velocity of the sedi- ation and is probably influenced bymentary, igneous, and meta- the Juan de Fuca hot spot. The cen-

26

tral part of the Juan de Fuca plate ONR Refraction Experimenthas normal oceanic crust overlain byup to 2 km of sediment. At the mar- This project is now limited togin these sediments appear to be the reduction and intepretation ofscraped off the underthrust plate ocean-bottom seismometer data ob-and accreted to the Washington ar- tained in an experiment conducted ingin by folding and faulting. A ty- 1974 off the Queen Charlottepical trench morphology appears to Islands. Conceptually, considerablebe buried by the thick pile of sedi- progress has been made, and thements. field laboratory data may come

closer to achieving the originalFuture work on this project goals of the joint OBS-laboratory

will involve data analysis, numeri- project than was originally expec-cal modeling, and a few short field ted. In testing whether the orien-trips to refine the results. tation of the horizontal seismo-(Lewis, Carmany [McClain, Tabor]; S. meters could be obtained from water-W. Smith, Geophysics Program) wave arrivals, we have found that

they can be oriented 5%. Thismeans that 3-component record sec-

Hot Spot-Ridge Crest-Fracture Zone tions can be expressed in true rad-Dynamics ial and transverse components. The

importance of this can be seen withreference to recent work by Crampin

Magnetics, geochemical, and (1977). He has shown that the pola-seismic studies of the southern Juan risation of S-waves in rocks is ex-de Fuca and northern Gorda ridge tremely sensitive to elastic aniso-crests and the segment of the inter- tropy since phenomena similar tovening Blanco fracture zone are be- those in optical wave-retardationing investigated. (See also p. plates can occur. The presence of25.) The purpose of this project is significant transverse S-wave energyto examine the processes associated would be a convincing proof ofwith oceanic crustal formation in a shear-wave anistropy in the oceaniczone of interaction of a ridge crest crust, and we are looking forward towith a hot spot or deep mantle testing this hypothesis. (Listerplume, the southern Juan de Fuca [Wadel)ridge, and to compare them with pro-cesses associated with a different Seismic Properties of the Upper Ice-type of ridge crest formation at the land CruetGorda Ridge. We propose to examinethe hypothesis of longitudinal magma An integrated geophysical studyflow along a ridge crest and to of the acoustic properties of thestudy the source of the high ampli- Iceland crust near the Reydarfjordurtude magnetic anomalies associated drilling site is being carried out.with the southern Juan de Fuca (See also p. 22.) During the summercrest. Closely-spaced dredging to of 1978, as part of an internationalobtain rocks for detailed magnetic project designed to continuouslyand geochemical studies, reflection core up to 2 km of Iceland crust inprofiling, a surface-towed magneto- southeast Iceland, three closelymeter, and a deep-towed underwater related projects were initiated:camera system were used on this pro- (1) a field study of Icelandicject. Data were obtained on a 31- crustal structure in the vicinity ofday cruise aboard the R/V/ Thomzs G. the drilling site, (2) a downholeThompson during August 1980. (H.P. logging program which includedJohnson, Delaney, Lewis) seismic logging, and (3) a carefully

27

controlled sampling program for la- died using similar techniques. Longboratory measurements of the acous- (llkm) reversed refraction linestic properties of the cored rocks at will be obtained along the Pugetelevated pressures and temperatures. Sound axis, and transverse lines

will be shot at carefully selectedThe interpretation of the seis- locations. Combined marine and land

mic data showed that the increase in gravity observations will be made tovelocity is gradational in the upper locally upgrade existing maps in3 km but becomes rapid below about 3 critical places. Seismic reflectionkm. A correlation of these results (air gun) data wil be obtained onwith the logging and laboratory data all tracklines. Outcrop samplessuggests that the increase in velo- will be collected for rock densitycity with depth can be partially at- and velocity analyses. All avail-tributed to a decreasing porosity able geological and geophysical dataand crack density with depth. will be used to test three-dimen-

sional geologic/tectonic models.One part of this study, the in- (Holmes, McCulloh, Lewis; R. S.

version of the seismic data to ob- Crosson, Geophysics Program)tain a velocity depth distributionfor the upper Icelandic crust, hasbeen used for a Master's thesis.(Lewis, Christensen [Thompson])

Puget Sound Lowland Seismic Activity

This project was begun in Feb-ruary 1980. Much of the historicaland potentially damaging seismic ac-tivity in the Puget Sound Lowland isgeographically related to theSeattle gravity gradient and theblock or blocks along its southernmargin. Conflicting structural in-terpretations, arrived at from sur-face geology, land gravity, andseismic reflection profiles, can beresolved by the use of marine re-fraction and gravity and rock den-sity and velocity analyses (labora-tory) to constrain the interpretivemodels. Refined gravity mapping isespecially critical in water-coveredareas so that limits may be placedon interpretations of known or hypo-thesized major faults in theSeattle-Tacoma area.

Marine refraction, reflection,and gravity data will be collectedto permit improved modeling of thelarge amplitude (80 milligal), butshort wave length, Seattle (Bouguer)gravity minimum. The area betweenSeattle and Tacoma will then be stu-

28

PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Model Studies of the Ocean-Atmo- "remembered" after passing thesphere System interior.

Basic model studies of steady A second part of this work com-oceanic circulation: A simple prises thermally interacting well-three-dimensional model is used with mixed boxes representing a time-var-a vertically uniform mixed layer, an iable atmosphere, as well as oceansideal fluid interior, and a parame- due to strong nonlinear interaction;terized western boundary current. such systems show a time developmentSolutions forced by given wind which masks the signatures of driv-stress and differential surface ing forces. A general conclusionheating are obtained by integrating from this is that causes of climaticalong selected characteristics of fluctuations are difficult to tracethe model. A main result is the from observed records of climateappearance of fronts in the model, variables. Two reports on theserequiring that the classical simi- studies have been submitted for pub-larity assumption for the oceanic lication. (Welander)thermocline be abandoned.

Research on other problems in Predictability of the Atmospherethe same general area has been car-ried out jointly with scientists atthe Max-Planck Institute for Meteor- Theoretical predictability ofology, Hamburg, and at the Geophys- the atmosphere, assuming a perfectical Institute, University of dynamical model, is limited by theBergen. (Welander) time over which uncertainty in ini-

tial data is transferred by nonlin-ear processes into all predicted

Energy-balanced global climate scales of motion. Actual predictionmodel: The model includes effects skill is further limited by inade-of land and sea ice and represents a quacies in the formulation of phys-generalization of the theory of ical-numerical models. We will con-Budyko and North. A main result is sider both questions, seeking. (1) tothe stabilizing effect of the oceans refine theoretical estimates ofwhen the solar constant is varied, ideal predictability and (2) to(Welander [Liu]) identify a possible source of loss

in prediction skill. The predicta-Large-scale oceanic thermal dy- bility study will follow the turbu-

namics: Theoretical model studies lence closure theoretical approachof an idealized ocean forced by at- of Leith (1971), here extended tomospheric differential heating have include effects of planetary wavebeen undertaken. The simplest model propagation. Questions of predic-is a vertical well-stirred layer tion skill will focus on possiblewith given horizontal advection; a- effects of wave-wave interaction onnother is a three-dimensional model phase and group speeds of planetarywith a mixed layer on top of an waves. A third area of investiga-ideal thermocline and a "frozen" tion will concern possible specificvelocity field. A main result is configurations of an atmosphere thatthe non-existence of any significant might be predictable over an anoma-"thermal memory" in these models; lously long time in the sense oftypically less than a per mille of a persistent finite amplitude solu-large-scale thermal disturbance is tions of model equations.

29

Programs for high resolution in 1979 and the first four months ofcomputer simulation of interacting 1980. The oceanographic measure-planetary waves have been developed ments suggest that during the firstand verified. Initial experiments year no major perturbations of thehave examined "frequency smearing" current system occurred so that adue to nonlinear interactions. A typical seasonal variation of thetheory has been developed to des- system was observed. Cyclonic ed-cribe this "smearing." (Holloway, dies (300 km diameter) were observedDworski, Davey [Donahue]) in the North Equatorial Current, but

no strong eddies were found in theStudies of Finite Amplitude Waves South Equatorial Current. The South

Equatorial Current shows the great-Studies of the modulation pat- est variation during the year in

terns and modulation scales of sur- geostrophic transport. Comparisonface waves in the ocean involve of zonal geostrophic transports inthree main topics: sea-level varia- the North Equatorial Countercurrenttions associated with the passage of at 1580, 1530 , and 150*W during aa wave packet, numerical modeling of single cruise shows significant lon-a wave system that self-modulates, gitudinal changes in the transportand examination of imaging radar which implies that there is meridi-data. onal flux out of the countercurrent

and that recycling of the water oc-Observations of sea-level vari- curs as water flows eastward. The

ations at a Washington continental phase relationship between transportshelf site removed from immediate fluctuations of the various compo-coastal effects show minimal corre- nents of the system will be docu-lation with those predicted by plane mented and compared with simplewave radiation stress arguments. models of wind-driven equatorialSince these arguments are often used currents. (Taft, Kovala)in engineering applications, a lackof observed correlation between lowsea level and high waves has an im- Dynamics of Equatorial Watersmediate impact on wave force calcu-lations. Radar images offer a view An important aspect of climateof the sea surface that shows modu- is to understand the role of thelation patterns. We wish to deter- tropical ocean in influencing themine if modulation patterns do re- long-term behavior of the atmo-late to wave slope as Is predicted sphere. Evidence for the globalby wave interaction models. The nu- impact of tropical sea surface tem-merical studies provide guidance in perature (SST) variations comes frominterpretation of the observations, studies of atmospheric general cir-(Larsen [Shi]) culation models. In these it is

found that tropical SST anomalies,Geostrophic Transport and Water imposed as lower boundary condi-Characteristics of the Central Paci- tions, are more effective than mid-fic Equatorial Current System latitude anomalies at inducing per-

sistent anomalies of atmosphericAs part of the NORPAX program circulation. There is considerable

to study the low-frequency varia- statistical evidence that fluctua-bility of the central Pacific equa- tions in the transports of the majortorial current system,, a series of zonal currents in the tropical Paci-48 meridional CTD sections was made fic cause varying heat fluxes intobetween 21*N and 17*S during the the eastern tropical region andFirst GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) hence cause SST variations there.

30

Surface wind and upper ocean Bering Sea Ice Studiescurrent and temperature observationshave been recorded in diamond-shaped The Scanning Multi-Channel Mi-and/or triangular surface mooring crowave Radiometer (SMMR) on boardarrays placed near 0, 152*W and 0, the NIMBUS-7 satellite is being used110W. These data provide insights in this study. In cooperation withinto the coherent time and space the Goddard Space Flight Center andscales between the wind and the the Pacific Marine Environmentalupper ocean currents and heat trans- Laboratory, the ice properties mea-port. In addition, the adjustment sured by the satellite are beingof the zonal thermocline along the compared with those measured duringequator has been studied by means of our March 1979 ice edge cruises ontemperature profiles. These mea- the NOAA ship Surveyor. The com-surement programs are components of bined data will be used to verifyNORPAX and EPOCS. (Halpern) the Goddard sea ice algorithm which

then will be used with future satel-lites. (Martin, Kauffman)

Sea-level measurements are cur-rently being made near the equator The flexure response of ice(Galapagos Islands). Measured equa- floes to incident ocean swell is be-torial wind stress and a simple ing studied, using data from thef. rce wave model will be used to try 1979 Bering Sea ice edge cruise.to explain these observations. (Martin; V. Squire, University ofShort-term tropical climate fluctua- Cambridge)tions seem to be related to sea-sur-face temperature fluctuations and International Southern Ocean Studiessea level so the proposed analysiswill be a first step in an antici- ISOS, a multiinstitutional pro-pated study of coupled ocean-atmo- gram, is a series of dynamics andspheric motions. (Clarke, Hayes) monitoring experiments in the South-

ern Ocean, primarily in Drake Pas-sage and the region southwest of New

Arctic Sea-Air Interaction Zealand. The objective is the un-derstanding of the long-term, large-

Investigations designed to scale variability of oceanic pro-quantitatively understand the way in cesses and the interaction of thewhich the ocean and atmosphere in- Southern Ocean with the global oce-teract in polar regions are conti- anic and atmospheric circulation.nuing. In the past year, the fol-lowing studies have been carried out The major part of the field

in investigations of those areas program ended in early 1990, withwhere classical fluid mechanics is the recovery of a major array ofof importance to Arctic processes: current meters, temperature/pressurefield and laboratory studies of the gauges, thermistor strings, andmelting of icebergs in seawater, a bottom pressure gauges from thelaboratory study of sea ice growth Drake Passage region. A five-yearin a wave field, and, in cooperation data set is available. During 1979-with the Scott Polar Research Insti- 80, the array operated simultane-tute, a field study of ocean swell ously with the Global Weather Exper-propagation into pack ice in the iment, which will provide accurateBering Sea. (Martin, Kauffman winds and wind stess over the south-[Bauer]; G. A. Maykut, Department of ern hemisphere for a period of 14Atmospheric Sciences) months -- the first time that synop-

31

tic data have been available in this pressure fields to obtain the threeregion. dimensional velocity field. From

the resulting flow field we will ob-We have concentrated primarily tamn and assess the role of the top-

on analysis of the data from the ographically controlled standingbottom pressure gauges, especially waves in the momentum and vorticityon their relation to the winds. Two budgets. As a contribution to thepapers now in press document the re- climate problems, we expect also toliability of the instrumentation and infer the meridional heat flux dis-the fluctuations in average trans- tribution in this ocean. (Rattray,port through the passage. Our work Dworski)has shown for the first time thestrong correlation between the In another climate-relatedtransport and the wind and has study, a simple, iterative, steady-demonstrated a response time of the state model, in which the westernorder of a week for this major cur- boundary current is constrained torent. flow over shallow bathymetry, is be-

ing developed. It is hypothesizedContinuing studies include that ir*tricting the return flow to

analysis of the data from the major shallow depths in the western boun-1979 array and their relation to the dary of a subtropical gyre will aug-wind, analysis of data on currents ment the meridional heat flux overand temperatures from the entire that in an ocean without such aSouthern Ocean region from the set depth restriction to the flow.of drifting buoys deployed as part (Rattray, Dworski [Sherye])of the Global Weather Experiment,and additional tests of the instru- Dynamtic Analysis of the Eddy Fieldmentation involved. Plans are alsomoving ahead for the establishment During the summer of 1978 aof a major network of sea level two-month program of CTD profilinggauges in the entire Southern Ocean (POLYMODE Local Dynamics Experiment)region as part of international was conducted over a 200-km squareplans for monitoring the global region southwest of Bermuda to mea-ocean circulation and its role in sure the variability of the tempera-climate. (Baker [Larson]; R. B. ture, salinity, dissolved oxygen,Wearn, E. J. Krause, A. M. Pederson, and density fields. The densityApplied Physics Laboratory) data will be combined with velocity

data from moorings and SOFAR floatsto construct the stream function for

Diagnostic Determination of Low Fre- the geostrophic flow field. A dy-quency Currente in the Southern namical analysis of the evolution ofOcean the mesoscale eddy field will be un-

dertaken using the quasi-geostrophicThe effects of large-scale ba- potential vorticity equation. Work

thymetric relief on the mean ocean to date has concentrated on prepar-circulation are being investigated. ing the cast data for analysis andSince this relief is felt by the compositing with the velocity data.bottom currents it strongly controls A striking feature of the data set

the deep circulation and thus the is the occurrence of at least threerate of renewal of deep water con- small-scale (25-50 km) features withcentrations. A diagnostic calcula- strong oxygen and salinity anoma-tion is being carried out on the lies, high ratios of kinetic to po-Southern Ocean utilizing observed tential energy, and vertical scaleshydrographic data and sea surface of 400 to 2,000 m. These features

t - .. ' ' - ." m

32

may be traced to their most likely sodes with speeds of 2-4 cm sec -

source region by comparison of their occur, typically 5-10 days apart.properties with the large-scaleNorth Atlantic water mass distribu- Other fieldwork included ation. These comparisons suggest late-winter ice breaker cruise inthat the features contain water the Greenland Sea to elucidate thecharacteristically found in distant mechanisms responsible for the for-locations such as the Labrador Sea mation of bottom water. (Aagaard,and the tropical Atlantic and that Darnall, Harding, Tripp [Hanzlick,it has propagated with very low Sayles]rates of mixing. Consideration isbeing given to processes that could West Spitsbergen Current:account for such effective water About two-thirds of the oceanic heatmass isolation. Models of Rossby flux into the Arctic Ocean is accom-wave interference patterns have been plished by the Atlantic water of theshown to be a possible water mass West Spitsbergen Current, an exten-trapping mechanism. (Taft, Shen sion of the Norwegian Atlantic cur-[Lindstrom]; J. C. McWilliams, rent which carries warm saline waterNational Center for Atmospheric northward through the eastern Green-Research) land Sea. Very large variations in

this flow at very long time scalesArctic Ocean Circulation Studies (months to years) have been sug-

gested by earlier investigations.Our long-term objective is to

describe and understand the thermo- For the past three years mooredhaline and wind-driven circulations current and temperature recordersof the various arctic seas. At pre- have been deployed at 790 N in thesent our attention is centered on West Spitsbergen Current to deter-mechanisms related to climate (e.g., mine the lateral variability of thelateral and vertical transport of current and to provide definition ofheat and salt), on the hydrographic the low-frequency variability.structure, and on the deep circula- Analysis to date shows a rich spa-tion. tial and temporal structure and sug-

gests the existence of a number ofPolar Basin: The recent de- trapped wave modes over the slope

ployment and recovery of current and shelf.meter moorings on the crest andflank of the Lomonosov Ridge, close Analysis of the first year'sto the North Pole, is a major ac- records yields spatial correlationcomplishment. This is the first use lengths across the flow of about 35of bottom-moored instruments in the km to less than 13.5 km. TransportPolar Basin, and it opens up a whole calculated from 14-day current ave-new set of experimental possibili- rages during 1976-77 range from 0.6ties in ice-covered areas. The mea- Sv southward to 8.6 Sv northward,surements show that the deep waters averaging 3.6 Sv northward. Meancross the Lomonosov Ridge. The annual northward spleds range fromoverflow moves diagonally up the 3.8 - 13.3 cm sec , depending onridge in a pulsating manner, with longitude and year. All recordspeak speeds exceeding 12 cm sec . demonstrate prominent tidal signals,There are indications that oscilla- while other identifiable signalstions with periods exceeding about range to about 60 days. In addi-

two days are bottom-trapped. Flow tion, longer period trends, such asin the abyss is generally less than a slight velocity increase and aI cm sec , but more energetic epi- temperature decrease over the entire

33

three years, appear at one mooring ferent origin being advected past alocation. Shears calculated from given point cause a highly variablemeter pairs indicate that the flow local temperature regime. Close tois mostly barotropic ( 70-85%). the bottom a frequent invasion ofHowever, the shears vary dramati- warm and saline Atlantic water oc-cally in time, even changing sign curs in a pulse-like manner and ex-for periods of weeks. (Aagaard, tends over large portions of theDarnall, Swift, Tripp (Hanzlick]) shelf. During such events the tem-

perature increases to 1-20 C or moreBeaufort Sea: Investigations above the freezing point. The

of the circulation on the Beaufort pulses occur at all times of theSea shelf and the exchange between year and have time scales similar tothe shelf and the deep Arctic Ocean the reciprocating along-shelf motionare continuing. A total of 13 discussed above. These are in ef-Eulerian time series of current and fect upwelling events from 350 m ortemperature, as well as a number of deeper offshore, and they must bringCTD sections, have been obtained relatively large amounts of salt andfrom 1976-1980. sensible heat onto the shelf.

An energetic current regime On the inner shelf, under land-over the outer shelf extends land- fast ice, the flow in winter appearsward of the 60m isobath. The flow to be extremely slow. This con-is characterized by a series of pul- trasts with the summer situationses, in which the water alternately when the wind can drive a vigorousmoves eastward or westward along the circulation in these same waters.isobaths in a reciprocating fashion. (Aagaard, Darnall, Harding, Tripp)The strength of these pulsfs is ty-pically about 20 cm sec bit can Oceanic Varibility and Dynamicson occasion exceed 65 cm sec , andtheir duration varies from a day to The long-range objectives ofseveral weeks. The eastward pulses these studies are to understand theare generally stronger and longer properties of ocean currents andlasting. The long-term mean flow is waves, particularly through studiestherefore eastward (along the iso- of the vertical structure of velo-baths I and in the range of 5-10 cm city and density fields. Emphasissec . There does not appear to be is placed on gaining new insight in-any seasonal cycle in the flow. to the dynamical processes involvedThese remarks apply to the motion in low-frequency eddies and fronts,below about 40 m; above this depth, the influence of the ocean bottom onthe velocity field is unknown, as currents, the generation and dissi-the drifting ice makes moored mea- pation of microstructure, and thesurement at lesser depths extremely propagation of internal and acoustichazardous. waves. Our principal observational

tool is the electromagnetic velocityThe thermal regime down to at profiler (EMVP).

least 65 m is largely advectivelycontrolled, with the water bearing Velocity profiles (POLYMODEthe mark of the freezing process un- XTVP) over and near the Caryn Sea-til midsummer. At that time,warm mount, an isolated peak rising aboutwater is advected into the region, 2,000 m above a flat bottom of 5,000probably largely from the Bering m depth, have been analyzed. StrongSea, and there are strong horizontal inertial motions in the main thermo-temperature differences. Under cline that exist over the seamountthese circumstances, waters of dif- are seemingly not as a consequence

34

of generation but due to focusing of the horizontal direction of internalinternal waves by the time-mean wave energy flux. The velocity-tem-shear of a topographically-trapped perature coherence is small excepteddy. when the internal wave field is ani-

botropic, consisting of internal

We are participating in the wave traveling predominantly in oneNorth Pacific Subtropical Front direction.field program, which includes bothstation and underway measurements; With the ship underway profilesour component comprises investiga- along a section normal to the fronttions of the energy and vertical will be collected. The sectionstructure of the low-frequency and should be 20-km long on both sidesinternal wave shears. About 80 ex- of the front (40 km total) with pro-pendable velocity profilers will be files every 4 km. The length isused: based on the expected scale for the

frontal shear (i.e., the local rad-1) to measure low-frequency ius of deformation), and the repe-

and internal-wave shears on tition interval results from the de-velocity profiles as a sire to measure at scales smallerfunction of distance from, than the expected 10-km correlationand structure of, the length for the internal wves.front;

This section will be repeated2) to obtain a profile time at least twice at 6-hour intervals

series within the front in (i.e., 0, 6, and 12 hr.). From thisorder to quantify the tem- crude or gappy time series the low-poral structure and statis- frequency (time-mean) shear and in-tics of the vertical shear ertial-internal waves can be esti-field; mated. The principal purpose of

this aspect of the work is to col-3) to relate the shear field lect a synoptic data set of temper-

over vertical scales of 10- ature and velocity observations from100 m to the finer-scale a ship underway. (Sanford)mixing processes;

Oceanic Pronts in the Western North

4) to provide velocity mea- Pacificsurements in support ofother measurement programs Variability of sea surface tem-and joint experiments. perature fronts in the western North

Pacific is investigated using satel-

We propose to occupy several lite and shipboard data. On a 100sites (3 at a minimum), spaced at 0, km by 100 km grid and a time step of5, and 10 km from the front, each a week, the satellite recognized theconsisting of profiles every 5 - 10 subarctic front, the subtropicalminutes for I hour. From the mea- front, and one or two fronts associ-surements of the high-frequency, in- ated with the Kuroshio intrusion.ternal wave motions at several The subarctic front is centered nearplaces in and near the front, 42*N and can be seen throughout theseveral statistics such as v'T' have year. Frontal gradients vary be-coherences, and modal structure will tween 2-5*C/lOOkm and deviations ofbe computed. Johnson and Sanford frontal position from the mean lati-(1979) have used v'T', where v' and tude are small. The subtropicalT' are velocity and temperature gra- front is seen only from late fall todients in the vertical, to determine early summer, between 280 and 35°N,

35

with maximum gradients of 3*C/100 tions intended for understanding be-km. Kuroshio fronts occur sporadi- havior of both upper and bottom geo-cally between 350 and 370 N and are physical boundary layers. In addi-not well resolved on 100 km scales. tion, establishment of the generalThe findings by satellite are in stability characteristics for lami-agreement with those derived from nar Ekman layers will be made soshipboard observations employing a that specific initial-value problemssimilar sampling scheme. (Roden) can be investigated.

Oceanic fronts in the subtrop- Fluctuations in the Ekman ocea-ical frontal zone are related to at- nic boundary layers are investigatedmospheric forcing. The frontal zone theoretically under both laminar andis marked by the presence of multi- turbulent mean flow conditions.ple fronts. In the upper 100 m, the Basically, an understanding of thetemperature and salinity fronts are structure and the mechanisms thatlargely density compensating and al- are needed to maintain such flow aremost vertical. A high stability sought. Successful results havelayer is observed between 100 and been achieved by combining linear150 m. Beneath it, there are promi- analyses with numerical computationsnent intrusions of cold and low sa- together with specific problemslinity water. The observed features modeled by the underlying physicssuggest dominance of Ekman dynamics that are necessary to describe thewith attendant northward flow in the physics. Both quantitative and qua-upper layer and dominance of geo- litative evaluations are presentedstrophic motion with southeastward (Criminale [Spooneri)blow beneath the pycnocline. Upperlayer fronts are formed predomi- Linear (coupled with ultimatenantly by convergence and deforma- nonlinear considerations) analysis,tion of the Ekman flow, while lower together with numerical methods forlayer fronts form primarily in re- solution, is to be used for investi-sponse to geostrophic deformation gating fluctuations in (a) strati-and differential vertica] advection. fied shear flows and (b) laminarIt was found that for a given confi- boundary layers. In particular,guration of the Ekman flow field, complete solutions for initial-valuethe intensity of thermohaline fron- problems in a modeled geophysicaltogenesis depends on the initial environment are to be considered byhorizontal thermohaline stratifica- use of Laplace transforms; spatialtion and the persistence of the par- Laplace integral techniques are toticular Ekman flow field. After at- be employed for probing new types ofmospheric forcing ceases, fronts do temporal solutions for both types ofnot decay instantly but continue to problems. A dual perturbation pro-persist for some time. Thus, at any blem is to be examined for rigorousgiven instant, "live" as well as treatment of boundary layer oscil-"fossil" fronts are found in the lations. (Criminale [Bradt,ocean, complicating the interpreta- Spooner]; J. Kevorkian, C.E.tion of observations. (Roden) Pearson, Applied Mathematics Group)

Oceanic Boundary Layers Mixing Processes

Linear fluctuation theory is The long-range objective ofproposed for theoretically studying this continuing research is tothe structure and maintenance of un- develop a quantitative understandingsteady motions within the turbulent of the dissipative processes in theEkman boundary layer with applica- ocean and their role in the large-

36

scale, time-averaged budgets of Boundary Current systems, in parti-

heat, salt, and momentum. To a- cular the California Current system,chieve this it is necessary to on scales of IrO to 1,OOC km. Col-observe microszale fluctuations of laborative studies to investigatetemperature, salinity, and velocity seasonal (and higher frequency)to scales less than a centimeter and fluctuations in the California Un-to relate the dissipative structures dercurrent off Oregon, the cross-to fine scale variability occurring structure of the undercurent, andover scales of from a meter to about its relationship to the poleward10 kilometers. Since these same undercurrent that occurs over thevariables also determine the velo- shelf have been carried out. Fivecity of sound, some of the processes current meter moorings were deployed

and structures observed are major along a line off Oregon in 100 m,factors causing acoustic fluctua- 300 m, 600 m, 1100 m, and 2500 m oftions in frequency bands of practi- water from October 1977 through.-al importance to the Navy. October 1978. Hydrographic surveys

to 126*00'W were made at approxi-In following the above mately six-week intervals. Analyses

approach, it has been learned that of the data are nearing completion.thermohaline intrusions and internal (Hickey, Beck, Geier, Ripley; J.waves are the major links between Huyer and R. L. Smith, Oregon Statethe dissipative processes and large University)or mesoscile phenomena. According-ly, the focus of these studies has It is now proposed to investi-been broadened to study the interme- gate the interannual variability ofdiate scales in their own right and the seasonally-averaged data dis-not just as background for the cussed by Hickey (1979), as well asmicrostructure. possible mechanisms for the large-

scale countercurrents that are ob-The work that has been done to served along the coast. Driving

date includes: intensive design mechanisms for the poleward under-effort on the Multi-Scale Profiler current will be investigated using(MSP), improvements in the electri- historical hydrographic and CTD datacal design of small-scale conducriv- from the whole west coast. (Rickeyity probes; re-analysis of the MILE [Polal)temperature microsctructure data us-ing new thermistor response curves, Statistical Theoretical Methods inand additional analysis of the sepa- Ocean Dynamicsration between reversible and irre-versible finestructure. Continuing The generation of mesoscale ed-studies include: work on small con- dies by uniform flow across topo-ductivity cells, a significant in- graphy (a component of a U.S./crease in the effort on three-dimen- U.S.S.R. POLYMODE investigation) issional mapping, and analysis of being examined. One of the possibleexisting microstructure data. mechanisms for the generation and(Gregg (Larson]; A.M. Pederson and maintenance of oceanic mesoscale ed-T. Shea, Applied Physics Laboratory) dies is the interaction of large-

scale flow with mesoscale topogra-phic features. Including latitudinal

Eastern Boundary Current Systems variation of Coriolis parameter(Beta-effect), flow from the west isan efficient source of eddy energy

The uverall goal is to under- while flow from the east is ineffec-stand flow mechanisms in Etstern tive. Indeed, if a model flow is

37

linearized in the eddy-eddy interac- leagues have begun to clarify thetions, the topography appears as too relevance of this research to large-effective at inhibiting flow from scale chemical stirring and mixingthe west. Thus the role of eddy in- in the oceans. (Hollowayteractions, together with a mecha- [Kristmannsson])nism for dissipation of eddy energy,is essential to establish a statis- Investigations have shown thattically stationary eddy energy den- the oceanic internal wave field issity and stationary rate of energy too energetic to be treated as anextraction from mean flow. There assemblage of weakly interactingare indications that eddy interac- waves. Recent discussions of re-tions become important in three sults of weak wave theory should beways: (1) there is a tendency to questioned more critically. Pos-develop a correlation between vorti- sible progress by renormalization ofcity and topography reduced energy wave interaction equations is consi-transfer form the mean flow, (2) the dered. (Holloway)presence of a vigorous eddy fieldreduces dependence on the sense of A new project -- statisticalmean flow from west or east, and (3) dynamics of ocean eddies, circula-the tendency for topographic inter- tion, and mixing -- is being under-action with mean zonal currents to taken. (Holloway, Dworski,produce meridional eddy currents is [Kristmannsson])reduced.

Internal Wave StudiesA theory has been developed to

predict the role of irregular bathy- Nonlinear features of internalmetry in the dynamics of the Antarc- waves on the continental shelf weretic Circumpolar Current. (Holloway) deduced from the application of sat-

ellite data to the evaluation of pa-Numerical simulations of turbu- ramet , - in cnoidal wave theory. A

lent mixing of a passive scalar con- prograin centered on the generationtaminant will be compared with pre- and propagation of very large ampli-dictions of a statistical closure tude internal waves has been initi-theory. Investigations will be car- ated. (Apel CH. Miller]; J.ried out for two- and three-dimen- Holbrook, Pacific Marine Environmen-sional flows over a range of Prandtl tal Laboratory)numbers. The immediate goal is topredict spectra of scalar variance, Hydrodynamics of Amplitude-Modulatedboth to examine power law subrange Water Wavesproposals and to compute time evolu-tion of spectra at moderate Reynolds Self-modulation of deep-waterand Peclet numbers. Extensions of gravity waves is known to occur;this work to predict anisotropic this is because of an inherent in-mixing in large scale quasiostrophic stability of these waves. Ulti-motion and in smaller scale iner- mately, the instability leads to thetial-buoyant motion, including spa- formation of wave packets. Intial transport of scalar concentra- shoaler waters, gravity waves aretion, will be considered. more stable; yet mathematical solu-

tions exist that describe modulatedPrograms for high resolution waves. In this study, we will me-

computer simulation of a passive chanically force modulated wavescalar contaminant stirred in a two- trains and compare the resultingdimensional flow field are being de- wave devleopment with the theoreti-veloped. Discussions with col- cal calculations. (L.H. Larsen)

38

Mid-Ocean Acoustic Transmission Ex- ing, which will focus on determiningperiment the features important to sound pro-

pagation. (Ewart [Reynolds])

MATE acoustic data processinghas entered a new phase of con-strained path examination. Recal- Effect of Continental Shelves onling the hypothesis that we model Tideseach pulse as consisting of a smallnumber of arrivals from various raypaths (in the geometrical sense), One of the most important fac-each arrival being individually tors influencing coastal tides isscaled and time shifted versions of the character of the adjacent conti-what would arrive in a single path nental shelf. A continental marginideal environment, we write the boundary layer theory has been de-arrived model signal rived and is used to discuss several

different aspects of the effect ofN continental shelves on tides. The

s(t) = a. - r(t - Ti) main results are as follows:i=l

1) The theory suggests, in ac-

where N is the number of paths, r cordance with observations,the expected arrival in an ideal that semidiurnal, but notsingle path case (deemed the re- diurnal, tides should beplica). Our technique solves for amplified on wide shelvesthe amplitudes, ai, and time shifts, in mid and low latitudes.i' in an optimum way. The con-strained path processing fixes the 2) Continental shelf tidal re-first arrival, i = 1, to within a sonance occurs when theperiod of the previous arrival of shelf scale ( a = shelfthat frequency (continuous phase) bottom slope, w = tidaland allows the second arrival, i = frequency) is approximately2, to adjust for the best possible equal to the shelf width.

answer. The number of paths, N, is Theoretical arguments andset to 2. This allows much more observations can be used torapid processing; the goal is to ob- show that shelf resonancetain a fine series of amplitudes and occurs (for example, alongarrival times for the first arrival sections of the northwestuncontaminated by later arrivals. Australian shelf).Since 1 Feburary, 9600 pulses at tworeceivers have been processed (42 3) Given the easily obtainedhours realtime). coastal tide, theory shows

that tides over the conti-The data set that has been pro- nental shelf and slope can

cessed supports the results obtained be approximately estimatedat Cobb in 1971, extending the re- analytically. Calculationssults to 2 and 13 kHz and ensures using simple predictionthe removal of any multipath contam- formulae can be done on aination. The acoustic data will be hand calculator. Subjectan integral part of a thesis to be to some restrictions, acompleted this year. This work will very simple and inexpensivecontain, in addition to the acoustic method is thus availableseries, an environmental spatial for estimating barotropicseries, obtained with SPURV simul- tides on continentaltaneously with the pulse propagat- shelves.

39

4) An appropriate boundary simple time harmonic dependence ofcondition for global numer- the driving force, yield further in-ical tidal models, which sight into the dynamics of low-cannot resolve the conti- frequency motions on shelves innental margin region, can general. (Clarke [Battistil])be derived. For diurnaltides, this boundary condi- Transport of Dissolved and Suspendedtion can be well approxi- Matter in the Washinton-Oregonmated by an impermeable Coastal Zonewall condition at the deep-sea continental slope boun- The goal of this research is todary. For the semidiurnal provide tested predictive models totides, the impermeable wall characterize the velocity field andcondition usually, but not the associated movement of suspendedalways, suffices; it can matter in coastal areas of thebreak down on very wide Pacific Northwest. We are focusingcontinental shelves, on the following model, laboratory,(Clarke [Battisti]) and field investigations:

Nonlinear Generation of Long-Period 1) modification of theTides on Continental Shelves Hamilton and Rattray (1978)

circulation model to allowObservations indicate that better resolution of verti-

fortnightly and monthly tides fre- cal mixing processes and toquently have coastal amplitudes 10 include the poleward under-to 100 times larger than the corre- current--a prominent fea-sponding equilibrium tide. The lar- ture on the continentalgest discrepancies generally occur shelf during spring andfor the fortnightly MSf tide which summer,tends to be most strongly amplifiedon shelves where the M and S tides 2) development of a model forare larger. Since the tida. fre- the nonlinear interactionsquencies are such that (MSf) . between wind-driven cur-(S2 ) - ( 12), the enormously in- rents and tidal currents in

creased tide may be due to the non- the bottom boundary layer,linear interaction of the M2 and S2tides. Preliminary analysis sug- 3) testing and improvement ofgests that generation is mainly due our sediment transportto the nonlinear coupling of the M model,and S2 tidal currents associatedwith bottom friction. Consequently, 4) examination of the mecha-the equations of motion for the nisms of momentum transferlong-period tides turn out to be in hydrodynamically transi-exactly the same as those for the tional and rough flows,theory of wind-driven motion exceptthat the bottom stress replaces the 5) laboratory experiments towind stress. In view of this, it is determine the influence ofproposed that the simple successful mucal binding on the trans-forced long-wave theory for wind- port of sediment,driven motion on continental shelvesbe used to analyze and understand 6) field experiments to deter-long-period tidal generation. It mine the role of submarineis anticipated that the proposed canyons (Astoria andstudy will also, because of the Quinault) in (a) exchange

40

of water between the shelf focused on the mixing mechanisms inand slope, (b) transport of the Duwamish River, a nearby salt-sediment from coastal areas wedge estuary, and in fjords whichto the deep sea, (c) have a high tidal range. The lattercausing perturbations of study is being carried out in Knightthe velocity field over the Inlet, British Columbia.continental shelf,

During the past year, we have7) field investigations of concentrated on analyses of the

nonlocal effects on coastal large volume of velocity and densityprocesses in the Pacific data collected during previousNorthwest. (Hickey, J. D. years. In addition, a laterally-Smith, Nowell, Beck, Geier, averaged, inviscid model of strati-Ripley [Bock, Long, fied flow has been developed to aidWerner]) in determining the conditions under

which internal waves may grow to un-Transport of Particulate Suspended stable amplitudes. A short cruiseMatter through Sunmrine Canyons to the Duwamish River in May 08O,

was conducted to obtain echo-sounderAs part of a multiinstitutional images of the pycnocline to compare

research program on sediment trans- with the model.port through submarine canyons, cur-rent and CTD measurements will be Further data on the developmentcarried out in Quinault Canyon on of hydraulic features at the sill ofthe Washington continental slope. Knight Inlet were obtained duringIn the first year, five bottom- July 1979. Analysis of these datamoored current meter arrays will be continues to yield details of howdeployed. In addition to current the wave energy from the hydraulicspeed and direction,temperature and phenomena at the sill is redistri-conductivity will be recorded. The buted by nonlinear internal waveslatter data are needed to differen- into the inlet. The waves mix thetiate between down-canyon advection water column and create a high velo-and local suspension of sediment, city jet at the base of the pycno-Investigators from Lehigh University cline as they propagate up inlet.will provide transmissometers to be These two effects are equally impor-used with some of the current tant in attenuating the waves. (J.meters. In addition, a CTD/trans- D. Smith, Nowell (Gardnerl)missometer grid will be taken aroundthe moorings after deployment inSeptember and another before reco- Turbulent Boundar'y Layer Studiesvery of the arrays in January.(Hickey, Beck, Geier, Ripley) The near-bed flow structure in

estuaries is dominated most fre-quently by time-dependent tidal for-

Mixing in Highly Stratified Estuar- cing and by nonuniformity due toies large scale bed topography. To elu-

cidate the physics of the strictlyOur recent investigations of time-dependent forcing in a tidal

mixing in highly stratified estuar- boundary layer, a series of experi-ies have shown that internal hydrau- ments was carried out in which alllic processes, including the produc- the relevant fluid mechanical para-tion and dissipation of nonlinear meters were measured over a topo-internal waves, are of critical graphically uniform region of com-importance. Our efforts have pacted silt.

41

Triplets of orthogonally cant, sometimes, dominant, role tomounted miniature ducted impellors the lateral circulation's contribu-to measure the mean velocity and tion to the upstream salt flux re-Reynolds stresses at ten levels and quired to balance the downstreamfive temperature-conductivity sen- flux from the net river outflow.sors to measure the density struc- From analysis of variance tech-ture, mounted on a four-meter high niques, we have demonstrated thattripod, were deployed for four days. this result can be obtained artifi-The sampled and filtered records of cially from the commonly used methodthe current meters yield a Nyquist for describing lateral and verticalfrequency of 3 Hz, while frequency variations and therefore may not beresponse of the temperature-conduc- a proper reflection of the true pro-tivity sensors is such that struc- cesses responsible for the salt bal-tures with scales of approximately ance. The difficulty with the frac-Im may be resolved. The turbulent tional-depth method, often used tomicrostructure was measured at two express the vertical variation oflevels using airfoil shear probes. properties, is that it does not makeAll the data, as well as output from the gravitational potential a uniquethree accelerometers and compass, function of vertical position andwere stored on digital tape by a thus throws vertical variations,NOVA 1200 computer aboard ship. goveried by geopotential, into the

lateral coordinate. Data fromResults from the mean velocity Southampton water were used to de-

profiles yielded a hydraulically monstrate the above arguments byrough boundary with high z values, showing that the actual upstreamThe roughness was found to e attri- salt flux results totally from thebutable to imbricated shell frag- vertical circulation rather than ap-ments at the surface. The boundary proximately equally from the lateralshear velocity was computed directly and vertical circulations as pre-from the Reynolds stress -- and also viously reported. (Rattray,from the slope of the velocity pro- Dworski)file. They were in close agreement,provided a suitable averaging period Computation of Periodic Tidal Mo-was chosen for the stress computa- tions in Deep Estuaies and Fjordstion. Spectra of the kinetic energyand cospectra of the stress were A procedure has been developedcalculated to evaluate the influ- for computing periodic tidal flow inences of low frequency contributions a deep estuary with irregular shore-to these fields. Kinetic energy and line configuration and variablestress profiles, when scaled by u* depth. The method provides bothand zo, showed excellent Reynolds computational speed and numericalnumber similarity and close agree- accuracy in a wide variety of pro-ment with simple steady state clo- blems of practical interest.sure models. While some hysterisis Included in the formulation are thewas observed in the kinetic energy effects of surface wind stress,record, such behavior was totally boundary friction, and the earth'sabsent in the stress records. rotation. Since the motion in the(Nowell, J. D. Smith) inlet is assumed to be periodic, de-

pendent variables are Fourier decom-Analysis of Circulation Contribu- posed. Nonlinear terms describingtions to Upstream Salt Flux advection and friction can be evalu-

ated by an iterative procedure. TheIt has been common in the re- time-dependent equations of motion

cent literature to assign a signifi- are replaced by an equivalent set of

42

modal equations; these equations and is a rather strongly stratifiedappropriate boundary conditions can fjord thorughout much of the year,be rephrased in terms of a varia- and a significant portion of thetional principle. The variational barotropic tidal energy apparentlyprinciple is then used together with is extracted through certain inter-a finite element method to solve for nal mechanisms associated with thethe unknown variables, i.e., water flow over the sills. Notwithstand-surface height and depth-averaged ing this fact, however, the modelvelocity throughout the inlet, results agree fairly well with mea-

sured tidal flow patterns. In part-To ascertain the potential of icular, the observed phase differ-

the method for resolving efficiently ence can be obtained with a linearthe intricacies of natural tidal "frictional" term, regardless of theflows, we selected a segment of Hood precise nature of the actual dissi-Canal, Washington, and a segment of pation process. (Winter [Jamart!>Knight Inlet, British Columbia. In C. E. Pearson, Department of Aero-both cases, finite element grids nautics and Astronautics)were prepared manually. For thesegment of Hood Canal, the grid con-sists of 1495 triangles (853 nodes)of gradually varying area. The meshresolution is finer along the sidesof the channel as required for afair approximation of the bottom to-pography. The conventional boundarycondition at the seaward end of asegment is to prescribe the (perio-dic) tidal height. However, as wehave reported previously, the pro-blem does not seem to be well posedmathematically with that condition.Recently, we have reworked the pro-blem with a different conditionwhich gives much more satisfactoryresults: specifically, the horizon-tal current is prescribed across themouth, and tidal elevation is givenat a single station. A comparisonof the numerical results with theflow patterns observed in theDepartment's Puget Sound hydraulicmodel shows that the scale and loca-tion of calculated tidal currentflow patterns are very similar tothose observed in the model.

The computer model has alsobeen used to calculate the barotro-pic tides in Knight Inlet, and theresults are compared with availablefield data from experiments con-ducted jointly by the University ofWashington and the Department of theEnvironment, Canada. Knight Inlet

43

APPLIED OCEANOGRAPHY

Processes and Resources of the Puget Sound are being determined.Bering Sea Shelf (English [Walline])

PROBES is a multidisciplinaryand multiinstitutional ecosystem Outer Continental Shelf Ezvironmen-study of the Bering Sea focused on tal Assessment Programthe abundant secondary and higherlevel fauna of outer Bristol Bay.The results of the field studies The OCSEAP program is sponsoredwill form a basis for constructing by NOAA; the objectives are to (1)numerical models of circulation and provide comprehensive environmentalmixing designed to interface with and biological data and informationthe overall ecosystems model that is on the Alaska outer continentalthe focal point of PROBES. Physical shelf lease area; (2) define theand biological studies are continu- probable ecological impact of oiling. exploration, production, storage,

and shipment on the outer continen-Physical oceanographic studies tal shelf; (3) refine the under-

in outer Bristol Bay: Emphasis is standing of key ecological dynamicplaced on circulation and mixing processes; and (4) provide a basisphenomena associated with well- for a priori predictive or diag-defined temperature and salinity nostic models of the ecosystemfronts occurring in the southern response to loading by petroleum andBering Sea. The thrust is to define petroleum by-products.physical characteristics related tobiological patchiness and biologicalboundaries and to parameterize hori- Norton Sound/Chukchi Sea ocean-zontal mixing and dispersion at ographic processes: Studies of thescales relevant to observed biolog- northern Bering and southern Chukchiical and chemical distributions, seas, including Norton Sound, and ofAnother primary focus is on the re- the Bristol Bay area of the south-sponse of the surface layer to vary- eastern Bering Sea are continuing;ing meteorological inputs, e.g., in addition, studies of the rela-wind, and the consequences for the tionship between these oceanographicbiological regimes, regimes are underway. The principal

objective is a description andRecent results include progress modeling of the circulation of the

in quantifying the behavior of the whole eastern Bering Sea shelf suf-surface mixed-layer in response to ficiently detailed to allow predic-specific wind events and the re- tions of water motion and any assoc-sponse of phytoplankton to the iated properties (e.g., pollutants).changes. (Coachman, Tripp, Darnall)

The variability of the basicEarly life history studies of northward transport of water through

Alaska pollock: The distribution Bering Strait, based on a seven-and abundance of larvae, daily month series of current measure-larval growth rates, and the larval ments, has been described. Thefeeding patterns of the Alaska atmospheric mechanism forcing the(walleye) pollock, Theragra occasional incidences of southerlychatcogramma , in the Bering Sea and transport has been defined.

44

Under-ice current and pressure Bering/Chukchi seas acousticmeasurements in Norton Sound: The studies: Acoustic and net samplesprimary objective of this work is to to determine the abundance and dis-ascertain the near-bottom time-vary- tribution of zooplankton in the BLMing current and pressure fields in oil lease sites, in the Navarinthe Norton Sound region during con- Basin of the Bering Sea, and in theditions of ice cover. This is ne- Chukchi Sea were collected in thecessary to properly model and pred- spring of 1980, using the icebreakerict the effect of tides and winter Polar Star. (English, Daly)vertical velocity structure in thetransport of material, to determinethe movement of sediment in winter, Deep Ocean Mining Environmentaland to define the temporal nature of Studythe circulation south of BeringStrait during times when the system The objective of DOMES is tois known to undergo major reductions identify potential environmental im-and reversals in flow. This re- pact problems to be expected fromsearch forms part of an ongoing commercial-scale mining of deepeffort to understand the physical ocean manganese nodules. Baselineoceanography of the northern Bering studies on existing environmentalStrait region. conditions (Phase I) were completed

before studies concerned with proto-A total of 15 moorings were in- type mining tests (Phase II) were

stalled in October-November 1979 and undertaken.were recovered during the summer of1980. (Aagaard, Tripp) The mining systems involved in

commercial recovery of manganese no-dules will recover nodules by means

Bristol Bay oceanographic pro- of a collector that will either becesses: Studies to improve our un- towed or self-propelled and willderstanding of the hydrography, cir- draw them through a pipe to the sur-culation, and dominant mechanisms face; at the same time, bottom sedi-driving the shelf sea regime of the ment will also be drawn into thesoutheastern Bering Sea are contin- collector. Most of this unwanteduing. Specific attention is being sediment will be rejected at, ordirected to meteorological forcing just above, the collector; some en-of shelf flows, formation and mixing trained sediment, together with no-of finestructure found in the inter- dules and bottom water, will be hy-action zone between the middle and draulically drawn to the miningouter shelf water masses, and forma- vessel. The nodules will be sepa-tion and significance of the fronts rated on the mining vessel, and thethat separate the shelf waters into residual mixture of bottom water,three distinct oceanographic re- sediments, nodule fragments, andgimes. benthic biota will be discharged at

the surface. The assessment of po-A model of cross-shelf trans- tential impacts resulting from com-

port of properties based on conser- mercial mining operations dependsvation of salt has been developed upon the identification and charac-and the results used to estimate the terization of materials included influxes of nonconservative properties this discharge.(e.g., nutrients). (Coachman,Tripp, Darnall; J. D. Schumacher, The preliminary estimates ofPacific Marine Environmental Labora- the mining discharge characteristicstory) were made from information provided

45

by the mining consortia prior to The concentrations of severalmining tests. Two pilot-scale min- metals in the two source waters ofing tests conducted in 1978 provided the discharge (interstitial andthe first opportunity to observe bottom water) are different, butmining operations and allowed com- neither would be detected in theparisons of earlier estimates of surface mixed layer farther than amining perturbations with actual re- kilometer from a mining ship. How-suits. During these tests discharge ever, no samples for dissolvedvolume, particulate concentration, metals were taken during the moni-and temperature were measured on toring program and, since theeach mining vessel. Studies to de- experimental evidence for metal re-lineate the gurface and benthic lease from discharge solids is in-plumes and to assess biological conclusive, it is impossible to pre-impacts were conducted during these dict dispersion patterns for dis-tests from the NOAA Ship Oceanogra- solved metals from the dischargepher. (Burns, Ozturgut) solids. The discharge at relatively

high concentrations did not affectDissolved components of dis- the rate of primary productivity or

charge: Three dissolved components the uptake of limiting nutrient ionsof the discharge -- nutrient ions, by phytoplankton. However, the pos-gases, and metals -- were investi- sibility of the biomagnification ofgated. First, the dilution level at metals cannot be ruled out until un-which the dissolved components can equivocal data on the release ofhe detected in a plume was deter- metals from the discharge solids isnined. Then the potential environ- in hand. (Ozretich)mental effect of each component wasconsidered and the possibility of Increased oxygen demand and mi-detecting the effect was determined. crobial biomass: Detection of the

sediment POC and maximized oxygenThe presence oi discharge nu- demand from the initial organic

trient ions in the mixed layer could matter adsorbed to the sediment par-not be MeZasured beyond a dilution ticles would be limited to the upperfactor ot approximately 3.3 x 10 . 50 m of the water column within 15An increase in primary productivity km of the mining ship. The sedimentin the immediate vicinity of the of the benthic plume would settle tomining ship equivalen to the pro- the bottom without providing addf-ductivity of 2.7 km of ambient tional oxidizable carbon to bacteriawater could be attributable to the or higher organisms because the or-nitrate ions in the yearly discharge ganic carbon on the sediment is es-of a single commercial-scale mining sentially refractory. The maceratedship. At no age of the discharge and smothered bottom fauna would beplume could this increase be mea- consumed by other organisms, hut thesured, amount of oxygen utilized wouild be

undetectable and trivial compared toSupersaturation of air gases in the vast oxygen pool of the bottom

the discharge of the air-lift system water.would be expected but would be mea-surable only to dilutn factors of Sediment particles have beenapproximately I x 10 . Dilutions shown to stimulate bacterial growth,of this magnitude occur within and this process mav a~', contri-minutes after discharge. Conse- buted to elevated ATP concentra-quently, no threat of gas-bubble tions. However, the short time thatdisease from the supersaturation of discharge solids remain in a watergases can be expected. parcel precludes a significant alte-

46

ration of the oxygen concentration sons of pre-mining and post-miningin the mixed layer or thermocline. samples, only broad regional esti-(Ozretich) mates could be made with statistical

validity. The limited duration andEffect of deep-sea mining on spatial extent of mining was not an-

marine phytoplankton and primary ticjpa~ed to affect the entireproductivity: The potential effects (10 km ) region of the study, and noof the deep-sea mining of manganese significant before-after differencesnodules on the local phytoplankton were found on this unrealisticallyphotosynthesis and primary produc- large scale. Power (beta error)tion were investigated during the curves show that macrofaunal popula-autumn of 1978 in the tropical east- tion changes in excess of 50% overern North Pacific Ocean. Experi- the entire region would have beenments were conducted to study the necessary to assure (P > 0.95) de-short-term influence of the mining tection of a before-after differ-discharge on marine photosynthesis ence. Hence, there is no assurancein terms of light reduction by the from this sampling program that adischarge particulates and of chemi- substantial mining effect did notcal inhibition by the release of indeed occur. (Jumars, Self)heavy metals from the bottomsediment. Prediction of Oil Slick Motion in

Coastal WatersFrom the experimental results,

it is predicted that a significant, This project is an outgrowth ofshort-term reduction in primary pro- the tidal current work previouslyduction will occur in the plume of carried out. The ability to predictmining discharge. Effects due to the motion of oil spilled in near-nutrient-enrichment or heavy metal shore coastal waters is obviously oftoxicity are projected to be negli- considerable practical importance.gible. Long-term and large-scale Briefly stated, the movement of oilchanges in phytoplankton species on water is conventionally describedcomposition or primary production by three spreading modes: inertialdue to the mining operation are not (gravity), gravity spreading asanticipated. (Anderson; A.T.H. affected by viscous forces, and sur-Chan, University of British face tension. In addition, spread-Columbia) ing is influenced by evaporation and

diisolution. However, the configu-Impact of a pilot-scale manga- rat:ion of an oil slick in a near-

nese nodule mining test on the ben- shore marine environment will dependthic community :The purpose of this more heavily on wind stress andproject was to assess the impact on tidal advection. In this project,the benthos of a pilot-scale manga- we have used the periodic tidalnese nodule mining operation near model in Hood Canal to provide high-DOMES site A in the central Pacific resolution tidal current input to anOcean. However, assessment was in- independently developed oil slickeffectual due to the interaction of prediction model. Although only hy-natural spatial variability with the pothetical runs have been performed,noncorrespondence between intended the results are very encouraging.and actual mining locations; thus Two tentative conclusions can bethe power of the statistical tests drawn from the work to date: (I)that could be used to detect mining- clean-up strategies based on oilassociated changes in benthic popul- "trajectory" models are inadequateations was severely limited. In- for most inlets and estuaries, and

id of the planned local compari- (2) certain modifications of pre-

47

sently available oil slick predic- water column as a function of timetion models would be desirable; for during the fall freeze period. Aexample, more realistic representa- Rosette sampler with nine sedimenttion of beach or shore deposition traps was deployed. The experimentprocesses should be included, is designed so that eight traps will(Winter [Werner]) be open for successive two-week

Intervals, and one sediment trapEffects of an Oil Well Blowout on will stay open throughout the 16-Zooplankton week deployment period. (L.H.

Larsen, Lorenzen)

A quantitative acoustic methodof assessing zooplanktonic and Stability of Dredge Materials insound-scattering organisms was car- Elliott Bayried out in conjunction with theNOAA investigation of the effects of The SDS system was deployed inthe oil well blowout in the Gulf of August 1980 at a site in Elliott BayMexico. The results showed that where dredge materials have beenquantitative acoustic methods were dumped. The purpose of this studyadequate to document changes in is to examine the stability of thisquantity and quality of target orga- deposit to erosion by tidal cur-nisms that could be related to the rents. (L.H. Larsen)effects of oil in the water column.The changes in organisms were close- Tribal Fish Ticket Software Systemly related to strong oil odors butnot to surface oil or distance from The present Tribal Fish Ticketthe well. (English, Macaulay, Daly) software system has been extended by

(I) building a new data bank of GameCollaborative Acoustic Analyses Department Steelhead data, (2) modi-

fying the current retrieval programsThis study was designed to im- to act on this new data, (3) adding

prove scientific capability of both one or more new summary catch re-the Resource Assessment and Conser- ports to the present processing pro-vation Engineering Division of the gram, (4) revising the comparisonNational Marine Fisheries Service system of fish ticket numbers, andand the University of Washington (5) adding an income summary datathrough full-time collaboration with from which income analysis histo-Department of Oceanography research grams can be derived. (Sands,specialists who at the same time Green, Lee)will gain experience in mission-oriented research on resource as-sessment methodology. Software sup-port for the hydroacoustic programand a plan for a NOAA effort toassess the Antarctic euphausid popu-lation by acoustic methods and netcatches are being carried out.(English, Macaulay)

Suspended Sediment Study

A field program was conductedin the fall of 1980 at a station inPrudhoe Bay, Alaska, to obtain

samples of the sediments in the

- - -_

48

FACULTY AND PROFESSIONAL STAFF

Administration

D. James Baker, Jr., Chairman

George C. Anderson, Associate Chairman for Research

Richard W. Sternberg, Associate Chairman for Instruction

Faculty

Knut Aagaard, Ph.D., Washington. Research Professor. Physical oceanography,ocean circulation, Arctic oceanography.

Saiyed Ahmed, Ph.D., Frankfurt. Research Associate Professor. E mology,regulation, control mechanisms in phytoplankton, fungi, ant )acteria.

George C. Anderson, Ph.D., Washington. Professor and Associate Irmas forResearch. Biological oceanography, plankton ecology.

Jack W. Anderson, Ph.D., California, Irvine. Affiliate Asbociate Professor.Biological oceanography, effects of oil pollution in narine environments.

John R. Apel, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins. Affiliate Professor. Waves and instabili-ties, remote-sensing oceanography.

William I Aron, Ph.D., Washington. Affiliate Professor. Fishe-'esoceanography, distribution and abundance of fish in -elationship tooceanographic conditions.

D. James Baker, Jr., Ph.D., Cornell. Professor and Chairman. Physical oceanog-raphy, large-scale ocean circulation, Antarctic oceanography, instrumen-tation.

Edward T. Baker, Ph.D., Washington. Research Associate (Affiliate). Geologicaloceanography, distribution and composition of suspended particulatematter.

Karl Banse, Ph.D., Kiel (Germany). Professor. Biological oceanography, plank-

ton production, polychaete systematics.Clifford A. Barnes, Ph.D., Washington. Professor Emeritus. Physical oceanog-

raphy, water properties, circulation.Robert E. Burns, Ph.D., Washington. Affiliate Associate Professor. Environmen-

tal assessment, continental shelf, estuaries.Glenn A. Cannon, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins. Affiliate Associate Professor. Physical

oceanography, estaurine and coastal processes.Roy Carpenter, Ph.D., California, San Diego. Associate Professor. Marine

geochemistry of metals and hydrocarbons in coastal zones.Nikolas I. Christensen, Ph.D., Wisconsin. Adjunct Professor. High-pressure

physics, tectonics, structure and constitution of the earth's interior.Allan Clarke, Ph.D., Cambridge. Research Associate. Physical oceanography,

wind-forced lake and shelf water motion, upwelling, tides, climate.

Joel D. Cline, Ph.D., U.C.L.A. Affiliate Assistant Professor. Geochemistryresearch, nutrient cycles, isotope geochemistry.

Lawrence K. Coachman, Ph.D., Washington. Professor. Physical oceanography,water properties circulation, Arctic oceanography.

Joe S. Creager, Ph.D., Texas A&M. Professor. Sea-level changes, recent marinesediments, shallow-water sediment transportation.

William 0. Criminale, Jr., Ph.D., Johns Hopkins. Professor. Geophysical fluidmechanics, air-sea interactions.

49

Benoit Cushman-Roisin, Ph.D., Florida State. Research Associate. Physicaloceanography, upper ocean dynamics.

David M. Damkaer, Ph.D., George Washington. Affiliate Assistant Professor.Biological oceanography, ecology and systematics of plankton copepods.

Eric D'Asaro, Ph.D., M.I.T. Research Associate. Physical oceanography, upperocean dynamics, internal waves, and mixing processes.

John R. Delaney, Ph.D., Arizona. Research Assistant Professor. Igneouspetrology, properties, and origin of the oceanic crust and upper mantle.

Alyn C. Duxbury, Ph.D., Texas A&M. Research Associate Professor. Descriptivephysical oceanography, mechanics of estuarine and coastal circulation.

Brady Elliott, Ph.D., Texas A&M. Research Associate. Physical oceanography anddescription of mesoscale circulation and dynamics.

Steven R. Emerson, Ph.D., Columbia. Assistant Professor. Marine geochemistry,sediment diagenesis.

T. Saunders English, Ph.D., Washington. Associate Professor. Biologicaloceanography, nekton, sampling problems, Arctic plankton ecology.

Terry E. Ewart, Ph.D., Washington. Research Professor. Physics, ocean micro-structure, diffusion, acoustic transmission.

Richard A. Feely, Ph.D., Texas A&M. Research Associate (Affiliate). Chemicaloceanography, marine geochemistry and sedimentation processes.

Richard H. Fleming, Ph.D., California, Berkeley. Professor Emeritus. Physicaland general oceanography.

Bruce W. Frost, Ph.D., California, San Diego. Professor. Biologicaloceanography, marine zoogeography, plankton ecology and systematics.

Jerry A. Galt, Ph.D., Washington. Affiliate Assistant Professor. Physicaloceanography, numerical modeling and general circulation.

Jan Garmany, Ph.D., California, San Diego. Research Assistant Professor.Geophysics, theoretical seismology.

Michael C. Gregg. Ph.D., California, San Diego. Research Professor. Physicaloceanography, ocean microstructure.

David Halpern, Ph.D., M.I.T. Affiliate Associate Professor. Physical oceanog-raphy, ocean-atmosphere response studies.

Stanley P. Hayes, Ph.D., Cornell. Senior Research Associate (Affiliate).Physical oceanography, air-sea interaction, internal waves.

John I. Hedges, Ph.D., Texas. Assistant Professor. Organic geochemistry,characterizing marine-derived organic molecules in coastal zones.

Dora P. Henry, Ph.D., California, Berkeley. Research Professor. Systematicsand ecology of barnacles.

Barbara Hickey, Ph.D., California, San Diego. Research Associate Professor.Physical oceanography, the dynamics of circulation in the equatorialregion and on the continental shelf.

Gregory Holloway, Ph.D., California, San Diego. Research Assistant Professor.Physical oceanography, turbulence theory, geophysical fluid dynamics.

Mark L. Holmes, Ph.D., Washington. Research Associate (Affiliate). Geologicaloceanography, marine geophysics, continental margins.

Donald W. Hood, Ph.D., Texas A&M. Senior Research Associate. Chemical oceanog-raphy, carbon budgets and exchanges.

H. Paul Johnson, Ph.D., Washington. Research Associate Professor. Paleomagne-tism and marine geophysics.

Peter A. Jumars, Ph.D., California, San Diego. Associate Professor. Biologicaloceanography, benthos.

Michael R. Landry, Ph.D., Washington. Research Assistant Professor. Biologicaloceanography, zooplankton-phytoplankton interactions, grazing, predation.

50

Lawrence H. Larsen, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins. Research Associate Professor. Physi-cal oceanography, hydrodynamics, waves.

Joyce C. Lewin, Ph.D., Yale. Research Professor. Physiology and systematics ofdiatoms, biological deposition of silica.

Brian T.R. Lewis, Ph.D., Wisconsin. Associate Professor. Marine geophysics,marine seismology.

Clive R.B. Lister, Ph.D., Cambridge. Professor. Geothermal studies, marinegeophysics, global tectonics.

Cho-Teng Liu, Ph.D., Washington. Research Associate. Physical oceanography,equatorial ocean dynamics.

Carl Lorenzen, Ph.D., Cornell. Research Associate Professor. Biologicaloceanography, marine food chain dynamics, carbon cycling in the ocean.

Seelye Martin, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins. Research Professor. Geophysical fluiddynamics, properties of sea-ice.

Thane H. McCulloh, Ph.D., U.C.L.A. Affiliate Professor. Geology of petroleum,geophysical prospecting, continental shelf and slope resources.

Dean A. McManus, Ph.D., Kansas. Professor. Geological oceanography, continen-tal shelf sediments.

Ronald T. Merrill, Ph.D., California, Berkeley. Professor. Geomagnetism andpaleomagnetism.

Harold 0. Mofjeld, Ph.D., Washington. Affiliate Assistant Professor. Physicaloceanography, theory and observation of tides, large time-dependentmotion.

Stanley R. Murphy, Ph.D., Washington. Professor. Physical oceanography, under-water acoustics, ocean turbulence.

James W. Murray, Ph.D., M.I.T./Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. AssistantProfessor. Marine geochemistry, trace metals.

Arthur R. M. Nowell, Ph.D., U.B.C. Research Assistant Professor. Physicaloceanography, turbulent boundary layer dynamics, sediment transport.

Mary Jane Perry, Ph.D., California, San Diego. Research Assistant Professor.Biological oceanography, phytoplankton physiology, nutrient cycling.

Maurice Rattray, Jr., Ph.D., Caltech. Professor. Physical oceanography, hydro-dynamics, estuarine circulation, internal waves.

Runnal Reichard, Ph.D., New Hampshire. Research Associate. Physical oceanog-raphy, estuarine processes, numerical modeling of circulation, turbu-lence, and transport dynamics.

Francis A. Richards, Ph.D., Washington. Professor. Chemical oceanography,nutrient and gas cycles in the sea, oxygen-deficient marine environments.

Stephen C. Riser, Ph.D., Rhode Island. Research Associate. Physicaloceanography, large- and meso-scale circulation of the ocean.

Gunnar I. Roden, M.S., U.C.L.A. Senior Research Associate. Physical oceanog-raphy, ocean fronts, mesoscale ocean circulation and structure, time-series analysis.

Thomas B. Sanford, Ph.D., M.I.T. Research Professor. Physical oceanography,measurements and interpretation of motionally-induced electric and magne-tic fields in the deep sea and within channels.

William R. Schell, Ph.D., Washington. Adjunct Associate Professor. Biogeo-chemistry, radionuclide tracer methods, sedimentation rates, tracemetals.

Amy Schoener, Ph.D., Harvard. Research Assistant Professor. Biologicaloceanography, artificial substrate colonization, biogeography, benthos.

J. Dungan Smith, Ph.D., Chicago. Professor and Chairman, Geophysics Program.Coastal and estuarine physical oceanography, turbulent boundary layermechanics, sediment transport processes.

51

Richard W. Sternberg, Ph.D., Washington. Professor and Associate Chairman forInstruction. Geological oceanography, marine sedimentation processes.

Richard J. Stewart. Ph.D., Stanford. Adjunct Associate Professor. Geologicaloceanography, sedimentary petrology, sediment diagenesis.

Minze Stuiver, Ph.D., Groningen (Netherlands). Adjunct Professor. Chemicaloceanography, limnology, isotope geology, geochronometry.

Bruce A. Taft, Ph.D., California, San Diego. Research Associate Professor.Physical oceanography, ocean circulation.

Pierre L.R. Welander, Ph.D., Stockholm. Professor. Theory of general oceancirculation, large-scale atmosphere-ocean interaction.

Donald F. Winter, Ph.D., Harvard. Professor. Applied mathematics, hydrodyna-mics, biological modeling.

Warren S. Wooster, Ph.D., California, San Diego. Adjunct Professor. Physicaloceanography, ocean circulation, fishery oceanography and ocean affairs.

Prof essionai Staff

Laurie Balistrieri Kathy KrogslundRobert Barrick Mary C. LarsenJohn R. Beck Joyce Lehner-FournierBeatrice Booth Noel B. McGaryKendra Daly Michael PetersonClark Darnall Willis K. Peterson

Earl Davis, Ph.D. James PostelQuay Dortch, Ph.D. Barbara QuayJ. George Dworski Dave RoetcisoenderAndrew Hafferty Edward RoyMichael L. lealy, Ph.D. Walter SandsGayle Heron Robert L. SelfRita Horner, Ph.D. Leanne StahlRex Johnson Dave ThoresonPeter Kauffman Richard B. TrippDale Kisker Karen Zakar

t ... ,-- ,- -- - - --..

52

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREES AWARDED IN 1979-80 WITH TITLES OF DISSERTATIONS

Joseph T. Bennett: "The biogeochemical significance of zooplankton fecalmaterial in a biological productive, temperate fjord."

Jerre E. Bradt: "Initial value problems in stratified shear flows."

John P. Christensen: "Oxygen consumption, denitrification, and sulfatereduction rates in coastal marine sediments."

Raymond E. Cranston: "Chromium species in natural waters."

Frances Quay Dortch: "Nitrate and ammonium uptake and assimilation in threemarine diatoms."

Steven 0. Howe: "Biological consequences of environmental changes related tocoastal upwelling: a simulation study."

Bruno Jamart: "Finite element computation of barotropic tidal motion in deepestuaries."

Edward G. Josberger: "Laminar and turbulent boundary layers adjacent tomelting vertical ice walls in salt water."

Nancy B. Kachel: "A time-dependent model of sediment transport and strataformation on a continental shelf."

Stephen A. Lieberman: "Stability of copper complexes with seawater humicsubstances."

Cho-Teng Liu: "An energy-balance climate model with separate land and oceaniceffects."

Charles E. Long: "A simple model for time-dependent, stably stratified,turbulent boundary layers."

Carl A. Paul: "The structure and variability of the Atlantic North EquatorialCountercurrent during GATE: August-September 1974."

Clarence G. Pautzke: "Phytoplankton primary production below Arctic Ocean packice: and ecosystems analysis."

Robin M. Ross: "Carbon and nitrogen budgets over the life of Euphausiapacifica."

George F. Spooner: "Fluctuations in geophysical boundary layers."

James H. Swift: "Seasonal processes in the Iceland Sea, with especialreference to the relationship to the Denmark Strait overflow."

53

MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREES AWARDED IN 1979-80

James A. Carton Jill L. KarstenHoward P. Freitag Charles N. KatzEugene D. Gallagher Nordeen G. LarsonJanice L. Carver Eric L. LindstromThomas F. Gross Rene Pinet-PlasenciaSusan E. Hamilton Edward H. RoyChristine N. Hanley Steve R. WalterConnie Powell Haury Bettie B. WardJanice L. Johnson Nicholas A. WelschmeyerCarolyn J. Jones

BACHELOR'S DEGREES AWARDED IN 1979-80

Kenneth F. Abasolo Gunnar G. LauensteinBrian S. Anderson Coleman L. LawrenceStuart B. Archer William R. MartinMary C. Baker James L. MeadRobert W. Baker Douglas A. MilwardKirk D. Baldwin David J. MurphyEmabid E. Bechara-Rolando Jeffrey M. NappMary C. Benson Kathleen K. NewellAndrea G. Boughner Jimmy R. PageArland D. Buchanan Peter E. PineMarcia L. Campbell Russel N. PriceSean W. Chamberlin Lewis C. RabbTimothy J. Clement Brian E. ReidPeter J. Davidson Kevin K. RoeThomas A. Demshki Sigrid A. SaloJon B. Eggers Richard D. SchnatterlyHarald R. Ehlers Kristian K. SchonbergAlan Fudge Diane V. ShawEunibis M. Gomez David K. ShroyerScott G. Grieb Dwight D. TruebloodMoochi Han Thomas J. ValentineVerle Heyer Timothy M. VogelKathryn L. Hjortedal William E. WeigandFrank S. Holman Joseph M. WeikelOnwukwe E. Ibeabuchi Angela A. WestmanEric J. Jaeger Randall E. WhittenEric S. Johnson Leland A. WightJames K. King James R. WilhiteJames K. Klinck Brian J. WilliamsMichael R. Krier Timothy B. Wright

54

CONTRIBUTIONS

Aagaard, K. (in press) Deep circulation in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-SeaResearch.

No. 1168

Anderson, J.J. (1979) Nutrient chemistry in the tropical North Pacific DOMESsites A, B, and C. In Bischoff, J.L. and D.Z. Piper (eds.), MarineGeology and Oceanography of the Central Pacific Manganese NoduleProvince: 113-161. Plenum Publishing Corporation.

No. 1056

Baker, E.T., R.A. Feely, and K. Takahashi (1979) Chemical composition, sizedistribution, and particle morphology of suspended particulate matter atDOMES sites A, B, and C: Relationships with local sediment composition.In Bischoff, J.L. and D.Z. Piper (eds.), Marine Geology and Oceanographyof the Central Pacific Manganese Nodule Province: 163-201. PlenumPublishing Corporation.

No. 1052

Balistrieri, L., P.G. Brewer, and J.W. Murray (in press). Scavenging residencetimes of trace metals and surface chemistry of sinking particles in thedeep ocean. Deep-Sea Research.

No. 1182

Banse, K. (1979) Ampharetidae (Polychaeta) from British Columbia andWashington. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57: 1543-1552.

No. 1070

Banse, K. (1979) Sabellidae (Polychaeta) principally from the northeastPacific Ocean. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 36:869-882.

No. 1081

Banse, K. (1980) Terebellidae (Polychaeta) from the northeast Pacific Ocean.Canadian Journal of Fishery and Aquatic Sciences 37: 20-40.

No. 1106

Banse, K. (1980) Microzooplankton interference with ATP estimates of planktonbiomass - a note. Journal of Plankton Research 2: 235-238.

No. 1154.

Banse, K. (in press) Experimental marine ecosystems enclosures in a historicalperspective. Proceedings oi the Symposium of Enclosed Marine Ecosystems.

No. 1174

Banse, K. and S. Mosher (1980) Adult body mass and annual production biomassrelationship of field populations. Ecological Monographs 50: 355-379.

No. 1142

Barnard, W.D. (1978) The Washington continental slope: Quaternary tectonicsand sedimentation. Marine Geology 27: 79-114.

No. 1077

55

Barrick, R.C., J.. Hedges, and M.L. Peterson (1980) Hydrocarbon geochemistryof the Puget Sound region. I. Sedimentary acyclic hydrocarbons.Geochemica and Coemochimica Acta 44: 1349-1362.

No. 1159

Barton, C.E., R.T. Merrill and M. Barbetti (1979) Intensity of the earth'smagnetic field over the last 10,000 years. Physics of the Earth andPlanetary Interiors 20: 96-110.

No. 1110

Bates, T.S. and R. Carpenter (1979) Determination of organe-sulfur compoundsextracted from marine sediments. Analytical Chemistry 52: 551-554.

No. 1059

Bates, T.S. and R. Carpenter (1979) Organo-sulfur compounds in sediments ofthe Puget Sound Basin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43: 1209-1221.

No. 1084

Bennett, J.T. and R. Carpenter (1979) Concentrations and temporal variationsof 210Po, Pb, and Al in the surf-zone ecosystem of Copalis Beach,Washington. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 8: 127-140.

No. 1020

Booth, B. and P.J. Harrison (1979) Effect of silicate limitation on valvemorphology in Thalossira and Coscinodiscus (Bacillariophyceae). Journalof Phycology 15: 326-329.

No. 1051

Booth, B.C., J. Lewin, and R.E. Norris (1980) Siliceous nanoplankton. I.Newly discovered cysts from the Gulf of Alaska. Marine Biology 58: 205-209.

No. 1149

Bothner, M.J., R.A. Jahnke, M.L. Peterson and R. Carpenter (1980) Rate ofmercury loss from contaminated estuarine sediments. Geochimica etCosmochimica Acta 44: 273-285.

No. 1097

Chan, A. (1980) Comparative physiological study of marine diatoms anddinoflagellates in relation to irradiance in cell size. II. Relationshipbetween photosynthesis, growth, and carbon/chlorophyll a ratio. Journalof Phycology 16: 428-432.

No. 1145

Chester, A.J. (1978) Microzooplankton relative to subsurface chlorophyllmaximum layer. Marine Science Commnication 4: 275-292.

No. 1047

Christensen, J.P. and D.H. Devol (1980) Adenosene triphosphate and adenylateenergy change in marine sediments. Marine Biology 56: 175-182.

No. 1135

56

Christensen, J.P., T.G. Owens, A.H. Devol and T.T. Packard (1980) Respirationand physiological state in marine bacteria. Marine Biology 55: 267-276.

No. 1104

Christensen, J.P. and T.T. Packard (1979) Respiratory electron transportactivity in phytoplankton and bacteria: comparison of methods.Limnology and Oceanography 24: 576-583.

No. 1037

Clarke, A.J. (1979) On the generation of the seasonal coastal upwelling in theGulf of Guinea. Journal of Geophysical Research 84: 3743-3751.

No. 1079

Codispoti, L.A., R.C. Dugdale, and H.J. Minas (in press) A comparison of thenutrient regimes off northwest Africa, Peru, and Baja California.Rapports et Proces-Verbaux. Conseil Inte'national pour l'Exploration dela Mer.

No. 1036

Copping, A.E. and C.J. Lorenzen (1980) Carbon budget of a marine phytoplank-ton-herbivore system using carbon-14 as a tracer. Limnology andOceanography 25: 873-882.

No. 1146

Cranston, R.E. and J.W. Murray (1980) Chromium species in the Columbia Riverand estuary. LimnoZogy and Oceanography 25: 1104-1112.

No. 1175

Criminale, W.O. (1980) Effects of mean current and shear on stability of depthdistributions of marine phytoplankton. Journal of Mathematical Biology10: 33-51.

No. 1136

Damkaer, C.C. and D.M. Damkaer (1979) Henrik Kr6yer's publications on pelagicmarine Copepoda (1838-1849). Transactions of the American PhilosophicalSociety 69, Part 6. 48 pp.

No. 1030

Damkaer, D., D.B. Dey, and G.A. Heron (in press) Dose/dose-rate responses ofshrimp larvae to UV-B radiation. Oecologia.

No. 1183

Damkaer, D.M., D.B. Dey, G.A. Heron, E.F. Prentice (1980) Effects of UV-Bradiation on near-surface zooplankton of Puget Sound. Oecologia 44: 149-158.

No. 1107

Damkaer, D. and T. Miozck-Dahl (1980) The plankton expedition and the copepodstudies of Friederick and Maria Dahl. In Sears, M. and D. Merriman(eds.), The Past: 562-473. Springer Verlag, New York.

No. 1144

S lI I ,

57

Dietrich, W.E., J.D. Smith, and T. Dunne (1979) Flow and sediment transport ina sand bedded meander. Journal of Geology 81: 305-315.

No. 1062

Dortch, Q., S.I. Ahmed and T.T. Packard (1979) Nitrate reductase and glutamatedehydrogenase activities in Skeletonema costatum as measures of nitrogenassimilation rates. Journal of Plankton Research 1: 169-186.

No. 1095

Duxbury, A.C. (1979) Upwelling and estuary flushing. Limnology andOceanography 24: 627-633.

No. 1014

Ebbemeyer, C.C. and C.A. Barnes (1980) Control of a fjord basin's dynamics bytidal mixing in embracing sill zones. Estuarine and Coastal MarineScience 11: 311-330.

No. 1093

Ebbesmeyer, C.C. and B.A. Taft (1979) Variability of potential energy, dynamicheight and salinity in the main pycnocline of the western North Atlantic.Journal of Physical Oceanography 9: 1073-1089.

No. 1080

Eckman, J.W. (1979) Small-scale patterns and processes in a soft-substrate,intertidal community. Journal of Marine Research 37: 437-457.

No. 1083

Emerson, S. and M. Bender (in press) Carbon fluxes at the sediment waterinterface of the deep sea: calcium carbonate preservation. Journal ofMarine Research.

No. 1172

Emerson, S., R.E. Cranston, and P.S. Liss (1979) Redox species in a reducingfjord: equilibrium and kinetic considerations. Deep-Sea Research 26:859-875.

No. 1099

Emerson, S., R. Jahnke, M. Bender, P. Froelich, G. Klinkhammer, C Bowser, andG. Setlock (1980) Early diagenesis in sediments from the eastern equator-ial Pacific. I. Pore water nutrient and carbonate results. Earth andPlanetary Science Letters 49: 57-80.

No. 1160

Ewart, T.E. (1980) A numerical simulation of the effects of oceanic finestruc-ture on acoustic transmission. The Journal of the Acoustic Society ofAmerica 67: 496-503.

No. 1087

Farmer, D.M. and J.D. Smith (1979) Internal waves during GATE. Deep-SeaResearch 26: 347-350.

No. 1043

58

Farmer, D.M. and J.D. Smith (1980) Tidal interaction of stratified flow with asill in Knight Inlet. Deep-Sea Research 27: 239-254.

No. 1085

Feely, R.A., E.T. Baker, J.D. Schumacher, G.J. Massoth, and W.M. Landing(1979) Processes affecting the distribution and transport of suspendedmatter in the northeast Gulf of Alaska. Deep-Sea Research 26: 445-464.

No. 1040

Feely, R.A., G.J. Massoth and W.M. Landing (in press) Major and trace elementscomposition of suspended matter in the northeast Gulf of Alaska. MarineChemistry.

No. 1092

Feller, R.J. (1980) Quantitative cohort analyses of a sand-dwelling meioben-thic harpacticoid copepod. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science II: 459-476.

No. 1122

Feller, R.J. (1980) Development of the sand dwelling meiobenthic harpacticoidcopepod Huntemnnia jadensis Poppe in the laboratory. Journal of Experi-mental Biology an, Ecology 46: 1-15.

No. 1148

Feller, R.J., G.L. Taghon, E.D. Gallagher, G.E. Kenny and P.A. Jumars (1979)Immunological methods for food web analysis in a soft-bottom benthic com-munity. Marine Biology 54: 61-74.

No. 1082

Friederich, G.E. and L.A. Godispoti (1979) On some factors influencing dis-solved silicon distribution over the northwest African shelf. Journal ofMarine Research 37: 337-353.

No. 1055

Frost, B.W. (1980) The inadequacy of body size as an indicator of niches inthe zooplankton. In Kerfoot, C. (ed.), Evolution and Ecology ofZooplankton Populations: 742-753. Special Symposia 3. American Societyof Limnology and Oceanography.

No. 1063

Frost, B.W. and L.E. McCrone (1979) Vertical distribution, diel verticalmigration, and abundance of some mesopelagic fishes in the easternsubarctic Pacific Ocean in summer. Fishery Bulletin 76: 751-770.

No. 1039

Garfield, P.C., T.T. Packard and L.A. Codispoti (1979) Particulate protein inthe Peru upwelling system. Deep-Sea Research 26: 623-639.

No. 1041

Carver, J.L. and J. Lewin (1981) Persistent blooms of surf diatoms along thePacific coast, U.S.A. 1. Physical characteristics of the coastal regionin relation to the distribution and abundance of the species. Estuarineand Coastal Marine Science 12: 217-229.

No. 1153

59

Gregg, M.C. (in press) Zero crossings of temperature microstructure. InNihoul, J. (ed.), Marine Turbulence. Proceedings of the l1thInternational Liege Colloquium on Ocean Hydraulics May 1979. ElsevierScientific Publishing Co., New York.

No. 1102

Gregg, M.C. (1980) Microstructure patches in the thermocline. Journal ofPhysical Oceanography 10: 915-943.

No. 1137Gregg, M.C. (1980) The three-dimensional mapping of a small thermohaline

intrusion. Journal of Physical Oceanography 10: 1468-1492.

No. 1166

Gregg, M.C. and M.G. Briscoe (1979) Internal waves, finestructure, microstruc-ture and mixing in the ocean. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics1?: 1524-1548.

No. 1078

Gregg, M.C. and J.H. McKenzie (1979) Thermohaline intrusions lie acrossisopycnals. Nature (London) 280: 310-311.

No. 1086

Gregg, M.C. and T.B. Meagher (1980) The dynamic response of glass-rodthermistors. Journal of Geophysical Research 85: 2779-2786.

No. 1125

Gregg, M.C. and A.M. Pederson (1979) High resolution salinity measurements.In Dobson, F., L. Hasse, and R. Davis (eds.), Instruments and Methods inAir-Sea Interaction. NATO Publication. Plenum Press, New York.

No. 987

Gregg, M.C. and T.B. Sanford (1980) Signatures of mixing from the BermudaSlope, the Sargasso Sea and the Gulf Stream. Journal of PhysicalOceanography 10: 105-127.

No. 1049

Gross, M.G. and M.L. Healy (1979) Chemical aspect of coastal marine pollution.In Siegel, F. (ed.), Review of Research of Modern Problems inGeochemistry: 127-137. Earth Science Series No. 16. UNESCO Publication,Paris.

No. 1000

Hanzlick, D.J. and K. Aagaard (1980) Fresh and Atlantic waters in the KaraSea. Journal of Geophysical Research 85: 4937-4942.

No. 1143

Hedges, J.I. (in press) Interaction between humic substances and inorganicmatter in surface marine sediments. V"ogeochimie de la Matiere Organiquea L'interface.

No. 1158

60

Hedges, J.1. and D.C. Mann (1979) The characterization of plant tissues by

their lignin oxidation products. Geochimica et Cosmochinica Acta 43:1803-1807.

No. 1100

Hedges, J.I. and D.C. Mann (1979) The lignin geochemistry of marine sedimentsfrom the southern Washington coast. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43:1809-1818.

No. 1101Heinmiller, R.H., C.C. Ebbesmeyer, B.A. Taft, and O.P. Nikitin (in press)

Intercomparisons of POLYMODE XBT and CTD isotherm depths in the north-

western Atlantic. Journal of Physical Oceanography.No. 1151

Henshaw, P.C., Jr. and R.T. Merrill (1979) Characteristics of drying remanentmagnetization in sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 43: 315-320.

No. 1073

Henshaw, P.C., Jr. and R.T. Merrill (1980) Magnetic and chemical changes inmarine sediments. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 18: 483-504.

No. 1132

Hickey, B.M. (1979) The California current system--hypotheses and facts.Progress in Oceanography 8: 191-279.

No. 1038

Hickey, B.M. and P. Hamilton (1980) A spin-up model as a diagnostic tool for

interpretation of current and density measurements on the continentalshelf of the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Physical Oceanography 10: 12-24.

No. 1115

Holloway, G. (1980) Oceanic internal waves are not weak waves. Journal of

Physical Oceanography 10: 906-914.No. 1134

Holmes, M.L. and J.S. Creager (in press) Role of the Kaltag and Kobuk faults

in the tectonic evolution of the Bering Strait Region. In Hood, D.W.(ed.), The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources.

No. 1152

Hughes, F.W. and M. Rattray, Jr. (1980) Salt flux and mixing in the Columbia

River Estuary. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 10. 479-493.No. 1089

Irish, J.D., T.E. Ewart, M.D. Levine, and S.A. Reynolds (in press) Simulta-neous measurement of the spacial and temporal variability due to internalwaves at Cobb Seamount in the North Pacific. Journal of GeophysicalResearch.

No. 1112

Jamart, B.M. and D.F. Winter (1980) Finite element computation of the barotro-pic tides in Knight Inlet, British Columbia. In Freeland, H.J., D.M.

t

61

Farmer and C.D. Levings (eds.), Fjord Oceanography: 283-289. Proceedingsof the NATO Conference on Fjord Oceanography, Victoria, British Columbia,June 4-8, 1979. Plenum Press, New York.

No. 1155

Jamart, B.M. and D.F. Winter (in press) Finite element solution of the shallowwater wave equations in Fournier space, with application to Knight Inlet,British Columbia. In Proceedings of the Third International Conferenceon Finite Elements in Flow Problems, 10-13 June 1980, Banff, Alberta,Canada.

No. 1118

Jamart, B.M., D.F. Winter, and K. Banse (1979) Sensitivity analysis of amathematical model of phytoplankton growth and nutrient distribution inthe Pacific Ocean off the northwestern U.S. coast. Journal of Phyto-plankton Research 1: 267-290.

No. 1103

Johnson, H.P. (1979) Magnetization of the oceanic crust. Review of Geophysicsand Space Physics 17: 215-226.

No. 1058

Josberger, E. (1980) The effect of bubbles released from a melting ice-wall onthe melt-driven convection in salt water. Journal of Physical Oceanog-raphy 10: 474-477.

No. 1088

Keller, B., B.T.R. Lewis, C. Meeder, C. Helsley and R.P. Meyer (1978)Explosion seismology studies of active and passive continental margins.In Geological and Geophysical Investigations of Continental Margins: 443-451. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir No. 29.

No. 1060

Kinder, T.H., J.D. Schumacher, and D.V. Hansen (1980) Observation of a baro-clinic eddy: an example of mesoscale variability in the Bering Sea.Journal of Physical Oceanography 10: 1228-1245.

No. 1163

King, F.D. and A.H. Devol (1979) Estimates of vertical eddy diffusion through

the thermocline from phytoplankton nitrate uptake rates in the mixedlayer of the eastern tropical Pacific. Limnology and Oceanography 24:645-651.

No. 1071

King, F.D., A.H. Devol, and T.T. Packard (1978) Plankton metabolic activity in

the eastern tropical North Pacific. Deep-Sea Research 25: 689-704.No. 1025

King, K.R. (1979) The life history and vertical distribution of the chactog-nath, Sagitta elegans, in Dabob Bay, Washington. Journal of PlanktonResearch 1: 153-167.

No. 1072

62

King, K.R. (in press) Population biology of the larvacean Oikopleura dioica inenclosed water columns. Proceedings of the Symposium on Enclosed MarineEcosystems.

No. 1177

King, K.R., K.T. Hollibaugh, and F. Azam (1980) Predator-prey interactionsbetween the larvacean Oikopleura dioica and bacterioplankton in enclosedwater columns. Marine Biology 56: 49-57.

No. 1117

Lahore, H. (1979) PRIME: the seagoing super-mini computer for you? Sea Tech-nology June 1979: 22-24.

No. 1053

Landing, W.M. and R.A. Feely (1981) The chemistry and vertical flux ofparticles in the northeastern Gulf of Alaska. Deep-Sea Research 28: 19-37.

No. 1076

Landry, M.R. (1980) Detection of prey by Calanus pacificus: Implications ofthe first antennae. Linology and Oceanography 25: 545-549.

No. 1131

Larsen, L.H. (1979) Tsunamis hazard along the Washington coast. In NaturalHazards in Washington's Coastal Zone: An Anthology of Recent Articles:38-38. Washington State Department of Emergency Services.

No. 1010

Larsen, L.H. (1979) An instability of packets of short gravity waves in watersof finite depth. Journal of Physical Oceanography 9: 1141-1143.

No. 1105

Larsen, L.H. (in press) Modulation solitons and internal waves. In Proceedingsof the Conference on Oceanography from Space. COSPAR/SCOR/IUCRMSymposium, 26-30 May 1980. Venice, Italy.

No. 1162

Larsen, L.H. (1980) Modulation solitons in inhomogeneous media. The Physics ofFluids 23: 2359-2361.

No. 1164

Lewin, J., C.H. Chen, and T. Hruby (1979) Blooms of surf-zone diatoms alongthe coast of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. X. Chemical compositionof the surf diatiom Chaetoceros arimtum and its major herbivore, thePacific razor clam (Siliqua patula). Marine Biology 51: 259-265.

No. 995

Lewin, J., J.R. Colvin and K.L. McDonald (1980) Blooms of surf-zone diatomsalong the coast of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. XII. The clay coatof Chaetoceros armatwn T. West. Botanica Marina 23: 333-341.

No. 1124

Lewin, J., J.E. Eckman, and G.N. Ware (1979) Blooms of surf-zone diatoms alongthe coast of the Olympic peninsula, Washington. XI. Regeneration of am-

t

63

monium in the surf environment by the Pacific razor clam Siliqua patula.Marine Biology 52: 1-9.

No. 1048

Lewis, B.T.R. (in press) Temperatures, heat flow and lithosphaeric cooling atthe mouth of the Gulf of California. Initial Reports of the Deep SeaDrilling Project. U.S. Government Office, Washington, D.C.

No. 1140

Lewis, B.T.R. (in press) Isostasy, magma chambers, and plate driving forces onthe East Pacific Rise. Journal of Geophysical Research.

No. 1176

Lewis, B.T.R. and W.E. Snydsman (1979) Fine structure of the lower oceaniccrust on the Cocos Plate. Tektonophysics 55: 87-105.

No. 1008

Lindstrom, E.J., D.W. Beringer, B.A. Taft, and C.C. Ebbesmeyer (1980) Absolutegeostrophic velocity determination from historical hydrographic data inthe western North Atlantic. Journal of Physical Oceanography 10: 999-1009.

No. 1133

Ling, 1i.Y. (in press) Radiolaria from the west flank of Leg 49. InitialReports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C.

No. 1022

Ling, H.Y. and K. Takahashi (in press) Observation on microstructure ofselected phaeodarian Radiolaria. Biq Memoir. Geological Society of China(Taiwan).

No. 970

Lorenzen, C.J. (1979) Ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton photosynthesis.LimnoZogy and Oceanography 24: 1117-1120.

No. 1091

Lorenzen, C.J., F.R. Shuman, and J. Bennett (in press) In situ calibration ofa sediment trap. Limnology and Oceanography.

No. 1156

Macaulay, M.C., K. Daly, and T.S. English (in press) Acoustic observations ofbiological volume scattering in the vicinity of the IXTOC-1 blowout.Proceedings of the IXTOC-1 Symposium, June 9-10, 1980, Miami, Florida.

No. 1157

Martin, S. (1980) Field study of brine drainage and oil entrainment in first-year sea ice. Journal of Glaciology 22: 473-502.

No, 1114

Martin, S. (in press) Anticipated oil-ice interactions in the Bering Sea. InHood, D.W. (ed.), The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography andResources.

No. 1120

t . . . o

64

Martin, S. (in press) Frazil ice in rivers and oceans. Annual Review of FluidMechanics.

No. 1161

Martin, S. and J. Bauer (in press) Bering Sea ice-edge phenomena. In Hood,D.W. (ed.), The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources.

No. 1119

Martin, S., P. Kauffman, and P.E. Welander (1979) A laboratory study of thedispersion of crude oil within sea ice growth in a wave field. InScience in Alaska, 1976: Resource Development-Poceesses and Problems 2:261-287.

No. 999

McClain, J.S. and B.T.R. Lewis (1980) A seismic experiment at the axis of theEast Pacific Rise. Marine Geology 35: 147-169.

No. 1090

McDaniel, N. and K. Banse (1979) A novel method of suspension feeding by themaldanid polychaete PrVaxillura maculata Moore. Marine Biology 55: 129-132.

No. 1034McLean, S.R. and J.S. Smith (1979) Turbulence measurements in the boundary

over a sand wave field. Journal of Geophysical Research 84: 7791-7807.No. 1044

Merrill, R.T., M.W. McElhinny and D.J. Stevenson (1979) Evidence for long-termasymmetries in the earth's magnetic field and possible implications fordynamo theories. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 20: 75-82.

No. 1109

Minas, J.H., L.A. Codispoti, and R.C. Dugdale (in press) Nutrients and primaryproduction in the northwest African upwelling region. Rapports etProces-Verbaux. Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer.

No. 1035

Murray, J.W. and J.G. Dillard (1979) The oxidation of cobalt (II) adsorbed onmanganese dioxide. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43: 781-787.

No. 1069

Murray, J.W., S. Emerson, and R. Jahnke (1980) Carbonate saturation and theeffect of pressure on the alkalinity of interstitial waters from theGuatemala Basin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44: 963-792.~No. 1150

Murray, J.W. and V. Grundmanis (1980) Oxygen consumption in pelagic marine

sediments. Science 209: 1527-1530.No. 1165

Niedrauer, T.M. and S. Martin (1979) An experimental study of brine drainage

and convection in young sea ice. Jour'nal of Geophysical Research 84:1176-1186.

No. 1054

65

Nittrouer, C.A., R.W. Sternberg, R. Carpenter, and J.T. Bennett (1979) The useof Pb-210 geochronology as a sedimentological tool: Application to theWashington continental shelf. Marine Geology 31: 297-316.

No. 1046

Ozretich, R.J. (in press) Dissolved components of discharge. Marine Mining.No. 1178

Ozretich. R.J. (in press) Increased oxygen demand in micro-biomass. MarineMining.

No. 1179

Pederson, A.M. and M.C. Gregg (1978) Development of a small in-situ conducti-vity instrument. In Oceans 78 "The Ocean Challenge": 173-179. FourthAnnual Combined Conference 6-8 September 1978, Washington, D.C. TheMarine Technological Society, Washington, D.C., and the Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, New York.

No. 1066

Perry, M.J. and R.W. Eppley (1981) Phosphate uptake by phytoplankton in the

central North Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Research 28: 39-49.No. 1173

Perry, M.J., M.C. Larsen, and R.S. Alberte (in press) Photoadaptation inmarine phytoplankton: response to the photosynthetic unit. MarineBiology.

No. 1180

Prahl, F.C., J.T. Bennett, and R. Carpenter (1980) The early diagenesis ofaliphatic hydrocarbons and organic matter in sedimentary particles fromDabob Bay, Washington. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44: 1967-1976.

No. 1170

Prahl, F.G. and R. Carpenter (1979) The role of zooplankton fecal pellets inthe sedimentation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in Dabob Bay,Washington. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43: 1959-1972.

No. 1094

Rattray, M., Jr. (1980) Salt flux mixing in the Columbia River. Estuarine andCoastal Marine Science 10: 479-493.

No. 1126

Rattray, M., Jr. and J.G. Dworski (1980) Comparison of methods for analysis ofthe transverse and vertical circulation contributions to the longitudinaladvective salt flux in estuaries. Estuarine and Coastal marine Science11: 515-536.

No. 1116

Rattray, M., Jr. and C.B. Officer (1979) Distribution of a non-conservativeconstituent in an estuary with application to the numerical simulation ofdissolved silica in the San Francisco Bay. Estuarine and Coastal MarineScience 8: 489-494.

No. 1067

4 . ..

66

Rattray, M. Jr. and C.B. Officer (in press) Discussion of trace metals in thewaters of a partially mixed estuary. Estuarine and Coastal MarineScience.

No. 1181

Roden, G.I. (1979) The depth variability of meridional gradients of tempera-ture, salinity, and sound velocity in the western North Pacific. Journalof Physical Oceanography 9: 756-767.

No. 1065

Roden, G.I. (1980) On the subtropical frontal zone north of Hawaii duringwinter. Journal of Physical Oceanography 10: 342-362.

No. 1138

Roden, G.I. (1980) On the variability of surface temperature fronts in thewestern Pacific as detected by satellites. Journal of GeophysicalResearch 85: 2704-2710.

No. 1139

Roden, G.I. and T. Emilson (in press) Physical oceanography of the Gulf ofCalifornia. Proceedings of the Gulf of California Symposium, November1979, Mazatlan, Mexico.

No. 1123

Runge, J.A. (1980) Effects of hunger and season on the feeding behavior ofCalanus pacificus. Limnotogy and Oceanography 25: 134-145.

No. 1098

Schoener, A. and C.H. Greene (1980) Variability among identical fouling panels

in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A. In Papers, Marine Biology: 213-224.Fifth International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, 19-23 May,1980, Barcelona, Spain.

No. 1108

Smethie, W.M. (1981) Vertical mixing rates in fjords determined using radonand salinity as tracers. Estuarine and Coastal Marvine Sciences 12: 131-153.

No. 1169

Smethie, W.M. and M. Buchholz (1980) Close-spaced, large volume sampling ofsharp gradients. Deep-Sea Reeearch 27: 665-668.

No. 1141

Smethie, W.M. and W.R. Schell (in press) Vacuum extraction of natural levels

of radon from seawater. Marine Chemistry.No. 1105

Smith, G. and R.T. Merrill (1980) The origin of rotational remanent magne-tization. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 61: 329-336.

No. 1111

Smith, J.D. and D.M. Farmer (1980) Mixing induced by internal hydraulic dis-

turbances in the vicinity of sills. In Freeland, H.J., D.M. Farmer andC.D. Levings (eds.), Fjord Oceanography: 251-257. Proceedings of the

o ... .. ,..=% :f

67

NATO Conference on Fjord Oceanography, Victoria, British Columbia, June4-8, 1979. Plenum Press, New York.

No. 1113

Swift, J.H., K. Aagaard and S.-A. Malmberg (1980) The contribution of theDenmark Strait overflow to the deep North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research27: 29-42.

No. 1121

Taft, B.A. and H.P. Freitag (1980) On the flow of the Kuroshio over the IzuRidge. The Kuroshio IV: 181-200. Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium forthe Cooperative Study of the Kuroshio and Adjacent Regions. SaikonPublishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

No. 1068

Torgrimson, G.M. and B.M. Hickey (1979) Barotropic and baroclinic tides overthe continental slope and shelf off Oregon. Journal of PhysicalOceanography 9: 945-961.

No. 1096

Vidal, J. (1980) Physioecology of zooplankton. I. Effects of phytoplanktonconcentration, temperature, and body size on growth rate of Calanuepacificus and Pseudocalanus sp. Marine Biology 56: 111-134.

No. 1127

Vidal, J. (1980) Physioecology of zooplankton. II. Effects of phytoplanktonconcentration, temperature, and body size on the development and moltingrates of Calanus pacificus and Psdeudocalanus sp. Marine Biology 56: 135-146.

No. 1128

Vidal, J. (1980) Physioecology and zooplankton. III. Effects of phytoplanktonconcentration, temperature, and body size on the metabolic rate ofCalanus pacificus. Marine Biology 56: 195-202.

No. 1129

Vidal, J. (1980) Physioecology of zooplankton. IV. Effects of phytoplanktonconcentration, temperature, and body size on the net productionefficiency of Calanus pacificus. Marine Bilogy 56: 203-211.

No. 1130

Ward, B.B. and M.J. Perry (1980) Immunofluorescent assay for the marineammonium-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosococcue oceanus. Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology April 1980: 913-918.

No. 1147Wearn, R.B. and D.J. Baker, Jr. (1980) Bottom pressure measurements across the

Antarctic Circumpolar Current and their relation to the wind. Deep-SeaResearch 27: 875-888.

No. 1171

68

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS TO CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Aagaard, K., 33, 44 Frost, B.W., 3, 8, 9

Ahmed, S.I., 6, 14, 15 Furlong, E.T., 16

Anderson, G.C., 1, 46

Apel, J.R., 37 Gallagher, E.D., 12Gardner, G., 40

Baker, D.J.. 31 Garmany, J., 25, 26

Balistrieri,. L.S., 19 Garver, J., 6

Banse, K., 2, 4, 5, 7, 10 Geler, S., 36, 40

Barrick, R., 16 Gelfenbaum, G., 21

Battisti, D., 39 Gibson, K., 24

Bauer, B.J., 30 Green, L.S., 47

Beck, J.R., 36, 40 Greene, C., 13

Bennett, J.T., 17 Gregg, M.C., 36

Bock, C., 40 Grundmanis, V., 18

Booker, J.R., 24

Booth, B.C., 6 Hall, M., 11

Bradt, J., 35 Halpern, D., 30

Brannon, E.L., 10 Hanzlick, D.J., 33

Bressler, S., 14 Harding, S., 32, 33

Bryan, W.B., 25 Hassett, R.P., 3

Burns, R.E., 45 Hayes, S.P., 30Hedges, J.1, 16, 20

Carpenter, R., 16, 17 Hegdahl, J.S., 25

Chan, A.T.H., 46 Heron, G.A., 9, 10

Christensen, N.I., 25, 27 Hickey, B.M., 36, 40

Clarke, A., 30, 39 Holbrook, J., 37

Clayton, J.R., 6, 14 Holloway, G., 29, 37

Coachman, L.K., 43, 44 Holmes, M.L., 27

Copping, A.A., 11, 12 Huyer, J., 36

Creager, J.S., 21Criminale, W.O., 25 Jacobs, L., 19

Crosson, R.S., 27 Jahnke, R.A., 19Jamart, B., 4, 42

Daly, K., 44, 47 Johnson, H.P., 22, 23, 25, 26

Damkaer, D.M., 10 Johnson, V., 15

Darnall, C.H., 33, 43, 44 Jumars, P.A., 4, 11, 12, 46

Davey, M.K., 29

Davis, E., 24 Kalhorn, S., 18

Delaney, J.R., 25, 26 Karsten, J., 25

Dey, D.B., 10 Kauffman, P., 30

Donahue, J., 29 Kevorkian, J., 35

Dortch, Q., 6, 14, 36 King, K., 10

Downing, J.P., 21 King, S., 15

Dworski, J.G., 29, 31, 37, 41 Kisker, D.S., 9Kovala, P.E., 29

Eckman, J.E., 11 Krause, E.J., 31

Emerson, S.R., 18, 19 Kristmannsson, S., 37

English, T.S., 9, 43, 44, 47 Kuivila, K., 18

Ertel, J., 20Ewart, T.E., 38

69

Landry, M., 3, 9 Roetcisoender, D., 9

Larsen, L.H., 22, 29, 37, 47 Roy, E., 21

Larsen, M°C., I Runge, J.A., 9

Larson, N., 31, 36Lee, H., 47 Sands, W.C., 47

Lewin, J.C., 5, 6 Sanford, T.B., 34

Lewis, B.T.R., 25, 26, 27 Sawlan, J.J., 18

Lindstrom, E., 32 Sayles, M., 32

Lister, C.R.B., 21, 24, 26 Schoener, A., 12, 13

Liu, C.-T., 28 Schumacher, J.D., 44

Long, C., 40 Self, R.F.L., 46

Lorenzen, ..J., 3, 11, 47 Shea, T., 36Shen, C., 32

Macaulay, M.C., 47 Sherwood, C., 21

Mann, D., 20 Shetye, S.R., 31

Martin, S., 30 Shi, N., 29

Maykut, G.A., 30 Smayda, T., 3

McClain, K., 26 Smith, C., 23

McCulloh, T.I1., 27 Smith, J.D., 40, 41

McElhinney, M.W., 23 Smith, R.L., 36

McManus, D.A., 21 Smith, S.W., 26

McWilliams, J.C., 32 Spooner, G.F., 33

Merrill, R.T., 10, 22, 23 Squire, V., 30

Miller, C.B., 8 Stahl, L., 9

Miller, H., 37 Sternberg, R.W., 21Mojesky, T., 24 Stewart, R.J., 21

Murray, J.W., 18, 19 Swif, J.H., 33

Nowell, A.R.M., 11, 40, 41 Tabor, J., 26Taft, B.A., 29, 32

Ohman, M., 9 Taghon, G.L., 4, 11, 12

Olsen, R.J., 2 Thompson, G., 25, 27

Ota, A., 12 Tripp, R.B., 33, 43, 44

Ozretich, R.J., 45, 46 Turin, H., 20

Ozturgut, E., 45 Tuthill, J., 25

Pearson, C.E., 35, 42 Van Geen, A., 20

Pederson, A.M., 31, 36

Perry, M.J., 1, 2 Wade, S., 26Peterson, G., 17 Walline, P., 43

Pola, N., 36 Ward, B.B., 2Prahl, F.G., 16, 17 Wearn, R.B., 31

Welander, P.L.R., 28

Quay, B., 18 Welschmeyer, N., 1, 11

Quinn, T., 10 Werner, F., 40, 47Winter, D.F., 4, 6, 42, 47

Rattray, M., 31, 41 Wong, P., 25

Reynolds, S., 38Yen, J.D.Y., 9

Ripley, D., 35, 40Roden, G.I., 35 Zakar, K., 3, 9

DT I