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AD-AL65 341 IMPORTANT EROPLRNKTON OF THE LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY AND 13PROPOSED NORFOLK .. (U) OLD DOMINION UNIV NORFOLK VRAPPLIED MARINE RESEARCH LAB A J BUTT ET AL. MR S
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T APPLIED MARINE RESEARCH LABORATORY___ OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
00 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA
U IMPORTANT MEROPLANKTON OF THE( LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY AND PROPOSEDi NORFOLK DISPOSAL SITE.
II: CRUSTACEANS AND ICHTHYOPLANKTON
By
C/) Arthur J. ButtLU Raymnond W. Alden IIIr'00 Robert J. Young, Jr.
LU
Final ReportFor the period ending December 1984 DIz DETC
SMAR11 11986
zPrepared for the *Do Department of the ArmyNorfolk District, Corps of EngineersBFort Norfolk, 803 Front StreetNorfolk, Virginia 23510
2 Uner ~Contract DACW6581C0051 1 ~II NSAE Efjcw Work Order No. 16 Aptoe t ubio iiflOGIVI
US Army CorpsOf EngineersNorfolk District
Report El- 51
March 1985
86 3 11 013~
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEIa. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS
Unclassified________________________
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6a. NAME OF PERFORMIN4G ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATIONOld Dominion University, Applie (If appicable) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Marine Research Laboratory Norfolk District6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)
Nrok VA258Norfolk. Vir2inia 23510-1096 1Ba. NAME OF FUNDINGI/SPONSORING B b. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
*ORGANIZATION U.S. Army Corps if aPAC&of Engineers, Norfolk District NAOPL; NAOIEN DACW65-81-C-0051
Sc. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERSPROGRAM PROJECT ITASK ~ WORK UNITELEMENT NO. NO. INO. ACCESSION NO.
Norfolk, Virginia 23510-1096 III?. TITLE (Include Security QaIAciafln)Important Meroplankton of the Lower Chesapeake Bay and Proposed Norfolk Disposal Site.II: Crustaeceans and Icthvonlankton12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)
Butt, A.J., R.W. Alden. III and R.J. Young.
Jr.
Final IFROM _____TO ____ 1985. March I 21916. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION
17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERA-.. (Continue on revers if necessary and identify by block numbed)FIELD GROUP SUS-GROUP lowerChspaeBymeolntnabdncaayicmu-
ity structure, larval recruitment, fishes, crustaceans,
!9. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if npcesuary an idenrtify by blOck number)Meroplankton which move through the area in ecological significant numbers are: blue crablarvae, Bay anchovy larvae, bivalve veligers, polychaete larvae, larvaceans, and the sand
* shrimp larvae.
20. OISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASS IFICATIONOUNCLASSIFIEWiUNLIMITED M SAME AS RPT. 0 DTIC USERS Unclassified
* 22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (include Area Code) 122c. OFFICE SYMBOLCraig L. Seltzer (804) 441-3767/827-37671 NAOPL-R
00D FORM 1473,84 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TH4IS PAGEAll other edition% are obsolete.
Unclassified
•~~~- -,.Z...-r--.
APPLIED MARINE RESEARCH LABORATORY
OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
NORFOLK, VIRGINIA
IMPORTANT MEROPLANKTON OF THELOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY AND PROPOSEDNORFOLK DISPOSAL SITE.
., II: CRUSTACEANS AND ICHTHYOPLANKTON
By
Arthur J. ButtRaymond W. Alden IIIRobert J. Young, Jr.
Final ReportFor the period ending December 1984
#"p
:-'"A I'? 1-.-6,Dina epart of.the-Army".TNorfl Distprict, Corpsg ofengneers1
Fort Norfolk, 803 Front Street S 1 ~Norfolk, Virginia 23510
UnderContract DACW65-81-C-0051Work Order No. 16
Submitted by theOld Dominion University Research FoundationP.O. Box 6369Norfolk, Virginia 23508
010- N STAT EMEN A&kpptowed tot pubho t6I0024
March 1985 --------~ ujini
Ae" •°.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PA G E,SECTION PG
INTRODUCTION............................................. 1
The Zooplankton Community - A Review.....................3
METHODS........................................................6
Study Area ................................... 6Sampling Regime....................................... 7Abundance (Statistical) Analysis.........................10
RESULTS................ ............................ 11
Community Structure......................................12
-'DISCUSSION.....................................................24
Larval Recruitment.......................................24.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .................................. 29
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................... 30
REFERENCES.....................................................31
APPENDICES (with List of Figures and List of Tables) .... 36
Figures..................................................39Tables...................................................91 -1,
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
*1 Study area off Virginia Beach, Virginia..................8
.1ok
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Larval decapod crustaceans collected from the LowerChesapeake Bay and Norfolk Disposal Site during1982 and 1983 ........................................ 13
2 Larval fishes collected from the Lower Chesapeake Bayand Norfolk Disposal Sites during 1982-1983 .......... 21
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IMPORTANT MEROPLANKTON OF THE LOWERCHESAPEAKE BAY AND PROPOSED NORFOLK DISPOSAL SITE.
II: CRUSTACEANS AND ICHTHYOPLANKTON
By*Arthur J. Butt, **Raymond W. Alden III,
and ***Robert J. Young, Jr.
INTRODUCTION .
Estuaries serve as a major interface between the upland
river drainage and ocean exchange. This ecological zone is unique
in its capacity to act as a high nutrient trap, resulting in an
ideal nursery for numerous larval and juvenile forms, as well as a
suitable habitat for adult foraging. However, dredging and chan-
nelization operations can adversely affect the estuarine resources
in a variety of ways. Open ocean disposal may be the most
economical and widely used disposal method. Some influences are
immediate, while others are more sublte, and may persist over the
long-term, but are no less severe. Those species that frequent "-
the estuary may be impacted.
Dredged materials are reported to affect the larvae of many
aquatic forms. An associated bioaccumulation of toxic organics
*Manager, Applied Marine Research Laboratory, Old Dominion
University, Norfolk, VA.
**Director, Applied Marine Research Laboratory, Old Dominion
University, Norfolk, VA.
***Research Assistant, Applied Marine Research Laboratory, OldDominion University, Norfolk, VA.
.. •. •.. -...o
!'7
and inorganics from resuspension of contaminated sediments may
occur. Growth inhibition and lack of resistence to stress are
noticeable responses. Short-term physiological alterations
associated with dredging often decrease the general fitness of
fishes during the critical larval development (Bell, 1973).
Interferences with migrating species are also noted (Thompson,
1973). Vision may be impaired and olfactory cues are often masked
due to suspended silts. These physiological functions are
important to both prey and predatory species.
It is well documented that zooplankton play an important
role in the transfer of energy through the aquatic food chain.
Zooplankton populations also include larvae and reproductive
stages of many benthic and nektonic species that have significant
commercial values many of these species use the Chesapeake Bay as
a nursery area. Therefore, their larval stages represent poten-
tial resources which must be considered in environmental .
assessments of man's activities. These factors, therefore, make
the studies of zooplankton population dynamics of particular
interest when investigating environmental perturbations such as
dredging operations and open water disposal.
The present study was designed to provide a descriptive
assessment of the zooplankton community, in particular, the
meroplankton and ichthyoplankton of the Hampton Roads, lower
Chesapeake Bay, and Norfolk Disposal Sites (NDS). Stations . -
representative of the dredging and open-ocean disposal sites were
sampled with respect to dominant species, ecological associations,
* spatial and temporal abundances and diversity.
2 - . .•.-"-. . . . . . . . . . . .
. 4 ..- ,
The Zooplankton Community - A Review ,.4
The zooplankton community is a complex assemblage of ,
organisms. The term plankton applies to both plants W- W'
(phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton) that passively drift
with water movements. This definition may be an oversimplifica- -
tion since many forms actively migrate in the vertical and/or
horizontal planes in varying degrees. Typically, zooplankton
classifications are reduced to encompass the proportion of time an
organism's life history stage may be spent in the planktonic 4 .
community. The holoplankton include animals such as copepods
which characteristically spend their entire life cycle in the
water column. Animals that have only a portion of their life in
the plankton are termed meroplankton. They are typified by the
larvae and early postlarval stages of many decapod crustaceans,
molluscs, polychaetes and fish. A third grouping is the
tychoplankton, or "accidental" plankton, including many benthic -
forms which are swept into a planktonic mode via tidal and wind
currents. This group also may include organisms that are active
in the water column due to some behavioral or migrating pattern
such as swarming (e.g., certain polychaetes and shrimps) (Dauer et
al., 1980).
A review of the literature yields a paucity of information
on the general composition, abundance and seasonal ity of
zooplankton in the lower Chesapeake Bay proper (Atkinson, 1973;
Browne, 1974; Crandall, 1974; Jacobs, 1978; Grant & Olney, 1979).
In general, the studies show domination of the zooplankton
community by a few major forms such as copepods. The few specific
3
* 22 . -. .< j~aA~at~ ~ . ° -
planktonic groups examined in the lower Chesapeake Bay and
surrounding estuaries were largely limited to individual species,
their life cycles, distribution or general ecology. Examples
include: decapod larvae (Sand ifer, 1972, 1973, 1975; Goy, 1976),
bivalve larvae (Chanley and Andrews, 1971), cladocerans (Bryan and
Grant, 1973; Bryan, 1974, 1977, 1979, 1983; Gilchrist, 1979),
chaetognaths (Grant, 1963, 1977), polychaete larvae (Orth, 1971),
and coelenterates (Calder, 1971; Feigenbaum and Kelly, 1982).
Grant (1977) and Jacobs (1977) both reported two definable,
seasonal zooplankton populations in the lower Chesapeake Bay. A
winter-spring community typically occurred with peak abundances o F
holoplankton around February or March. The summer-fall assemblage
was far more diverse due to the presence of meroplankton, more
specifically, fish eggs and larvae and decapod crustacean larvae.
Their principal reproductive periods are reported from June
through August and peak around August (Goy, 1976; Olney, 1978).
Recent evaluations of benthic communities in stressed
environments have become the focus of major environmental
assessment studies. In conjunction with the benthic studies,
increased interest in life history studies of many aquatic forms
has occurred, including commercially important shellfish and fish -
species that feed on benthic forms. As a result, the meroplankton
have received increasing attention, but again, only within
ki specific taxonomic groups (Morgan, 1980; McConaugha and
Provenzano, 1980; Johnson, 1981; Provenzano et al., 1983; Olney,
1983). It is unfortunate that studies of larval fishes have been .-.
neglected in most surveys.
4 a
The present study overlaps a portion of the geographic --.--
coverage of a few of the earlier studies mentioned previously;
however, it encompasses a much broader view of the community
structure which has been previously overlooked. This report
represents an overview of spatial-temporal patterns of species of
commercial interest, as well as a characterization of communities
of numerically important organisms comprising the meroplankton of
the Bay ecotone.
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METHODS
Study Area
Chesapeake Bay represents the drowned river valley of the
pleistocene-incised Susquehana River Val ley (Ludwick, 1972). It
is classified as moderately stratified with semi-diurnal tides
(Pritchard, 1967). Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries constitute
the largest estuary in the United States. The two southernmost
tributaries of the Bay are the James and Elizabeth Rivers. In
recent years, both have received increased environmental attention
due to industrial pollutants reported throughout their systems.
This study was conducted in the Hampton Roads area (lower James
River - Elizabeth River confluence), the lower Chesapeake Bay and -.
the adjacent continental shelf.
The Chesapeake Bay mouth measures 15 km between Cape Henry
and Cape Charles, and varies in depth from 4m in shoal areas to
14m in the three navigation channels. The circulation of the
Chesapeake Bay mouth has a two-layer flow pattern. There is a net
)utflow of less dense, low salinity surface water layered over a " .
* net inflow of more dense, higher salinity bottom water (Pritchard,
1955; Boicourt, 1981). Inflow of shelf water occurs in the lower
layer of the Chesapeake Channel and at the northern side of the
North Channel. The location of major fresh water sources on the
Western shore of the Bay combines with the Coriolis force to
confine the more saline water from the shelf to the eastern side
of the Bay (Boicourt, 1973) The Coriolis effect is also
evidenced by a slanted pycnocline that may intersect the surface _
near the northern channel.
-, 6
~~~~~~.'. ..."..'..'................. .................................-. _...'..._.. ._. '*.p'.. .. ",-, , , . , , .., .. , -, . .._ . .. . , ._ . .. . .. , .. . .. . . .. ... . ...'...__.. .. _. . .. . . .. ....*.. . . . .-
jjVind strength and direction can have a strong influence on
water flowing out of the Bay. Outflowing surface water from the
Bay travels toward the south as a pronounced low salinity plume.
It is influenced by both the Coriolis effect (Boicourt, 1973,
1981; Johnson, 1976) and the general southerly drift of the shelf
water off the Chesapeake Bay region of the Middle Atlantic Bight
' (Bumpus, 1973). However, inshore at the Bay mouth/continental
shelf interface, the flow pattern becomes much more dynamic due to
the synergistic interactions of wind, vertical decoupling at the SL
pycnocline and tidal prism patterns (Boicourt and Hacker, 1976;
Boicourt, 1981; Johnson et al., 1983).
. Sampling Regime
A total of eleven (11) stations were selected to monitor
baseline conditions prior to the proposed deepening of navigation
* channels in Hampton Roads and the lower Chesapeake Bay and the
* associated open ocean disposal site (Fig. 1) Three of the
stations were located in the mouths of the James and Elizabeth
. Rivers and their confluence (Stations 5, 6, and 7). The Thimble
. Shoals and Chesapeake Bay navigation channels were sampled with a
four station transect (Stations 1, 2, 4 and 10), while three
additional stations were distributed across the channels of the
- middle and upper Chesapeake Bay mouth (3, 8 and 9). The last
station designated the Norfolk Disposal Site (NDS) was placed in
• the middle of the proposed dredged material disposal site. This
*" station was approximately 27 km east of the Bay mouth.
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Monthly samples were scheduled for the Bay mouth (Stations
8, 9 and 10) and NDS stations in order to monitor the two-
definable seasonal zooplankton communities. A winter versus
summer seasonal sampling regime was maintained for the inner most
stations 4, 5, 6 and 7) with monthly sampling conducted from -
October through April and semi-monthly sampling made from May
through September during the more active reproductive periods.
Due to the major volume of water exchange in and around the
Thimble Shoal Chesapeake Channels, Stations 1, 2, and 3 were
sampled year-round on a semi-monthly schedule.
The plankton samples were collected with oblique, bongo tows
from approximately one meter above the bottom to the surface. An .-'-.
identical second tow was performed. A duplicate sequence of tows
was performed with a different mesh net producing a total of
I eight oblique tows per station. The two mesh sizes were 153P and
355u . In addition, the top 12-15 cm of the sea surface was
sampled with a one-meter neuston net. These two tow types sampled
identical cross-sectional areas and were made with the 353u mesh.
They were taken at Stations 8, 9, 10 and NDS. Four neuston tows
were made per station for five minutes each. Calibrated mechani-
cal flowmeters were used in each net to calculate relative
abundance per volume.
Ancillary data was collected at each station and during all
sampling months. Such data included temperature, salinity,
conductivity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) readings taken one meter
below the surface and one meter above the bottom. The Beckman RS-
5 induction salinometer was used for all physical data collection
except DO which employed an air cal ibrated YSI probe.
9
. . . . . . . *.. .- p * * *. . *- *.*.-..
Measurements of phytoplankton standing crop were also taken
(Marshall and Alden, 1985).
The samples were fixed with 7% buffered formaldehyde and
transported to the laboratory for sorting. The CVS subsampling
method was employed using sieve fractions of 20001, 8501, 600P,
and 350P, (Alden et al., 1982). Identifications and enumerations
of meroplankton, ichthyoplankton and tycoplankton were made.
Abundance (Statistical) Analysis
Species selections were based on either numerical or
commercial importance. The a priori criteria for "numerical
important" groups was based on abundance estimates of 10/m 3 in at
least 5% of the observations. Commercially important groups were -.-'-
selected for species represented by the local commercial and
recreational fisheries.
%
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RESULTS
4. * '.1,.- .
Over 240 life stages of diverse taxa were examined in the
meroplankton collections taken from the lower Chesapeake Bay and . .
NDS. A detailed list of the species is provided (Table Al). A
*' summary of statistics for each taxonomic group in any given tow _____
- type/station combination is included (Table A2). The taxonomic
-. groups considered "numerically important" along with site/tow type
combination information is given in Table A3. The grand means for
each site/tow type are presented for comparison purposes. Twenty
taxonomic groups met the criteria: (in alphabetical order) bivalve
larvae, Callianassa spp., Callinectes sapidus zoeae and megalopae,
Cancer irroratus zoeae, Crangon septemspinosa larvae, Engraulidae
fish eggs (Anchoa mitchilli?), unidentified fish eggs, gastropod
larvae, larvaceans, Lucifer faxoni, Mysidopsis bigelowi, Neomysis
americana, Pagurus spp. zoeae, phoronids, Pinnixa spp. zoeae,
Pinnotheres spp. zoeae, Sciaenidae fish eggs, Uca (minax?) sp.
zoeae, Upogebia affinis larvae, and xanthid larvae.
Certain of the groups were not truly meroplankton (e.g.
larvaceans, phoronids, Lucifer faxoni and mysids). However, their
occurrences were included because of their ecological role in the -
overall community structure of the study area.
A closer examination of potential commercially important
groups in the region were added to the list. Most of the larvae
were ichthyoplankton and included the following larval species:
Bothus ocellatus, Etropus microstomus, Paralichthys dentalus,
Scophthalmus aquosus, Trinectes macalatus, Cynoscion regalls,
Leiostomus xanthurus, Micropogonias undulatus, Pomatomus saltatrix
11. ,."" ",
-.* -,.'/,F_/. ".:.:,* '. .-. '." -'" . . ".I I > * - ~ *~~ . . . * .
and Brevoortla tyrannus. Ammodytes hexapterus was included
because of its importance as food for other fish in the region. _,_'_
Bothid, sciaenid and other fish eggs were also included for
comparative purposes.
Important taxonomic groups were assembled so that similar
taxa would be found together (Table A3). The means and standard
errors are presented only for cruises where there are at least one
non-zero abundance value. The mean abundances of the groups at
the various sites over time are presented for both oblique and
neuston tows (when applicable) (Figs. Al to A51)• Fish species ,
with trace levels less than .05/m 3 were not included in tables or
*~ figures.
Results of blue crab, rock crab and oyster larvae abundances
were detailed in another report and are not included (Butt et al.,
1985). Similar taxonomic groups were discussed for ease of
presentation. The most common and/or most abundant species are
initially presented followed by less dominant (or subordinate)
forms. .-.. .
" , . -" *
Community Structure
Eleven noncommercial decapod crustaceans were presented as
"numerically important" from over fifty (50) different crustacean
identified during the study period (Table 1). Among the
meroplankton the larvae of the mud shrimp Upogebia affinis were
found throughout the lower Bay and Bay mouth stations in moderate
numbers (Table A2). However, highest concentrations were reported
along the inner Thimble Shoal Channel stations (2, 4 and 5) and
12
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TABLE 1
LARVAL DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS COLLECTED FROMTHE LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY AND NORFOLK DISPOSAL SITE
DURING 1982 AND 1983
Class Crustacea 4.9%
Subclass MalacostracaOrder Decapoda
Suborder NatantiaSection Penaeidae
Family SergestidaeLucifer faxoniAcetes americanus
-' Family PenaeidaeTrachyenaeus constrictus
Section CarideaFamily Palaernonidae
Paleomonetes spp.
Family AlpheidaeAlpheus normanfli -V.Ar-Neterochaelis
Family OgyridaeOgyrides limicola
Family HippolytidaeHippolyte Pleuracantha
Family CrangonidaeCrangon septemspinosa
Suborder ReptantiaSection Macrura
Family Callianassidaek.L4Callianassa ACallianassa BCallanassa C
Family UpogebiidaeUpogebia affinis
Family LaomediidaeNaushonla crangonoides
13
!67.
47-
TABLE 1(Continued)
Section AnomuraFamily Porcellanidae
EuceramUS DraelongusPolyonyx gibbesi
Suborder Reptantia (Continued)Section Anomura (Continued)
Family Paguridaea ru longi car pus -
Vagurus spp.
Family HippidaeEmerita talpoida
Family AlbuneidaeLepidopa websteri (?
Section BrachyuraFamily Portunidae
Callinectes sapidusOvalipes s pp .Portunus spp.
Family CancridaeCancer irroratus
Family XanthidaeEurypanopeus depressusHexapanopeus angustifronsNepnp texana sayiPanopeus herbstiiRhithropenopeus harrisli
Family Pinnotheridae
Pinnixa cylindrica7Piixi sayanaPinnixa spp.Pmnnotheres maculatusPinnotheres ostreum -
PinniT xia A UPinnotheres crab
Family Grapsidae -~...~ ~Sesarma cinereum
Family OcypodidaeUca spp.Tc-pode guadrata
14*.
TABLE 1(Continued) ~'.
Family MajidaeLibinia, spp.
Family SquillidaeSquilla. empusa protozoeaSquilla sp. antizoea
I Order MysidaceaF Family Mysidae
Nemyi americana
Metamysidipis mundaHeteromysis formosa
Incerti settusShrimp26
K Shrimp 6
Megalopa A
lpMegalopa BCrusacan 1Crustacean 2
I
15
Station 3, with peak mean abundance (x=30/m 3 ) at the James River
station (No. 6). Pagurid (hermit crab) zoeae had the largest mean '.
abundance (x=192/m3 ) of the noncommercial decapod meroplankters.
They were reported mainly from subsurface waters along the Bay
mouth (Stations 1, 2, and 9) (Figs. Al and A2), and were dominated
by the species Pagurus longicarpus. Its major occurrence extended
from June through October, with a peak in August and September.
The pea crabs (Pinnotheridae) were represented by larvae of
Pinnixa spp. and Pinnotheres spp. (Figs. A3, A4, A5 and A6,
respectively). Pinnixa spp., represented by three species,
occurred in the subsurface waters of the Bay mouth stations (2, 3
and 9). Their occurrence began as early as May, with peak
abundances in September; however, individuals appeared in the
plankton in late November or early December. Pinnotheres spp.
zoeae exhibited a similar pattern with lower numbers per unit
volume. These species were reported most frequently at the inner
most stations (4, 5, 6 and 7) over the two years. Peak abundances
of the pinnotherids occurred in late July, August and September,
and were dominated by P. ostreum.
The fiddler crab (Uca spp.) was observed in both neuston and
oblique tows (Figs. A7 and A8). Their period of occurrence
extended from June through October; however, a few larvae were
found as late as December and February. Peak abundances occurred
at the Bay mouth stations (8 and 9), particularly during the
second year. They were recorded with modest numbers at the inner- -
most station (No. 7) and a few offshore at NDS. Their numbers
were much higher from oblique tows at the Bay mouth stations;
16
* . . . .. .* - . - -
ULhowever, the few at NDS were from the neuston. Uca minor is be-
lieved to be the dominant species found. Xanthid (mud) crab zoeae
were predominantly observed in the oblique tows from as early as
May to as late as December (Figs. A9 and A10). Major peaks '
occurred in August and September along Thimble Shoal Channel and
near the mouth of the James River (Stations 2, 4, 5 and 6). Very
few xanthid zoeae were found in the neuston tows. Therefore, it
is assumed that this group resides in more saline subsurface
waters. Zoeae of Neopanope taxanna sayi were the most prevalent
of the five species reported in the lower Bay. Callianassa spp. --
larvae were mostly observed in oblique tows from June through
September (Figs. All and A12). Their abundances were greatest at
the Bay mouth stations (2, 3 and 10) during 1982. The only major
occurrence for both years was from Station 3 by Ca llianassa sp. A.
Among the shrimp-like groups, the sand shrimp Crangon
septemspinosa is the dominant form. Its larvae appeared in early
March and peaked in April, May and June during the two years.
Stations 1, 2, 3 and 10 exhibitea the greatest abundances from
oblique tows; however, occurrences were recorded at all stations ..
including NDS (Figs. A13 and A14). Neuston tows showed moderate
occurrences at Stations 9 and 10. This pattern was primarily
during the first year of the study. Two mysid shrimps were
recorded with regularity during the study period. Neomysis
americana was the dominant species with peak abundances noted in
late summer (August, September and October) (Figs. A15 and A16).
It was well represented at most stations during much of the year;
however, N. americana was most frequently collected from oblique
tows at Stations 5, 6 and 2, with peak concentrations at the "
17
.* .. . * . . .*
.1, A. ". vj
former station (x >25/m 3). Larvae of another mysid shrimp,
Mysidopsis bigelow, were observed in the fall and early spring
(Figs. A17 and A18). It occurred in peak abundances at NOS in
both oblique and neuston tows during 1982; however, it was largely
restricted to oblique tows from the Bay mouth stations (1, 3, 9
and 10) the subsequent year. Larvae of the holoplankter Lucifer
faxoni occurred in the study areas in late June with peaks in
August and September (1982 - 1983, respectively) at the outer
stations (Figs. A19 and A20). Maximum numbers for the two years
were recorded from NDS.
Among the fish eggs, engraulid fish eggs clearly were
dominant. The eggs began to appear in March and April and
increased in abundance in May through July (Figs. A21 and A22).
High concentrations were reported from both oblique and neuston
tows for the Bay mouth stations during the two years; however, few
were reported at NOS. There appeared to be a great deal of
variability between years and stations. Neuston tows from
Stations 10 and 8 showed peak abundances in 1982 while oblique
tows were highest the following year from the southern
channels (Station 2:>"x= 80/m 3 ). Moderate numbers were reported
from the inner stations (x <30/m 3). Most of these eggs are
bel ieved to be those of the Bay anchovy.
The occurrence of sciaenid eggs matched the seasonal trends
of the engraulids; however, their mean abundances were more
conservative for both neuston and oblique tows (Figs. A23 and
A24). The Bay mouth stations represented the areas of greatest
concentrations during July and August; however, eggs were also
18
* o •
P collected at the two most distant stations (7 and NDS). Peak mean
abundances for the two years occurred at Station 9 (x>70/m3 ), with. .
average abundances over the study period much lower (i<10/m3).
Most of the eggs presumably belong to the weakfish.
The number of bothid eggs collected were not enough to make
the initial filter. They were collected as early as March,
however, their occurrences extended in low numbers through
November (Figs. A25 and A26).
The category "other fish eggs" contained all unidentified
eggs (Figs. A27 and A28). Their abundances paral leled the
seasonal trends described above for engraulid and bothid eggs.
Their numbers tended to be higher in 1983 and localized near the
Bay mouth stations (4, 8 and 9) from both oblique and neuston
tows. It is interesting to note that they were more abundant at
the lower Bay mouth and inner stations (4, 5 and 7) the previous
year.
A list of the larval fishes collected during the study
period is shown in Table 2. Their numbers were low in comparison
to the crustaceans counted. Among the flatfishes Scophthalmus
aquosus (windowpane) larvae and Etropus microstomus (smal lmouth)
1. larvae were most frequent (Figs. A29, A30, A31, and A32,
respectively). Scophthalmus aquosus larvae peaked in July at the
Bay mouth (Stations 1, 3 and 9) and NDS from subsurface waters.
Etropus microstomus larvae exhibited a similar pattern except
their abundances were noted the following months (August and
September) from Stations 1, 2, 3 and 9. Larvae of the summer
flounder Paralichthys dentatus were collected during the fall and
winter from subsurface waters (Fig. A33). The hogchoker Trinectes
19
..- ,* *-.-- .. * *-. .- - *-- .-. -..-,*
maculatus was collected mainly during the summer of the second
year and from the lower Bay stations (1, 2, 4, 6, 7 and 10) (Fig.
A34). Bothus ocellatus larvae were seldom observed in the study I
are a.
Sciaenid fish larvae were observed in trace amounts
throughout most of the study period, and predominantly at the .. 4
lower Bay mouth stations (1, 2, 3 and 8). The weakfish Cynoccion
regalis (Fig. A35) occurred in July and August from subsurface
waters while the spot Leiostomus xanthurus (Fig. A36) were
observed in April. A few larvae of the croaker Micropogonius
undulatus (Fig. A37) were collected in September from Stations 1,
3, and 4. . -
The Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli exhibited the greatest
abundance during the study. This species is probably responsible
for the numerous engraulid eggs observed. Their larvae peaked
from June through August in the subsurface waters (Figs. A38 and
A39). The Bay mouth stations were best represented; however,
occurrences were reported at Station 7 and offshore at NDS. The
sand lance larvae, Ammodytes hexapterus, occurred during the
winter-spring at Stations 1, 3, 8 and NDS (Figs. A40 and A41).
Other larvae such as mullet (Mugil spp.), blue fish (Pomatomus
saltatrix) and menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) were reported in
only trace levels (Figs. A42, A43 and A44, respectively). All
three were collected at NDS in the neuston; however, only the
menhaden and blue fish were observed inshore: Brevoortia tlrannus
at Station 8 in November and Pomatomus saltatrix at Station 2 in
August.
20
-- -- -- -- % k .- r " 0 - a - 2----
TABLE 2
LARVAL FISHES COLLECTED FROM THE LOWERCHESAPEAKE BAY AND NORFOLK DISPOSAL SITES
DURING 1982-1983
Temp. (OC),Spawns Salinity, Location
Family Anguillidae - eels -
*Anguilla rostrata Mid-winter
Family Ophichthidae* Leptocephalus larvae
Family Clupeidae - herrings*Brevoortia tyrannus Fall & Spring 10-18 0C, Coastal -
Family Engraulidae - anchovyAnchoa hepsetus May - Aug 20-250 C, 20 ppt
-Anchoa mitchilli May - Sep 15-300C, estuarine
*Family Lophiidae - goosefishes*Lophius americanus Apr -Jul inshore
Family Gadidae - codfishesUrophycis chuss Summer 5-10 0C, offshoreUrphyis regius Fall - Winter offshoreEnchelyopus cimbrius
Family Ophidiidae - cusk eels-Rissola marginata Summer & Fall inshore
Family Atherinidae -silversides
*Menidia spp. Apr -Aug 140C+, inshore
*Family Syngnathidae - pipefishes and seashores*Hippocampus erectus May - Sept 200C+ Cestuarine
Syngnathus fuscus May - Oct 15-206C estuarine
* Family Pomatomidae - bluefishPomatomus saltatrix June -Aug 18-26 0C, inshore
Family Uranoscopidae - stargazersAstroscopus guttatus Spring
Family (4ugilidae -mullets
Mugil cephalus Nov - Feb 150 C*Mugil eurema Spring - Summer 200C
*Family Gobiidae - gobiesGoblosoma bosci May -Sep 150C, shallow
21
TABLE 2.2 (Continued)
Temp. (OC)
Spawns Salinity, Location
Family Blenniidae -blennies -
-~Hypsoblennius hentzi May -Sep 200C, estuarine
* Family Stromateidae - butterfishPeprilus triacanthus June -Aug 180 C, offshore
Fami ly Trig lidaePrionotus carolinus May -Oct 14-230C, offshore A
Family CottidaeMyoxocephal us -
octodecemspinosus Nov -Dec 32 ppt, estuarine
Family Sciaenidae - drumsSCynoscion regalis May - Aug 18-250C, 15 ppt
Leiostouus xanthurus Dec - Mar 150C, inshore *
NTicroogoias undulatus Oct - Feb 110C, offshorePooiscromis May - Jun 150OC+, 20 ppt
lai chrysura May - Jul 150C+, 25 pptBthus- elau MaTndNvinhr
Family Both idae - left eye floundersErpsmicrostomus May - Aug inshore .--
ParicThthys dentatus Aug - Feb inshore
Scophthalmus. aguosus Apr - Dec 8-170C, coastal
Family Pleuronectidae - right eye floundersGlyptocephalus cynoglossus May - Jul 9-100C, nearshore
Family Soleidae - soleskTrinectes maculatus May -Sep 200C, 10-16 ppt .1J
Family Cynoglossidae -tongue fishesSymehurus Plagiusu June -Aug()
*Family Gobiesocidae - cling fishesGobiesox strumosus
Family Tetraodontidae - puffersSphoeroldes maculatus May - Sep nearshore, 12 ppt
Family Ammodytidae -sand lanceAmmodytes sp. Dec - Apr 6-11 0C, inshore
22
. .
Additional plankters were considered "important" groups in
the region. Larvaceans occurred in high numbers (x>lOO/m3 )
throughout the Bay mouth stations during the two years (Fig. A45). W
Greatest abundances were recorded from the tows with the smaller
mesh size (153 micron); however, they were well represented in the
oblique tows from the larger mesh size as wel 1 (Table A2).
Polychaete larvae were reported from all station samples.
Spionids represented by Poj_1dora spp. dominated with high
abundances (-1OO/m 3 ) at Stations 5, 10, 7, 6 and 8 (Fig. A46).
Magelonids were mostly reported at Bay mouth stations (8, 10 and
9) but in far more conservative numbers (Fig. A47). Similar
trends were noted for trochophore and nectochaete larvae (Fig.
A48). Bivalve larvae had the highest reported mean abundances for
all species studied (Fig. A49). Oyster larvae were restricted to
the inner stations (Fig. A50) (see Butt et al., 1985 for review).
Phoronids exhibited the most conservative abundances (x<10/m3 )
(Fig. A51). Greatest abundance values were recorded from tows
equipped with the smaller mesh nets (153 micron).
.. " ". °. .1.
23
-, °'.°%" °IF
Larval Recruitment
There is a net seasonal flow of water in most estuaries.
Associated with this water mass transport are planktonic forms
that may be carried seaward away from parental stocks. In
addition, the dynamic circulation patterns of water within an
estuary complicates the study of planktonic population dynamics by
increasing the potential for broader geographic distributions.
Benthic populations with planktonic larvae are particularly
susceptable. However, re-invasion mechanisms, either physical or
behavioral, serve to return or retain larvae and juveniles to a
parental habitat.
The meroplankton of the lower Chesapeake Bay and coastal
biotone tend to be dominated by seasonal pulses of a relatively
few taxa. Four basic patterns of recruitment of these planktonic -
larvae to the estuarine/neritic environments are apparent. They
are: 1) estuarine forms may be retained in the estuary during
their complete life cycle; 2) estuarine forms may be carried
seaward by outflow circulation patterns and re-invade at a later
cycle; 3) coastal forms may be drawn into the estuary via tidal
currents and later migrate to the neritic zone; and 4) coastal
forms remain offshore. The estuarine water column of Chesapeake
Bay has been described as a stratified two-layered system: low
salinity surface waters overlaying a more dense higher saline -
bottom water mass. These density currents interact with local
tidal currents to produce net flow at each depth: outflowing
24.24 % '
.*..*.-v.--........*...'...-.....
surface vs. inflowing bottom waters. A species' vertical location
in the water masses determines its relative horizontal displace- ,
ment. It is unlikely that any one reproductive strategy is
limited solely to the above patterns. However, retention/re-inva-
sion mechanisms are described for several benthic invertebrate
larval forms that combine behavioral adaptations with circulation
patterns (Bousfield, 1955; Carriker, 1951; Sandifer, 1975;
Scheltema, 1975; Goy, 1976; Sulkin et al., 1980; and others).
Most of the decapod crab species observed during the present
study are considered to be "estuarine." Xanthid (mud) crab larvae
were "numerically important components to the plankton in the
lower Bay. They occurred in the subsurface water layers allowing
• them to be retained in the estuary. Those larvae that may be
• .transported beyond the Bay mouth descend to the deeper waters.
This processes allows for re-invasion along an inshore gyre or
with the inflowing waters of the two-layered flow pattern
associated with the Bay (Butt and Alden, 1985). Similar larval
distributional patterns were exercised by the Pinnotherid crabs.
Pinnotheres spp. and Pinnixa spp. are retained for the most part,
in the middle to lower regions of estuaries (Pinschmidt, 1963; .
Tagatz, 1968; and Sandifer, 1972) or are associated with the mouth
of the estuary (Dudley and Judy, 1971). The pinnixid crab larvae
were reported most abundant in the Bay mouth, suggesting the
presence of local breeding populations associated with the
artificial islands of the Bay Bridge-Tunnel. Their numbers
dramatically decrease seaward (Sandifer, 1972; Johnson, 1982; Butt
and Alden, 1985). The mud shrimp and pagurid crabs show similar
ecological trends. Ecological havens for other planktonic larvae
25
. -.-'-* .
............. .-
have been noted in the Bay (Manning and Whaley, 1954; Chamberlain,
1962). Restricted circulation traps larvae and accounts for __
repeated heavy sets of oysters (Manning and Whaley, 1954; Haskin, p
1964) and barnacles (Bousfield, 1955).
Chesapeake Bay is of particular interest when one considers _
its size and the influence it exerts offshore. Short term dis- :.,-',
truptions to routine flow patterns around the Bay mouth are com-
mon. It is reported that strong winds can produce outflow surges
resulting in a 10% volume reduction in Chesapeake Bay over 48
hours (Boicourt, 1973). Re-invasion mechanisms have been suggested"----4..
for certain species of crabs (Callinectes and Uca) where their
larvae are routinely transported offshore (Tagatz, 1968; Smyth,
1980; Christy and Stancyk, 1982; McConaugha et al., 1983;
Provenzano et al., 1983). Larval development continues during
"* this transport phase. Similar ontogenetic migrations are reported
for estuarine species where earliest stage larvae are found in
surface layers, with later stages more prevalent near Dottom
waters (Sandifer, 1975; Goy, 1976). Recent studies tend to sup-
port this contention with respect to the fiddler and blue crabs
(see Butt et al., 1985; Butt and Alden, 1985; Johnson, 1982;
Provenzano et al., 1982; McConaugha et al., 1983). The early
stage larvae are transported offshore with the Bay plume, however,
" re-invasion occurs in the later larval stages through a wind-
driven corridor(s) that is only partially understood. Larvae of -'--
the blue crab constituted a major component to the meroplankton
community at NDS.The larvae of other major groups of decapods exhibit
26
4. 4*--.4-,.
distributional patterns rather different from that previously
described. Some neritic/coastal or pelagic species may be found
in the Bay. Larvae of the rock crab have been classified as
'. a "retained shelf" form that seldom enter the Bay (Sandifer, 1972;• t" -- .- "b
Johnson, 1982). Their zoeae are carried inshore by subsurface
tidal currents. The megalopae, in turn, migrate to the surface to
avoid entrainment into the estuaries (Johnson, 1972; Butt et al- "
1985 a).
Larvae of the sand shrimp has been reported as the dominant
decapod larval form in previous studies of Chesapeake Bay
(Sandifer, 1972; Goy, 1976). Apparently, its larvae are from an
indigenous population found in the region. Mysid shrimps are
epibenthic forms similar to the sand shrimp. They too play an
important role in the food chain of inshore waters. Mysidopsis
bigelowi tended to be found at NDS throughout the water column; -;-.
however, it dominated the neuston tows at that station. Its
occurrence inshore was restricted to subsurface waters from the
Bay mouth. The distribution pattern of the estuarine mysid
Neomysis americana was clearly indicative of a nearshore/estuarine
source. In this study, this species was found in bottom waters
from the lower Bay; however, it is reported to frequent the sur-
f face waters d ur ing the e ven ing h ou rs (Hopk in s, 1965)
It is often difficult to fully appreciate abundance
estimates reported for plankton from widely divergent groups that
occupy different social structures in the plankton community. The
numbers of fishes larvae col lected during this study were not--
sufficient to be considered "numerically important." However,
their numerical abundances are not expected to match or be
27
.'- . .. - * ,.),'i . . . ,* . .. *.,.*.*..-*_* , .'-*°'. .... ° ..- * - .- . - .--. * . *-.,.2 .. . . . . . .,. . .- .. *-o ., % ,
0* %
comparable to abundance estimates for the crustaceans described
above.
The Bay Anchovy appears to dominate among the fishes in the
study area. Their eggs (engraulid fish eggs) are believed to
dominate the egg counts during the summer months. Anchoa mitchiIIi
is classified as an inshore form (Fahay, 1975). Fahay (1975) ."*- *.
noted that many species of bothids and sciaenids spawn offshore
and the larvae migrate inshore during development. The few larvae
that were collected during this study were predominantly located
at the lower Bay mouth stations.
Aside from the Bay anchovy, the largest numbers of important
fish larvae collected belonged to the flatfishes. Among these the
windowpane and smallmouth flounders were most frequent. They
spawn along inshore waters during the summer months except larvae
of the smallmouth flounder were found a little later in the season
(September). The summer flounder exhibited a winter spawning.
IF AF
2828 IF
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ,',".
Many of the estuarine species maintain reproductive
strategies that allow their larval forms to be retained within the
vicinity of parent populations. Larvae of these forms select the
subsurface waters preventing their explusion from the estuary.
Other species routinely are carried offshore in the surface . .
waters. Notable among the crustaceans are the blue crabs that -"
undergo entogenetic development offshore and re-invade the estuary
as juveniles. A number of offshore spawners were found primarily
seaward of the Bay mouth (e.g. Cancer Irroratus larvae, and
Mysidopsis bigelowi); however, they visit the inshore zone via
subsurface currents. The only taxonomic groups of meroplankton
that appear to apparently move through the study area in
ecologically significant numbers are the blue crab larvae, the Bay
anchovy larvae, bivalve veligers, polychaete larvae, larvaceans -
and the sand shrimp larvae.
29
-29:Y.".N
ACKNOULEDGENENTS
The authors wish to express their appreciation to the
taxonomists who spent hours with the microscopes. Particular...'
thanks are extended to Ken Kemidy, Donna VanKeuren, Jeanb e.
Stankovich, Jacqueline Annis, and Anthony Rodi. Additional thanks
are given to the field crews of the AMRL vessel R/V Zoea, and NOAA
vessel R/V Laid]y. Final results were made possible due to the
dedicated data processors who managed the massive data sets and
never dying mainframe. They are John Seibel, David Wade and
Martha Norris.
This research was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Norfolk District under Contract DACW65-81-C-0051.
i .
-.. -
30
..- . *:-- .
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34 ..
& ....... ... *. . . .
Provenzano, A.J., J.R. McConaugha, K.B. Phil ips, D.F. Johnson,and J. Clark. 1983. Vertical distribution of 1st stageof larvae of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus, at the mouth .1..
a of the Chesapeake Bay: Estuar. Coast. Shel ci. 16(5):489-499.
Sandifer, P.A. 1972. Morphology and ecology of Chesapeake Baydecapod crustacean larvae. Ph.D. Dissertation, UVA(unpublished). 532 pp.
Sandifer, P.A. 1973. Distribution and abundance of decapodcrustacean larvae in the York River estuary and adjacentlower Chesapeake Bay, Va. 1968-1969. Ches. Sci.14(4) :235-237.
Sandifer, P.A. 1975. The role of pelagic larvae in recruitmentto populations of adult decapod crustaceans in the YorkRiver estuary and adjacent lower Chesapeake Bay. Estuar.Coast. Mar. Sci. 3:269-279.
Scheltema, R.S. 1975. Relationship of larval dispersal, geneflow and natural selection to geographic variation ofbenthic invertebrates in estuarine and along coastalregions. In: Estuarine Research Vol. I (Cronin, L.E., ed.).372-39 1 pp.
Smyth, P.O. 1980. Callinectes (Decapoda: Portunidae) larvae inthe middle Atlantic Bight, 1975-77. Fishery Bulletin, U.S.78:251-265. -;
- Sulkin, S.D., W. van Heukelem, P. Kelley, and L. van Heukelem.1980. The behavorial basis of larval recruitment in thecrab Cal linectes sapidus Rathbun: A laboratory investigationof ontogenetic changes in geotaxis and barokinesis.Biological Bulletin 159, 402-417 pp.
Tagatz, M.E. 1968. Biology of the blue crab, Cal linectes saildusRathbun, in the St. Johns River, Florida Fishery Bulletin,U.S. 67: 17-33.
Thompson, J.R. 1973. Ecological effects of offshore dredging andbeach nourishment. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coast.Eng. Res. Ctr., Washington, DC, Misc. Rep., 73 pp.
I
3 5 'S-.-.-'
APPENDICES
-CW.
36
LIST OF FIGURES ,"16
FIGURE PAGE.
Al to A51 Abundance (f/m3 ) of important meroplanktongroups by date. The numbers indicate themean values of four replicates for the towtype (tow type I = 153v oblique; two type 2= 353p neuston; tow type 3 = 353w oblique)at the station. The station locations areoutlined in Fig. I of the text. Most ofthe fiqures are log1o scale except for afew fish species ............................... "
LIST OF TABLES I
TABLE PAGE
A1 Summary statistics for each station/towtype combination. Tow type I = 153 micronoblique tows. Tow type 2 = the neustontows, while tow type 3 = the oblique tows,both are 353 microns. The "MNMNABUN"column are the grant means of the speciesoccurrences from the individual cruisemeans (n=4) for the station/tow type, while"SEMNABUR" are the standard errors of thesevalues. The "MXMNABUN" are the maximumcruise means observed for the station/tow type. The "POCCUR" column is the per-cent occurrence of the groups for the sta-tion/tow type. The "PCOVER" values repre-sent the percent occurrence of the groupsover an abundance level of 1 /m3 forthe station/tow type ........................... . 91
A2 The taxonomic groups that met theabundance/occurrence criteria of 1O/m 3 inat least 5% of all observations and thestation/tow types for which they met thecriteria. The "MNHNABUND" column has thesame meaning as in Table Al. Tow type 11:i 3 1 oblique; tow type 2 = 353 p neuston;and tow type 3 35311 oblique . .................. 126
37
iT W.°'" J, -: "
[ II %"~ % W
N LIST OF TABLES(Continued)
TABLE PAGE _
A3 The abundance data for importantmeroplankton groups of the study area. Thevalues are the means of four replicates, a- %
while the values in parentheses are thestandard errors. The order of presentationis the same as that in the text: decapodcrustaceans, fish eggs and larvae(flatfish, sciaenids and others) and otherinvertebrate larvae (bivalves, polychaetes,larvaceans and phoronids). Station, towtypes and corresponding mesh sizes (153 and353 micron) are noted .......................... 134
38
* '., . a a / .. .a,. .
.. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . ..a-.
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Figs. Al Abundance (i/rm 3 ) of important mero- .--
to A51 plankton groups by date. The numbersindicate the mean values of fourreplicates for tow type (tow type 1 =153 U oblique; tow type 2 = 353p neuston;tow type 3 = 35311 oblique) at thestation. The station locations are .outlined in Figure 1 of the text. Mostof the figures are log 10 scale exceptfor a few fish species.
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91
,. .. . . .. . . . .... .. .
-- A165 341 IMPORTANT NEROPLANKTON OF THE LONER CHESAPEAKE IM' AND) 2/3PROPOSED NORFOLK D.. CU) OLD DOMINION UNIY NORFOLK VAAPPLIED MARINE RESEARCH LAB A J BUTT ET AL. MAR 85
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Table A2. The taxonomic groups that met th-abundance/occurrence criteria of 10/m .in at least 5% of all observations and .-the station/tow types for which they metthe criteria. The "NNNNABUND" columnhas the same meaning as in Table Al.Tow type 1 = 1531 oblique; tow type 2 =..3 5 3 p neuston; and tow type 3= 3 5 3 p.ob I i q ue.
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Table A3. The abundance data for importantmeroplankton groups of the study area.The values are the means of four replicates, while the values inparentheses are the standard errors.The order of presentation is the same as _ .that in the text: decapod crustaceans,fish eggs and larvae (flatfish, sciaenids and others) and otherinvertebrate larvae (bivalves,polychaetes, larvaceans, and phoronids).Station, tow types and correspondingmesh sizes (153 and 353 micron) arenoted.
134
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