reducing uncertainty in satellite ocean color products with measurements made from gliders and...
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Update since ALPS meeting in 2003 – Iridium 2-way communications – unattended Gliders (directional, but slow) – long endurance ~ 9.5 mo. – depths to 1,000+ m; hurricanes – 450 miles under ice – always adding new sensors Floats (go w/ the flow; diversity) – bio-ARGO floats, 3+ yr – Lagranigan floats, pick- up truck load of bio-optical & other sensors Sensors –– need to be small, low-power, robust; issues of cal, drift, fouling: CTD, chl and CDOM fluorescence, optical backscatter ( ), beam c, O 2, nitrate, PAR, Ed ( ), Lu ( ), LOPC, sediment traps, turbulence, current meter, carbon flux, PIC, etc. Near term, add other C-cycle sensors.TRANSCRIPT
reducing uncertainty in satellite ocean color products with measurements made from gliders and floats
M.J. Perry, UMaine Herve Claustre, LOVKen Johnson, MBARI
Craig Lee & Eric D’Asaro, UWEmmanuel Boss, UMaine
Brandon Sackmann, WDOE
NASA Ocean Color Research Team Meeting 4-6 May 2009, New York City
The ocean below –
What can gliders and floats do for NASA’s Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program ?
CSZC in 1978: first ‘big’ picture, synoptic view ––> major advances in understanding phytoplankton processes, inter-annual variability, bio-physical connectivity, global primary production, etc.
‘Arrays’ of gliders and floats: * persistent presence (unlike ships) * spatial information (unlike moorings) * vertical presence (unlike satellites)
Combined sensing w / satellites ––> new opportunities for major advances
Update since ALPS meeting in 2003– Iridium 2-way communications– unattended
Gliders (directional, but slow) – long endurance ~ 9.5 mo.– depths to 1,000+ m; hurricanes – 450 miles under ice– always adding new sensors
Floats (go w/ the flow; diversity)
– bio-ARGO floats, 3+ yr – Lagranigan floats, pick- up truck
load of bio-optical & other sensorsSensors –– need to be small, low-power, robust; issues of cal, drift,
fouling: CTD, chl and CDOM fluorescence, optical backscatter (), beam c, O2, nitrate, PAR, Ed (), Lu (), LOPC, sediment traps, turbulence, current meter, carbon flux, PIC, etc. Near term, add other C-cycle sensors.
1) Data even when cloudy, vertical distribution of variables, mixed layer depth, etc.
2) Validation of remote sensing products (requires calibrated sensors)Temp, optical backscatter, radiances (physical properties; SI
units);S – own issues; CDOM (requires conversion from F to
absorption); Chl (requires fluorescence quench correction or 3-absorption)
3) Validation of biogeochemical models by providing link between in situ processes and satellite-based models:
primary productivity – improved input to biomass/light models: validate biomass and provide vertical distribution of biomass; PS coefficients (Cullen approach for Ek from fluorescence)particle production – diel changes in particles (bb, c, LOPC, etc.)
net community production from changes in O2 and other stoichiometric conversions – nitrate drawdown (pCO2……)role of physics in export and other processes
4) Discovery – of unexpected or unknown phenomena and/or forcings
Reducing uncertainty in ocean color products
1a) Data even when cloudy – satellite & gliders subpolar N.A.
100% clear NAB08 – D’Asaro, Lee, Sackmann Perry, Fennel
50
25
1b) Vertical distribution of biomass & mixed layer depth
Seaglider off Washington –Perry, Sackmann, Eriksen, Lee (2008) L&O sp. issue
Density
Chlorophyll
January through Nov 2004
2) Validation of remote sensing products
Motivation:
* S. Maritorena’s talk yesterday on MEASURES products and links to biogeochemical products.
* Proxy relationships:
bb and c to POC
particle size and species
detrital material, CDOM, DOC
First, need validation of primary products (bb, etc.)
T & S & density bb Ed c 412 chl 490 CDOM 555
Boussole mooring
PROVBIO : PROVOR float in Mediterranean Sea; 22 May 2008
2) Validation of remote sensing products
Claustre et al., unpub.
Advantage of deploying w/ reasonable accessibility to validate sensors while learning (location, location, location)
2) Toward validation of remote sensing products
Bio-optical ARGO float – 3+ years in Labrador Sea
Boss et al. 2008
Hybrid ‘validation’ – need to move toward better sensor calibrations and cross calibrations
fluorescence
absorption
CDOM absorption is a primary ocean color variable, butCDOM fluorescence requires conversion to absorption
What sensors? How to quantify relationships?
2) Toward validation of remote sensing products
Is there a better in situ sensor?
CDOM a-meter?
Chlorophyll absorption is a primary ocean color variable, butfloat and glider sensors measure chlorophyll fluorescence.
Requires conversion from fluorescence to chlorophyll concentration (but that is still not absorption)
What sensors? How to quantify relationships?
2) Toward validation of remote sensing products
extracted chlorophyll
Is there a better in situ sensor?
Chl a-meter?fluorescence
Roesler, unpubl.
Chlorophyll absorption is a primary ocean color variable.Would 3-wavelength chlorophyll absorption be an
improvement?
What sensors? How to quantify relationships?
2) Toward validation of remote sensing products
extracted chlorophyll
Red peak absorption
Roesler, unpubl.
Figure containing unpublished data was removed
3) Validation of biogeochemical models primary productivity – improved input to models
validate biomass; vertical distribution; real Temp. from ARGO PS coefficients (Cullen – Ek) (not climatologies)
fluorescence particulate backscatter
Vertical distributions Temperature for PP models
Perry, unpub. http://flux.ocean.washington.edu/
Bay of Bengal, 29 April 2009
Net community production – O2 ARGO floats
ARGO floats near Hawaii.Riser & Johnson. 2008. Nature 451: 323
3) Validation of biogeochemical models
Stoichiometric measures of community productionwith well-characterized and calibrated sensors
D’Asaro, Lee, Perry, Fennel – North Atlantic Bloom
every time you look at the ocean in a new way, you learn something new – paraphrased from Russ Davis
4) Discovery
Chl
S
T
Inshore offshore
25 Mar 09
Two types of potential applications for floats & gliders:1) experiment scale – weeks to months to ~ year, mesoscale to basin scale [this scale also part of process to go to next step, below; sensor calibration and characterization critical to ‘getting it right’.]
2) operational scale – bio-ARGO or BGC-ARGO floats (note: existing ARGO Program is considering using gliders as well as floats)
Sensor issues(and there are many)
Multiple sensors for same process
Start where you know the processes: work first with the known –> then move to the unknown.
Better sensors
Etc., etc., etc.
But . . .
The way forward:
IOCCG BIO-Argo WG (Claustre)O2-ARGO (Johnson, Riser, Gruber, Körtzinger)
Ocean Obs 09 White Paper (Perry, Claustre, Testor) OCB scoping workshop on observing BG cycles on
global scates with floats and gliders(Johnson; reports being written)
Proposed standing committees, US and international
Motivation: Reduce uncertainty 1) Validation of remote sensing products2) Validation of biogeochemical models 3) Discovery4) Data even when cloudy