11

Akio TAKENAKA Ph. D

Reducing greenhouse gas and feeding scheme in dairy cattle

Deputy DirectorFood & Fertilizer Technology Center (FFTC)

23 May 2017

Masahito Tanaka Ph. DKyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, NARO

Many typhoons had occurred in the west Pacific 2013 autumn

2014

CO2 72%

CH4 18%

N2O 9% Agricultural sector 40%

Natural gas etc 30%

About 20% of GHG emission is methaneAbout 40% of methane is from AgricultureA higher contribution rate to methane from

agriculture in the Southeast Asian countries is from ricepaddies and enteric fermentation of livestock.

From UNFCCC database (1994)

Population of Cattle, Sheep. Area of Rice field, and livestock population density (2008)

~30~

Methane concentrate observed from the satellite (September 2005)

6

Hexose

[2H]

Oxaloacetate

Malate

Pyruvate

Formate

Acetyl CoA

Propionate Succinate

Fumarate

Lactate

Butyrate

Acetate

Acryl CoA

CH4

[2H]

[2H]

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CelluloseHemicelluloseStarch

[2H]

[2H][2H]

[2H]

CO2

[2H] 57.5 C6H12O6 65Ac+20Pr+15Bu+35CH4+60CO2+25H2O(Wolin, M. J. 1979. Adv. Microbial. Ecol. 3:49-77.)

The pass way of methane production in the rumen

77

Concept of how to reduce methane production in the rumen

methane

hydrogen

methanogen

Increase the hydrogen

consumingpathways

Inhibitors againstmethanogens

(BCM, BES etc.)

It is difficult to reduce hydrogen flux

88

Directly toxic to methanogens

SH-CoM, coenzyme MSH-HTP, coenzyme B (cobamine)

CH4

[2H] CO2

CH3-S-CoM

SH-CoM

SH-HTP

CoM-S-S-HTP [2H]

Metyl-CoM reductase

CoM-S-S-CoB reductase

HCOOH

Halogenated methane analogues (e.g. BCM)

Structural analogue of CoM (e.g. BES )

Inhibitor of metyl-CoM reductase (e.g. BPS)

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A (HMG-CoA)

reductase

Inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase

Inhibit growthof Archaea

e.g. mevastatin or lavastatin, which are medicine for human hypercholesterolemia.

~31~

9

Preparation of CNSL (Cashew nut shell liquid) for feeding to dairy cow

methane propionate(%) (%)

**

* *

**

Effect of CNSL on methane and propionate production in sheep

(The values of control refer as 100%.)

From Prof. Yasuo Kobayashi(Hokkaido Univ.)

10

Effect of CNSL (Cashew nut shell liquid) on non-lactating cows

11

Effect of CNSL on rumen bacteria

12

Effect of CNSL on propionate producer

~32~

Estimated mechanism of methane mitigation with CNSL

13 1414

Balance of hydrogen-producing and hydrogen consuming reactions in the rumen

Hexose

[2H]

Oxaloacetate

Malate

Pyruvate

Formate

Acetyl CoA

Propionate Succinate

Fumarate

Lactate

Butyrate

Acetate (oxidative acetogenesis)

Acryl CoA

CH4

[2H]

[2H]

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CelluloseHemicelluloseStarch

[2H]

[2H][2H]

[2H]

CO2

[2H]

hydrogen-producing reactions hydrogen-consuming reactions

• Supply propionate enhancers, malate or fumarate

• Enhance nitrate/nitrite reduction

• Increase sulfate reduction• Supply unsaturated fatty

acids• Enhance reductive acetate

production

Increasing methods for hydrogen consuming reactions

1515

Other methods for reducing methane production in the rumen

Antimicrobial reagentsIonophores (monensin), non-ionophre antibiotics

Bacteriosin or bacteriophagesNicin, bovicin HC5

Seed oilsCoconut oil, unsaturated fatty acids

Compounds extracted from plantssaponins, garlic oil, Japanese horseradish oil

Elimination of rumen protozoaMethanogens are symbiont of protozoa

Immunization to methanogensIncrease acetogenic bacteriaImprove feed efficiency

16

Theoretical model of methane mitigation for dairy cows

-5 0 5 10 150.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

Expected timeline (years)Modified from T. Shinkai

Exp

ecte

d m

itiga

tion

in m

etha

ne (%

)oils

Feeding high energy diet

Increase production & Reduce animal

Animal selection

Rumen modifier

Plant extract

Chemical materials(not evaluated)

Vaccines

Alter rumen microbiota

~33~

0102030405060

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35FCM (kg/day)

(lite

r/kg

FCM

)

Y2 = 8.19 + 300/FCMr = 0.82

(kg/

(litt

er/

0102030405060

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35FCM (kg/day)

Met

hane

pro

duct

ion

(lite

r/kg

FCM

)

Y2 = 8.19 + 300/r = 0.82

Technology to reduce the environmental impact

For Animal and Plant

BreedingReproductionCultivationFeeding etc.

Integrated technology is needed

Beer lees12%

Rice bran12%

ab

Vs. Milk Yield

18

GHG emission from agriculture sector in Japan

19

Changes in Japanese dairy industry relating to methane production

Total number of dairy cow decreased (-26.2%)

Milk yield per head increased (+20.6%)

20

New feeding technique for dairy cattle

Improvement by feeding high calorie fatty acid

HEAT STRESS

Decreased feed intake

Energy deficiency

Enhanced oxidative stress

Improvement by feeding anti-oxidative fat soluble vitamins with high rumen

bypass ability

Improvement productivity

~34~

21

Experimental methods

Animals:12 Holstein milking cow (BW: 591.4 58.2 kg, Calving 1.6 0.8,

Age 3.6 1.2)

Feeding Groups (3 head each):Control (C) : TMR (TDN 71.6, CP 13.3%, Roughage : Concentrate = 6:4)Vitamin (V): Vitamin Mix (A, D, E) 100 g/day,

Cost = 47.3 JPY/day/headFatty Acid (F): Rumen bypass fatty acid 300 g/day

Cost = 67.7 JPY/day/headVitamin + Fatty acid (VF): V and F together,

Cost = 115 JPY/day /head

Experimental date:13 August to 1 September, 2013 (28.1 , 78.2 RH%)

Feeding at 9:30 and 18:00, Milking at 8:30 and 17:30

22

Group SH ( M)a BAP (umo/L)b TBARS (nM)c dROM (U.CARR)d GLU (mg/dl) NEFA (mEq/L)C 418.2 65.3 2456.4 23.6 79.8 20.8 114.3 5.9 64.2 2.1 231.6 107.1F 459.9 31.1 2427.4 34.9 67.8 10.1 90.3 1.1*** 67.7 5.4 120.9 13.6*V 420.7 34.8 2374.6 91.2 71.4 9.5 99.7 15.6* 65.7 7.8 248.0 203.8

F+V 447.3 17.7 2600.5 212 56.9 6.9** 101.7 6.5** 68.7 3.5** 171.2 42.4

C: Control, F: Fatty acid, V: Vitamin, F+V: Fatty acid and Vitamina: thiol residue, b: biological antioxidant potential, c: thiobarbituric reactive substances, d: reactive oxigen metabolites*: p<0.10, **: p<0.05, ***: p<0.01 vs C group, 1 U CARR = 0.08 mg/dl H2O2

Group Milk YieldMilk contents Daily production

Fat Protein Lactose Fat Protein Lactose

C 95.2 5.3 96.1 12.8 108.0 24.8 98.7 1.3 92.0 17.0 103.6 29.0 93.9 4.1

F 102.7 6.9 106.3 5.7 103.6 6.5 96.5 2.0 109.4 12.4 106.2 3.0 99.2 6.9

V 101.6 12.3 105.1 6.7 96.4 1.8 96.4 1.8 106.2 7.1 119.2 7.5 98.1 12.8

F+V 113.2 10.4** 107.3 6.1 107.8 6.8 97.8 0.4 121.8 17.5** 122.4 18.4 110.7 10.7**

C: Control, F: Fatty acid, V: Vitamin, F+V: Fatty acid and VitaminThe values are relative change when just before the experimental started as 100*: p<0.10, **: p<0.05, ***: p<0.01 vs C group, n = 3

The effects on blood factors after 20 days

The effects on milk production after 20 days

23

Effect of DDGS feeding on milking cowsDDGS = Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles

Dry Matter %DDGS Control

Corn Silage 35.0 35.0

Italian Rye Grass Silage 17.0 17.0

DDGS 20.0 -

Rolled Corn 18.0 20.0Soybean meal (Defatted) 5.0 18.0Grain Mix 3.0 8.5DM 49.0 48.9TDN 72.2 72.3CP 14.4 14.5NDF 37.0 34.0ADF 20.0 19.9

Group Milk Yield (kg/d) Milk Fat (%)Blood Concentrate

Thiol Residue ( M) Vitamin C (nM) Albumin (mg/ml)

Control 37.8 6.3 3.5 0.3 454.8 27.2 4.6 1.9 33.9 2.5

DDGS 31.5 4.5 3.8 0.6 429.7 26.2* 4.3 0.5 32.3 1.4*

Effect of DDGS feeding after 31 days (an example)

The composition of experimental feeds

*: p<0.05 24

DDGS

Carrot juice residue silage

Mandarin orange juice residue silage Corns with high

concentration of anthocyanin (water

soluble)

~35~

25

Conclusions

The improvement of oxidative stress index in the blood was observed by feeding high calorie fatty acids and vitamins to the dairy cows in hot environment, and milk yield also increased.These materials are commercially available in Japan and can be easily obtained.When it is difficult to obtain, the use of DDGS may be effective.It may be effective to use food by-product such as juice residues containing a lot of fat soluble vitamins.

26

Thanks for your attention!!

~36~