reducing aviation emissions · 2013. 6. 25. · glare - wing: composite-fuselage: composite or...
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International Civil Aviation Day7 December 2005
International Civil Aviation Day7 December 2005
The Manufacturers’ PerspectiveThe Manufacturers’ Perspective
Reducing Aviation Emissions
2
Reducing Aviation Emissions
CONTENTS
1. Overview
2. Background on Aviation Emissions
3. Progress in Reducing Aviation Emissions
4. Design & Technology to reduce Emissions
5. The Aviation Strands of Progress
6. Reducing Fuel Burn & Emissions in Operation
7. Epilogue
3
Reducing Aviation Emissions
CONTENTS
1. Overview
2. Background on Aviation Emissions
3. Progress in Reducing Aviation Emissions
4. Design & Technology to reduce Emissions
5. The Aviation Strands of Progress
6. Reducing Fuel Burn & Emissions in Operation
7. Epilogue
4
Reducing Aviation Emissions
• Aeronautical Manufacturers have a vocation to develop innovative technology and design highly performing products– Permanent challenges & efforts, with prime dimension firmly
established for environmental protection
– Supported by intensive research in cooperation with the Research Community - Needs sustained research & technology funding from Industry & Governments
• Aviation industry has been able to attenuate significantly its environmental impact– Noise annoyance has been divided by four, and the balanced
approach to noise management should protect the future
– Fuel consumption per pass-km has been divided by three
– Beyond these considerable achievements, Aviation Industry targets reductions on an average basis per year of more than 1% in fuel efficiency and ≈ 0.5 dB in noise per operation
OVERVIEW OVERVIEW -- 1: Drivers & 1: Drivers & EfficiencyEfficiency
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
• Further well supported & coordinated efforts in a coherent and stable, harmonized international regulatory framework, and in a cooperative context, are key to progress efficiently
– This is happening but needs to be pursued & amplified
– ICAO plays a major « facilitator » role & provides the right forum
• Design & Technology represent only a part of the solutions: all actors have to work together to address all sources (Aircraft, airport, operations, ATM)
• A global systems approach is needed to reach optimum solutions with maximum efficiency
OVERVIEW OVERVIEW -- 2 : 2 : Way ForwardWay Forward
6
Reducing Aviation Emissions
CONTENTS
1. Overview
2. Background on Aviation Emissions
3. Progress in Reducing Aviation Emissions
4. Design & Technology to reduce Emissions
5. The Aviation Strands of Progress
6. Reducing Fuel Burn & Emissions in Operation
7. Epilogue
7
Reducing Aviation Emissions
Typical Turbofan Engine
1) Air is sucked into the engine, which can empty a squash court in 1 second! Also the pressure is doubled through the fan.
2) 15% of the air enters the core and is compressed to 40 times atmospheric pressure.
3) 85% of the air bypasses the core and exits the engine.
4) In the combustion chamberfuel is mixed with air and burnt at temperature ≈ 1900 °K with peak ≈ 2600 °K.
5) The hot gas expands through the turbine which takes energy out to drive the fan and compressor.
7) The thrust reverser uses bypass air to slow the aircraft on landing.
6) Exhaust gas and bypass air mix through hot and cold nozzles to produce thrust.
How aviation emissions are produced
8
Reducing Aviation Emissions
ð
ð
ð
ð
Combustion and other Exhaust Products
(+ SOx )
Air (N2 + O2)
ð
ððð
Fuel (CnHm+S)
CO2
H2O
CombustionProducts
Reducing fuel consumption tends to reduce all gaseous emissionsReducing fuel consumption tends to reduce all gaseous emissions
N2
O2
* non-idealcombustion
Soot - ParticulatesHC
CO
NOx
Residual Products*
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
Aircraft Engine Emission IssuesEmission Category Primary Issues
Local Air Quality(Ground Level)
Climate Change(High Altitude)
Nitrogen Oxides * (NOX) Ozone production -Health/Visibility
GHG evolution (Ozone & Methane) - äRF
Unburned Hydrocarbons* (CH4, NMHC/VOC/HAPS-[hazardous air pollutants, e.g. Benzene])
Ozone production -Health/Visibility --
Carbon Monoxide* (CO) Ozone production -Health ---
Smoke [Smoke Number (SN)*]ðSoot, Particulate
Aerosols, particle matters (PM) -Health
Contrails /Cirrus formation -äRF
Water Vapor (H2O) --- Contrails/Cirrus formation- äRF
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)--- GHG increase - äRF
* Covered by Current ICAO Regulations RF: Radiative Forcing
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
Aviation & Radiative Forcing
NOx net effect?
Effect of Particles?
Overall radiative forcing vs CO2 emissions impact ? (RFI value?)
Contrails factors & effects?
Cirrus effects?
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
Relative Impact of Air Transport on GHG and Climate (1990-1996)
Air Transport Other Trans. ModesOther Anthropogenic Sources
on anthropogenic CO2 emissions
2%
Air Transport Other Anthrop. activities
on total radiative forcing by anthropogenic activities
3,5%
ðImproving the scientific understanding of the atmosphere and theimpact of aviation emissions is key to optimize priorities and weight factors in research, trade-offs and mitigation measuresðIndustry supports and participates in these efforts *
ððImproving the scientific understanding of the atmosphere and theImproving the scientific understanding of the atmosphere and theimpact of aviation emissions is key to optimize priorities and wimpact of aviation emissions is key to optimize priorities and weight eight factors in research, tradefactors in research, trade--offs and mitigation measuresoffs and mitigation measures
ððIndustryIndustry supports and supports and participatesparticipates in in thesethese efforts *efforts *
* « MOZAIC » project: Ex. of O3 concentrationmeasurements in the atmosphere
* « MOZAIC » project: Ex. of O3 concentrationmeasurements in the atmosphere
12
Reducing Aviation Emissions
CONTENTS
1. Overview
2. Background on Aviation Emissions
3. Progress in Reducing Aviation Emissions
4. Design & Technology to reduce Emissions
5. The Aviation Strands of Progress
6. Reducing Fuel Burn & Emissions in Operation
7. Epilogue
13
Reducing Aviation Emissions
ð Noise annoyance was reduced by ≈ 75% (Joint Engine & Airframe Manufacturer Efforts)ð Emissions were continuously reduced (Engine)
ð Noise annoyance was reduced by ≈ 75% (Joint Engine & Airframe Manufacturer Efforts)ð Emissions were continuously reduced (Engine)
Noise
Late
ral N
oise
Lev
elC
orr
ecte
d f
or
Air
craf
t T
hru
st
2nd Generation Turbofans
Turbojets1st Generation Turbofans
20 dB
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Entry into Service Date%
of I
CA
O S
tand
ards
0
50
100
150
Pre-81 81-91 91-present
400
450Local Air Quality
Year of Engine Certification
Hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Oxides of nitrogen
Smoke
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
% F
uel /
RTK
ð ~ 70% Fuel Efficiency improvement up to 1990 at product levelð Continuing improvement reflected at fleet level (average > 1.5%/year)ð Driven by strong & efficient market forces, combined with inherent fast-evolving high technology & improved operational practicesð Needs sustained research & technology funding from Industry & Governments
ð ~ 70% Fuel Efficiency improvement up to 1990 at product levelð Continuing improvement reflected at fleet level (average > 1.5%/year)ð Driven by strong & efficient market forces, combined with inherent fast-evolving high technology & improved operational practicesð Needs sustained research & technology funding from Industry & Governments
Aircraft Fuel Efficiency TrendHistorical
Improvem.t (1960-1990)
~70%
Estimated
Actual
Based on IATA data
-24%
15
Reducing Aviation Emissions
CONTENTS
1. Overview
2. Background on Aviation Emissions
3. Progress in Reducing Aviation Emissions
4. Design & Technology to reduce Emissions
5. The Aviation Strands of Progress
6. Reducing Fuel Burn & Emissions in Operation
7. Epilogue
16
Reducing Aviation Emissions
Technology & Design
Specific Technologies
Generic Technologies
Generic Design architectures
/ configurations
Specific Design Features
Product Concept &
Requirements
17
Reducing Aviation Emissions
Technology & Design
SpecificTechnologies
Generic Technologies
Generic Design architectures
/ configurations
Specific Design Features
Product initial
Development
« Internal » trade-offs: within technologies & within design features, with iterations vs requirements
Interdependencies & Trade-offs
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
Technologies development
Technology & Design
Specific Technologies
Generic Technologies
Generic Design architectures
/ configurations
Specific Design FeaturesProduct
Develop.t &Optimization
Performance
Operability
Reliability
Maintainability
Durability
Costs
Fuel Efficiency
Emissions
Noise
Comfort
Capacity
Timing
SAFETY
t1 t2
mature
Maturity level
TimeT5
T1
19
Reducing Aviation Emissions
CONTENTS
1. Overview
2. Background on Aviation Emissions
3. Progress in Reducing Aviation Emissions
4. Design & Technology to reduce Emissions
5. The Aviation Strands of Progress
6. Reducing Fuel Burn & Emissions in Operation
7. Epilogue
20
Reducing Aviation Emissions
Multiple Paths & Opportunities to reduce Emissions
- FADEC - Enhanced Controls & Sensors
- Optimized Engine Operating Procedures
- Engine turbomachinery efficiency (swept fans & 3D aero shapes) - Optimized cycle (Intercooler, HBPR, UHBPR, Geared Turbofan, Contra-fan)
- “Intelligent” systems/ more integrated engine- Innovative/active engine systems: heat management, cooling, power transmission- Enhanced modelling capabilities (numerical)- Low emissions combustor
- Engine, Nacelle & Propulsion System• Advanced lightweight materials• Weight optimized Configuration
OperationsAerodynamic & Engine
Performance Improvements
Weight Reductions
HBPR: High Bypass Ratio UHBPR:Ultra High Bypass Ratio FADEC: Full Authority Digital Engine Control
1. Propulsion System
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
Multiple Paths & Opportunities to reduce Emissions
OperationsAerodynamic &
Engine Performance Improvements.
Weight Reductions
- High temperature Alloys in efficient engine technology and low NOx combustors
- Composites
- Advanced light Alloys (Ti, Al-Li, Mg), New Hybrid Alloys
- Innovative, smart materials
Ti: Titanium Al-Li: Aluminium-Lithium
2. Materials
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
Operations Aerodynamic & Engine Performance ImprovementsWeight Reductions
- Systems Modelling
- Systems Simulation & Virtual Testing
- Adaptive flight path to reduce emissions (future)
- Engine, Wing, HLD, HTP, Winglets, Fuselage
- Engine/nacelle/pylon integration
- Flow control
- New unconventionalconfigurations & concepts(future)
- Multi-disciplinary Design methods -Virtual Engineering
-Aero-elasticity (load alleviation & control)
- Structural optimization, integration & new concepts
-Smart, morphing structures, nanotechnologies (future)
- Wing, fuselage, empennage, landing gear, pylon innovative features
Multiple Paths & Opportunities to reduce Emissions
3. Structure, Aero & Systems Design & Methods
HLD
: Hig
h Li
ft D
evic
es
HTP
: Hor
izon
tal T
ail P
lane
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
EBW: Electron Beam Welding LBW: Laser Beam Welding FSW: Friction Stir Welding
Multiple Paths & Opportunities to reduce Emissions
OperationsAerodynamic & Engine
Performance Improvements
Weight Reductions
- Welding Processes (drag reduction)
- Welding processes (EBW, LBW, FSW)
- Innovative structures & processes
4. Manufacturing Processes
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
IMA: Integrated Modular Avionics
Multiple Paths & Opportunities to reduce Emissions
OperationsAerodynamic & Engine
Performance Improvements
Weight Reductions
- Advanced Cockpit, Flight Management & Navigation Systems
-Optimized Energy & Electric Power management (generation / distribution)
- Advanced flight controls, more electronic systems: optimized control surface deflections, level & trajectory control
- Fly by Wire
- Optimized, integrated & simpler electrical & mechanical systems, less components
- IMA
- Fuel transfer/load alleviation
5. Aircraft Systems
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
ATM: Air Traffic Management
Multiple Paths & Opportunities to reduce Emissions
OperationsAerodynamic & Engine
Performance Improvements
Weight Reductions
- Optimized ground & flight, Maintenance procedures
- ATM
Several procedures optimize operations based on Aircraft & Engine performance
Some procedures are linked with minimizing TOW
6. Operating Procedures
AirflowAirflow
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
• Design range: ≈ +130 nm
• Fuel burn: ≈ - 2.5% (500 nm mission)≈ - 3.5% (1,500 nm)
• NOx Emissions: ≈ - 4.6% (1,500 nm)• Payload at fixed range: ≈ + 6,000 lb at fuel capacity limit
≈ + 1,000 lb at maximum takeoff weight• Takeoff noise: ≈ - 0.5 to - 1.0 EPNdB at cutback
Example of Aerodynamics Performance ImprovementWinglets
The improvement depends on the individual mission
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
Examples of Structural Weight Reductions Composite + Advanced Materials
1990 (10-12% *)
2005 (20-25%*)
* Percentage of composites in
structural weight
2010 (40-50%*)
CFRP (Carbon)
GFRP (Glass)QFRP (Quartz)
MetalGlare
- wing: composite- fuselage: composite or composite + advanced alloy
est. structural weight saving ≈ 8%
« Materials Baseline »
est. structural weight saving ≈ 12%
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
Examples of Combustor Technologies
Rich-Quench-Lean
Combustor:
Reduced NOx& HC
Emissions
Lean Premixing
Combustor:
Reduced NOxand Smoke Emissions
29
Reducing Aviation Emissions
CONTENTS
1. Overview
2. Background on Aviation Emissions
3. Progress in Reducing Aviation Emissions
4. Design & Technology to reduce Emissions
5. The Aviation Strands of Progress
6. Reducing Fuel Burn & Emissions in Operation
7. Epilogue
30
Reducing Aviation Emissions
Reducing Fuel Burn in Operation• The Scope
– Manufacturers minimize fuel burn in the full aircraft life cycle: design, manufacturing, transport, ground & flight operations, maintenance, refurbishment, end-of-life
– All operational and maintenance procedures are subject to recommendations for potential fuel consumption reduction, well disseminated by the Manufacturers & ICAO
– Current technologies are used to minimize fuel consumption in aircraft operation & induced airport activities
– On-going research activities address the joint development of operational procedures & technologies
• The Way Forward– Extend Cooperation with all Stakeholders: Authorities, Manufacturers,
Research Centers, ANSP’s, Airports, Operators, Pilots– Develop Synergies between Aircraft & Infrastructures / Ground
Systems Technologies / Operations
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
Reducing Fuel Burn in OperationDissemination of Best Practices
• Operating Procedures optimizing each phase of flight to minimize fuel consumption
– Ground running and taxiing
– Take-Off & Climb
– Cruise
– Descent, Holding & Approach
• Maintenance procedures to minimize Engine (SFC) or Aircraft performance (drag, weight) deterioration & restore it
32
Reducing Aviation EmissionsReducing Fuel Burn in OperationAirports - Prospects for the future
•Powered Gear / Electric Taxi
• Gate Power Supply (Electric or Alternate fuel GSE)
• Electrically powered PCA systems
• Gate Refuelling
• Airport Layout
• Airport Taxi management
• Operational towing
• Other Aircraft-related: Aircraft De-Icing, Tank Farm, Engine Test Stands, …
• Other Airport Stationary Sources
• Airport Ground Vehicles
• Airport Access & Road Traffic
33
Reducing Aviation Emissions
CONTENTS
1. Overview
2. Background on Aviation Emissions
3. Progress in Reducing Aviation Emissions
4. Design & Technology to reduce Emissions
5. The Aviation Strands of Progress
6. Reducing Fuel Burn & Emissions in Operation
7. Epilogue
34
Reducing Aviation Emissions
• Participate actively in elaborating a broad, global & long-term vision and apply it to programmes, products, investments & partnerships
• Work to meet ambitious environmental-related targets addressing climate change, community noise, local air quality & trade-offs
Manufacturers and Environmental Protection
Aerodynamics
Improvement
ðReduce CO2 by 50% per passenger kilometre
ðReduce Perceived Noise to one half of current average levelsðReduce NOx emissions by 80%ðMinimise the impact of industries on the global environment
è Similar Vision in the US
Example of EU Vision 2020 for Environment
CO2 reduction
ATM 5-10%
Aircraft 20-25%
Engine 15-20%
Total 50%
ENGINE 15-20% ATM 5-10%AIRCRAFT 20-25%
Potential for fast broad-based
solutions to betaken into account!
Potential Potential for for fast fast broadbroad--basedbased
solutions to solutions to bebetakentaken into accountinto account!!
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
• Participate actively in elaborating a broad, global & long-term vision and apply it to programmes, products, investments & partnerships
• Work to meet ambitious environmental-related targets addressing climate change, community noise, local air quality & trade-offs
• Support research for better understanding of environmental impacts & benefits
• Participate in extensive research programmes to foster environmental advances for aviation (optimized combined scenarios)
• Ensure that environmental advances get continuously introduced into design & operating practices, and into products, balancing early introduction of mature technologies & long development & life cycles
• Expand cooperation, coordination and synergies at all levels with all actors involved in all relevant domains (using the ICAO platform)
Manufacturers and Environmental Protection
Manufacturers despite facing multiple challenges are resolutely engaged in tackling environmental issues; they only hold some of the keys, but
they are willing to work with others in order to best address these issues
Manufacturers despite facing multiple challenges are resolutely Manufacturers despite facing multiple challenges are resolutely engaged engaged in tackling environmental issues; they only hold some of the keyin tackling environmental issues; they only hold some of the keys, but s, but
they are willing to work with others in order to best address ththey are willing to work with others in order to best address these issuesese issues
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
• To maximize the benefits from the large investments in developing emission (and noise) reduction technologies, it is essential for all stakeholders to work together on the multiple,interdependent factors involved, in a global system approach
• This implies a permanent productive dialogue and a high level of cooperation between all stakeholders
• Technology will not be enough - All possible cost-effective means to improve the environmental situation should be explored, including operating procedures, land use management, airport infrastructure and equipment, ground systems and ATM
Systems Approach to Environment
Technology Cannot Be Considered in IsolationTechnology Cannot Be Considered in IsolationTechnology Cannot Be Considered in Isolation
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
Systems Systems Approach Approach
to to EmissionsEmissions
Emissions Technology in a global system perspective
Emissions Reduction at Source
(TM)
Flight & GroundOperating
Procedures(TM)
ATM - ATC (ANSPs)*(TN+TA+TM)
Airport Infrastructure & Equipment
(TA+TN)EconomicFactors &
Instruments(ETS-VA)*
Field where Manufacturers are
active
Field where Manufacturers are
active
Technologies invoved:TM: AircraftTN: ATMTA: Airport
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Scientific knowledge
* ETS: Emissions Trading Scheme - VA:Voluntary Agreement - ANSP: Air Navigation Service Provider
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
• Provides an international forum for sharing and consolidating data, visions & prospects
• Provides & best uses resources to develop & maintain international policies, standards, databases, tools, models, practices & guidelines
• Brings together all stakeholders to balance their needs
• Brings together scientific and engineering resources to help finding & optimizing the environmental solutions, taking into account interdependencies and trade-offs
• Facilitates safe, coordinated, harmonized, efficient and consistent approaches & processes
ICAO/CAEP is a Unique Framework
Provides Global Coordination for a Global IndustryProvides Global Coordination for a Global IndustryProvides Global Coordination for a Global Industry
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
EfficientSolutions
In Conclusion,…
Broad Vision
Cost-efficiencyPriorities
Balanced Systems
Approaches
Knowledge-Models-Scenarios-Technology-Design-OperationsATM-Airports Land use/Infrastructures/Equipment/Access
Highdedicated
Investments& Resources
SynergiesCooperation
ICAOICAO
All Actors All Fields
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Reducing Aviation Emissions
Thank You