recent advances in relation to use of vermiwash, cowurine and humic acid in vegetable crops

Speaker

Vani Firdos B.

M. Sc. (Horti.) Student.

Reg. No. 04-HORMA-01464-

2015

Dr. Kiran KumariSeminar Co-Ordinator and

Assistant Professor,

College of Horticulture,

S. D. A. U., JAGUDAN

Major Advisor

Dr. L. R. VARMAPrincipal & Dean,

College of Horticulture,

S. D. Agricultural University, JAGUDAN

Minor AdvisorDr. PIYUSH VERMA

I/C Professor and Head,

Department of Horticulture,

C. P. College of Agriculture,

S. D. Agricultural University,

Sardarkrushinagar.

RECENT ADVANCES IN RELATION TO USE OF VERMIWASH, COWURINE AND

HUMIC ACID IN VEGETABLE CROPS

INTRODUCTIONVegetables play an important role in human nutrition. Vegetables are

defined as those annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants of which

succulent parts are commonly used for culinary purposes and of which the

stem, root, flowers, fruits, petiole or leaves are eaten cooked or raw as a

main part of a meal, side dish, or appetizer. Vegetables are called

protective food as their consumption can prevent several diseases and are

cheaper source of minerals, vitamins and fiber with high calorific values.

As per ICMR, recommended per capita consumption of vegetable is 350g/

person/day (120g GLV’s, 100g roots, 75g other vegetables). But the

availability of vegetables in India is 210g/person/day & in Gujarat it is

170g/person/day which is comparatively less.

3

Organic cultivation is the form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost, biofertilizers and biological pest control to maintain soil productivity. Organic farming excludes or strictly limits the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides (herbicide, insecticides and fungicides), plant growth regulators, livestock feed additives, antibiotics and genetically modified organisms..

India ranks 10th among the top ten countries in terms of cultivable land under organic certification (APEDA, 2015).

The total area under organic certification is 5.71 million hectare (APEDA: 2015-16). The certified area includes 26% cultivable area with 1.49million hectare and rest 74% (4.22 million hectare) is forest and wild area for collection of minor forest produces [APEDA].

4

Organic farming can make a difference to food

production facing the challenge of a rising

world population and can help farmers to

achieve:

Economic benefitsand environmental protection

Higher productivityGreater sustainability

5

Area, production and productivity of vegetablesIn India vegetables occupies an area of about 95.75lakh ha with the annual

production of 1666.08 lakh MT & productivity of 17.3 MT/ha. Where as in

Gujarat total vegetable production is about 126.82lakh MT which covers an

area of about 6.26 lakh/ha with about 19.9MT/ha productivity (Anonymous-

2016)

Gujarat State Vegetables Production in Thousand MT for year 2014TOMATO(1259.01)

6

India is primarily agrarian country and this sector provides livelihood to a major part of the population. The indiscriminate use of agro chemicals since green revolution resulted in adverse effect on the soil fertility, crop productivity, quality of produce and more specifically on the environment system.

Thus, the importance of organic sources of nutrients was recognized in current scenario in order to get higher yield without disturbing soil health. In this context integrated use of organic sources of nutrients like vermiwash, cow urine, humicacid in crop production is becoming very crucial for assurance of food security on sustainable basis, which in turn not only improve the soil fertility for sustained crop productivity but also to reduce the cost of inorganic fertilizers.

77

VERMIWASHIntroduction:-

Recently, vermiwash production has drawn the attention of commercial vermi-culturists.

Vermiwash is a watery extract of organic compost, the wash of earthworms present in the medium and is honey brown in color.

Principle:-

Worm worked in the soils have burrows formed by the earthworms. Bacteria richly inhabit these burrows also called as the drilospheres. Water passing through these passages washes the nutrients from these burrows to the roots to be absorbed by the plants. This principle is applied in the preparation of vermiwash.

8

Vermiwash-what it is?One of the byproducts of vermiculture & vermi-composting industry is vermiwash, apart from vermin meal or vermin protein.

Vermiwash is the organic fertilizer decoction obtained from units of vermiculture/vermicompost as drainage.

It is the liquid extract collected after the passage of water through the different layers of worm culture unit. This decoction contains excretory products of earthworm secretions, the worm coelomic fluid oozing through the dorsal pores, mucus, enzymes secreted by the worm & microorganisms, plant nutrients, vitamins & plant growth promoting substances.

It is a collection of excretion called vermicasts, which contains lot of nutrients particularly soluble K, Ca & Mg which find their way into vermiwash.

99

Chemical composition

pH 7±0.03

EC 0.25±0.03

Orangic carbon 0.008±0.001

Nitrogen 0.01-0.001%Phosphorous 1.70%Potassium 26ppmSodium 8ppmCalcium 3ppmCopper 0.01ppmIron 0.06ppmMagnesium 160ppmManganese 0.60ppmZinc 0.02ppmTotal heterotrophs (actinomycetes) CFU/ml 1.79×103

Nitrosomonas CFU/ml 1.01×103

Nitrobacter CFU/ml 1.12×103

Total fungiCFU/ml 1.46×103

(Source: http//w.w.w.erfindia.org/vermiwash.asp)1010

Vermiwash contains beneficial microbes which helps in plant

growth & prevent infections.

It contains sugars, phenols. amino acids, hormones and plant

growth substances like IAA,GA3,Cytokinin & humic acids etc.

1111

UsesVermiwash is an ecofriendly natural fertilizer

prepared from biodegradable organic wastes and

is free from chemical inputs.

Vermiwash helps to develop resistance against

various disease & pests in plants.

It helps in initiating good flowering and produce

good yield in some vegetable crops.

Vermiwash is a liquid fertilizer & reported that

at 20-30% dilution inhibits the mycelial growth

of pathogenic fungi.

Acts as a biopesticide when diluted with

10%cowurine or neem extract or garlic extract.

It does not have any adverse effect on soil, plant

and environment.

12

13

It improves soil aeration, texture and tilth thereby reducing soil

compaction.

It improves water retention capacity of soil because of its high

organic matter content.

It promotes better root growth and nutrient absorption.

It improves nutrient status of soil-both macro-nutrients and micro-

nutrients.

It can also be added to compost pits to hasten the degradation

process.

Vermiwash is the coelomic fluid extraction, which have enzymes,

which stimulate the growth and yield of crops.

Methods of vermiwash production

ECO-SCIENCE research foundation method.

Ismail's method

Karunas method

Economic technique

KAU’s method

Using plastic drum (1000lit)method

House holds device

Kales method

Earth worms body fluid method.

Most commonly and commercially followed method s are eco-science research foundation method and Ismail’s method.

They are used for preparing vermiwash in large scale, which is simple, easy and economical for the farmers.

Economic technique, simple method are followed to prepare vermiwash in small quantity from vegetable waste and is used for kitchen garden for nutritional need.

14

ProcedureVermiwash units can be set up either in barrels or in

buckets or even in small earthen pots. It is the principle that

is important.

The procedure explained here is for setting up of a 250 litre

barrel.

An empty barrel with one side open is taken. On the other

side, a hole is made to accommodate the vertical limb of a

'T' jointed tube in a way that about half to one inch of the

tube projects into the barrel.

To one end of the horizontal limb is attached a tap. The

other end is kept closed. This serves as an emergency

opening to clean the 'T' jointed tube if it gets clogged. The

entire unit is set up on a short pedestal made of few bricks

to facilitate easy collection of vermiwash.

Keeping the tap open, a 25 cm layer of broken bricks or

pebbles is placed. A 25 cm layer of coarse sand then

follows the layer of bricks. Water is then made to flow

through these layers to enable the setting up of the basic

filter unit. On top of this layer is placed a 30 to 45 cm layer

of loamy soil. It is moistened and into this area introduced

about 50 numbers each of the surface (epigeic) and sub-

surface (anecic) earthworms.

15

Cattle dung pats and hay is placed on top of the soil layer and gently moistened. The tap is kept open for the next 15 days. Water is added every day to keep the unit moist.

On the 16th day, the tap is closed and on top of the unit a metal container or mud pot perforated at the base as a sprinkler is suspended. 5 litres of water (the volume of water taken in this container is one fifth of the size of the main container) is poured into this container and allowed to gradually sprinkle on the barrel overnight. This water percolates through the compost, the burrows of the earthworms and gets collected at the base.

The tap of the unit is opened the next day morning and the vermiwash is collected. The tap is then closed and the suspended pot is refilled with 5 litres of water that evening to be collected again the following morning.

Dung pats and hay may be replaced periodically based on need. The entire set up may be emptied and reset between 10 and 12 months of use.

16

Integrated Vermiwash Unit

Vermi wash can also be prepared from vermicompost by allowing water to pass through vermicompost container and collecting it. Vermiwash unit may be established with vermi-composting beds for large scale production.

Precautions:-

i.The tap should be always kept open to collect the washings.

ii. The unit starts yielding good quality vermiwash after 10 days.

iii. The Vermiwash should be stored in cool dry place.

iv.Water should be poured slowly.

v.Do not mix un-decomposed material while, watering.

vi.Do not add any green material.

vii. Do not allow to compact the contents.

17

Dosage for useRoot dip/Stem dip:-

The seedlings before transplanting are dipped in vermiwash solution which is diluted 5 times with water for 15-20 minutes and then transplanted.

Foliar spray :-

Vermiwash is diluted in water 5 times and sprayed on the foliage of crops.

It provides the plant with vital nutrients which also helps to control plant disease.

Soil drench :-

Vermiwash is diluted 10 times with water and the soil is drenched with the solution to prevent some of the soil borne pathogens.

1818

Benefits of establishing a vermiwash unitVermicompost-vermi wash units- “ A livelihood micro enterprise for rural women”.

To farmers :-

Less reliance on purchased inputs of nutrients leading to low cost of production.

Increased soil productivity through improved soil quality.

Better quantity and quality of crops.

For landless people provides additional source of income generation.

To industries:-

Cost effective pollution abatement technology.

To environment:-

Waste create no pollution, as they become valuable raw material for enhancing soil fertility.

To national income:-

Boost to rural economy.

Saving in purchased inputs

Less wasteland formation.

19

Cow urineFrom time immemorial, India has been an agrarian country and the cow has been the

backbone of our agriculture. Cow (Bos indicus) represents the Vedic values of

selfness service, strength, dignity &non-violence. Cow occupies the highest place of

honor in Indian civilization.

The five products of cow (urine; dung; ghee; milk &curd) are used in different

organic systems. In a cow based economy, dung and urine are the major resources of

the cow economy, next only to bullock energy.

Cow urine also referred as Gomutra which was elaborately explained in ayurveda &

described in Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Sangraha and other ayurveda texts as an

effective medicinal substance/secretion of animal origin with innumerable

therapeutic properties or light yellowish fluid/liquid obtained as a waste matter or

liquid waste is referred as cow urine.

2121

Composition of cow urineWater-95%

Urea-2.5% (N-content:-0.7-0.8% ;K-content:-0.5%)

Minerals, Hormones , salts & Enzymes-2.5%

Uric acid-40.75mg/100mL, Amino acid content:- 75-111.5mg/100mL,

phenols:-19 to 24mg/100mL.(Ramani, H.R. et al.,2012)

Cow urine is one of the ingredients of Panchagavya which has several

medicinal properties and helps in treating many fungal and bacterial diseases.

22

The use of cow urine is known for a long time in India.

Cow urine exhibits the property of Rasayanatattwa responsible for modulating various bodily functions including immunity. Capable of curing several incurable diseases in human beings & plants.

It is considered that cow urine is very useful in agricultural operation as a bio-fertilizers, bio-enhancer & bio-pesticides.

It is a rich source of macro, micronutrients & has disinfectant, Prophylactic properties thus purify the atmosphere & improve soil fertility. Therefore it is an effective tool to address multi-nutrient deficiencies in most of soils in the country & helps to provides nutrients to plants at low cost and hence it is considered as an alternative source for plant nutrition, metabolic activation & pest-disease control.

23

IMPORTANCE

It helps in soil enrichment, soil fertility and soil productivity and changes soil texture.

Cow urine posses high amount of oxygen & nitrogen content which is used for production of superior quality compost to increase agricultural yield & save human beings from the residual effects of harmful pesticides & fertilizers.

Cow urine acts as an antimicrobial agent.

It balances micronutrients deficiencies

The foliage appears dark green hence helps in performing photosynthesis efficiently.

Residual effect of cow urine is more pronounced in next cropping.

Provides good environment in soil for beneficial living microorganisms and useful earthworms.

24

It acts as a natural insecticides and growth promoters in

plants.

It reduces the cost of cultivation & increases the cost of

production.

It has amazing germicidal power to kill varieties of

germs. It is used for killing insects & pests in

agricultural practices as a very cheap alternative source

of pest control.

Cow urine helps in seed treatment for good

germination.

Used as liquid manure and in various Bio-

formulations for insect, pest and disease management.

25

HUMIC ACIDHumic acid is a natural bio-stimulant that is derived from leonardite and is among the most concentrated organic material available today.

Humic acid is an organic chemical produced by decaying plants and animals residues by a process called “Humification”.

Humic acid is one of the major components of humic substances which is dark brown in colour and the major constituents of soil organic matter humus that contributes to soil chemical and physical properties and are also precursors of some fossil fuels.

Humic acid can also be found in peat, coal, many upland streams and ocean water.

Elemental analysis of humic acid has shown that consists largely of carbon and oxygen (about 50% and 40% respectively) which also contains hydrogen (about 5%), nitrogen (about 3%), phosphorous and sulfur (both less than 1%).

26

Humic acid is a complex of closely related macromolecules. These

molecules range in size from less than 1000 to more than 1,00,000

daltons, with the lower mass representing the younger material.

Humic substances of the soil provide a good source of energy to

living organisms of the soil, as they do not have access to energy

produced through photosynthesis like terrestrial plants.

Soil organisms such as algae, yeast fungi, bacteria, nematodes,

mycorrhizae, etc. perform important functions such as improving

the soil fertility and structure and promoting plant growth and

resistance against various diseases.

27

IMPORTANCE OF HUMIC SUBSTANCESHumus is the only path to continue agricultural sustainability, otherwise the Carbon (Food

for soil organisms) diminishes to zero and renders the addition of man-made synthetic

nutrients pointless

Humic products are extremely effective in combating salinity issues that arise from heavy

use of synthetic fertilizers and well water degradation. Feeding soil bacteria with massive

amounts of Carbon(their primary food source) along with the oxygen and energy necessary

to respirate the food and stimulates massive root growth. Larger root system means more

water and nutrients available for food production which increases yield.

Adding significant amounts of clean activated carbon back into our soils is readily

available through humic products.

They add tremendous amounts of "natural" food for soil organisms in a cost-effective and

sustainable manner, which also increases the Cation Exchange Capacity of the soil.

Water and Nutrient holding capacity is greatly enhanced with the addition of humic

products. Soil is better "conditioned" with the addition of carbon through humic products.

2828

Humic acid’s role in improving soil qualityDetoxify the soils affected by heavy soils.

It has the ability to chelate positively charged multivalent ions.

Acts as a soil conditioner. Improve soil structure. Increase cation exchange capacity of soil.

Stimulates biological activity in soil.

Enhance nutrients uptake and increases the content of humus in soil.

Reduce the poisoning of pesticide residue as well as protects against soil from contamination of heavy metal ions as well as other hazardous issues.

Improves the physical and chemical qualities of soils.

29

Humic acid’s role in improving Plants growthHumic acid stimulates microbial activity by providing the indigenous microbes with a carbon source for food, thus encouraging plant’s growth and activity.

Plant growth stimulant, promote root development and stimulates seed germination.

Enhance nutrient uptake by combining nutrients and humic acids and keep a well-balanced nutrition.

Fertilizer effectiveness promoter. Greatly boost the usage rate of nitrogen fertilizer. Keeps 60 % of nitrogen easily available and also 40 % as slow-release.

Boost the durability of crops. such as chilling, dry spell, pest, disease as well as toppling resistance.

Promotes healthier, stronger plants and enhance appearance.

Improves Potassium content which is an important element of chlorophyll, accelerate the photosynthesis.

30

The Benefits of Humic AcidChemical Benefits

Humic acid serves as a buffer to neutralize both excessive soil

acidity and alkalinity ensuring that nutrient ions which are not

soluble and unavailable to the plant.

Induces high Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) ensuring

retention of nutrients for later assimilation by root structure.

Improves both the uptake and retention of vital nutrients.

Accelerates decomposition of soil minerals.

Physical Benefits

Make soils more friable or crumbly – breaks up hardpan

(dense layer of soil)

Increases water holding capacity (up to 4 times)

Breaks down crop residues

Increases aeration of soil

Reduces soil erosion.

The darker color imparted leads to greater absorption of solar

energy providing warmer sub soil temperatures.

•31

Biological benefitsIncreases germination of seed.

Stimulates root development

Various growth regulators, vitamins, amino acids, auxins and

gibberellins, are formed as organic matter decays and enhances

growth.

Enhances natural resistance against diseases

Feeds microorganisms that recycle nutrients and produce antibiotics.

32

RESEARCH WORK

(CASE STUDIES)

35

TABLE 1:- Effect of vermiwash and vermicompost on plant growth parameters

and biochemical analysis of okra at harvest (after 6 week period) (Mean±SD)

Treatments Plant

height(cm)

No of

leaves/plant

Stem

circumference

(cm)

Marketable

yield

Fats(%) Protein

(%)

T1 (control ) No additions 31.67±03.49 9±2.53 2.23±0.84 24.69±17.27 0.52±0.10 3.41±0.25

T2 (Cattle Dung) 36.00±03.46 10±2.89 2.50±0.02 31.636±8.81 1.78±1.02 6.37±0.38

T3 (Urea) 44.33±10.02 14±3.05 3.77±1.42 75.43±22.10 2.68±0.81 5.73±0.88

T4 (vermiwash) 42.33±02.52 11±0.00 2.47±0.29 30.36±11.43 3.00±0.00 6.35±0.15

T5 (vermicompost) 39.33±05.86 12±2.31 3.17±0.06 59.04±36.26 3.15±0.21 6.82±0.51

T6 (Vermiwash+

vermicompost)

45.83±05.62 13±1.15 3.10±0.17 69.11±32.47 3.52±0.24 7.15±0.35

CD (p=0.05) 12.48 3.8 1.26 42.9 NS NS

Guyana Ansari and Kumar (2010)

36

TABLE 2:-Effect of organic farming practices on growth parameters of onion

Treatments Plant height

(cm)

Leaves

/plant

Leaf diameter

(cm)

Leaf area

index

Total dry matter

(g/plant)

T1 :-BDLM @75kg Neq/ha 24.8 4.1 0.93 2.13 3.60

T2:-BDLM @75kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of

vermiwash (3%)

25.1 4.5 0.96 2.22 3.72

T3:-BDLM @75kg Neq/ha+ 3sprays of

Panchagavya (3%)

25.9 4.7 0.98 2.30 3.79

T4:-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha 35.3 6.6 1.28 3.44 6.05

T5 :-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha + 3sprays of

vermiwash (3%)

35.7 6.7 1.28 3.49 6.12

T6 :-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of

Panchagavya (3%)

36.4 6.7 1.30 3.57 6.22

T7 EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha 29.7 5.6 1.12 2.73 4.82

T8 EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha+ 3sprays of

vermiwash (3%/)

30.5 5.6 1.13 2.79 4.91

T9:-EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha+ 3sprays of

Panchagavya (3%)

31.4 5.7 1.14 2.90 5.01

T10 :-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha 40.4 7.7 1.43 4.00 7.24

T11:-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of

vermiwash (3%)

41.4 7.9 1.45 4.18 7.43

T12 :-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of

Panchagavya (3%)

42.3 8.1 1.46 4.26 7.59

T13:RDF(30TFYM+125:50:75Kg N:P:K/ha 40.8 7.8 1.44 4.08 7.30

SEm± 1.3 0.3 0.05 0.15 0.29

CD(p=0.05) 3.8 0.9 0.13 0.41 0.81

Bengaluru Pradeep and Sharanappa (2014)37

TABLE 3:-Effect of organic farming practices on yield parameters ofonion

Treatments Fresh weight of

bulb (g)

Bulb diameter

(cm)

Neck diameter

(cm)

Bulb length

(cm)

Bulb yield

(tones/ha)

T1 :-BDLM @75kg Neq/ha 93.0 3.63 0.84 3.75 20.9


vermiwash (3%)

94.6 3.67 0.87 3.82 22.1


Panchagavya (3%)

95.0 3.69 0.89 3.83 22.6

T4:-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha 125.8 5.15 1.19 4.78 34.1


vermiwash (3%)

126.3 5.17 1.20 4.80 34.8


Panchagavya (3%)

126.9 5.20 1.22 4.82 35.3

T7 EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha 109.6 4.38 1.03 4.28 27.6


vermiwash (3%/)

111.0 4.40 1.04 4.28 28.5


Panchagavya (3%)

111.2 4.43 1.06 4.33 28.9

T10 :-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha 141.4 5.92 1.35 5.27 40.3

T11:-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3 sprays of

vermiwash (3%)

142.8 5.97 1.38 5.30 41.8

T12 :-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3 sprays of

Panchagavya (3%)

143.7 6.02 1.42 5.36 42.8

RDF(30TFYM+125:50:75Kg N:P:K/ha 139.0 5.92 1.36 5.27 35.9

SEm± 5.2 0.24 0.04 0.15 2.5

CD(p=0.05) 14.7 0.68 0.12 0.43 7.0

Bengaluru Pradeep and Sharanappa (2014)

TABLE 4:-Effect of organic farming practices on quality parameters of onion

Treatments Ascorbic acid

(mg/100g)

TSS % Reducing sugar

(%)

Non –reducing

sugar(%)

Total sugar(%)

T1 :-BDLM @75kg Neq/ha 20.3 10.5 3.15 7.51 10.66


vermiwash (3%)

21.0 10.6 3.24 7.58 10.82


Panchagavya (3%)

21.7 10.7 3.28 7.66 10.95

T4:-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha 24.1 12.5 3.46 8.07 11.53


vermiwash (3%)

24.5 12.6 3.57 8.12 11.69


Panchagavya (3%)

24.9 13.5 3.66 8.84 12.51

T7 EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha 22.8 11.0 3.30 7.90 11.20


vermiwash (3%/)

23.2 11.1 3.34 7.94 11.28


Panchagavya (3%)

23.6 11.1 3.36 7.99 11.35

T10 :-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha 25.1 13.9 3.77 8.90 12.67

T11:-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of

vermiwash (3%)

25.4 14.2 3.81 8.96 12.78

T12 :-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of

Panchagavya (3%)

26.1 14.4 3.98 9.05 13.03

RDF(30TFYM+125:50:75Kg N:P:K/ha 23.9 13.4 3.61 8.27 12.05

SEm± 0.7 0.6 0.14 0.32 0.35

CD(p=0.05) 1.9 1.7 0.39 0.91 1.00

Bengaluru Pradeep and Sharanappa (2014)39

TABLE 5:- Effect of vermiwash spray on growth parameters of

radish cv. local variety

Treatments Leaf length

(cm)

Leaf weight

(gm)

No of

leaves/plant

Root

diameter

(cm)

Root length

(cm)

T1(1:1) 36.00 10.20 8.00 4.27 21.12

T2(1:2) 37.38 14.02 9.80 4.84 23.66

T3(1:3) 41.26 15.15 10.20 5.28 24.86

T4(1:4) 42.22 16.30 11.80 5.53 25.90

T5(Control) 30.80 9.50 7.40 4.04 20.90

C.D(p=0.05) 1.87 2.12 2.27 0.52 2.02

SEm± 0.62 0.71 0.76 0.17 0.67

CV% 3.71 12.13 17.93 8.13 6.47

Maharashtra Jadhav et al (2015)

40

T1 :-Water: Vermiwash (1:1), T2:-Water: Vermiwash (1:2)

T3:-Water : Vermiwash ( 1:3), T4:-Water: Vermiwash (1:4)

TABLE 6:- Effect of vermiwash spray on yield parameters of

radish cv. Local variety

Treatments Single radish

weight(g)

Yield /plant(kg) Yield /ha(t) Marketable

yield(t/ha)

T1(1:1) 84.40 16.88 56.26 42.20

T2(1:2) 86.06 17.21 57.37 43.03

T3(1:3) 88.68 17.74 59.11 44.34

T4(1:4) 90.90 18.18 60.59 45.45

T5(Control) 80.06 16.01 53.37 40.03

C.D(p=0.05) 2.17 0.43 1.45 1.08

SE± 6.50 1.30 4.33 3.25

CV% 5.64 5.64 5.64 5.64

Maharashtra Jadhav et al (2015)

41

T1 :-Water: Vermiwash (1:1), T2:-Water: Vermiwash (1:2)

T3:-Water : Vermiwash ( 1:3), T4:-Water: Vermiwash (1:4)

TABLE 7:-Effect of different combinations of vermiwash of MSW & Neem plant

parts on okra plant pest infestation of Earias vitella

Treatments Pod Pest Infestation (%)After

30D 45D 60D 75D

Control 1.07±0.05b 2.28±0.05b 8.36±0.78b 16.57±0.54c

VW 0.77±0.03ab 1.10±0.03ab 5.65±0.58ab 10.30±0.87b

VW+NL(1:10) 0.21±0.03a 0.44±0.02a 1.15±0.13a 0.67±0.04a

VW+NB(1:10) 0.20±0.02a 0.38±0.03a 1.72±0.31a 0.13±0.02a

VW+NF(1:10) 0.04±0.05a 0.13±0.05a 1.14±0.22a 0.12±0.04a

Gorakhpur,UP Singh & Chauhan (2015)

Means followed by the same super script do not differ significantly according to

Duncan’s New Multiple Range test (DNMRT).

VW-vermiwash; NL-Neem leaf; NB-Neem bark; NF-Neem fruit extracts

42

TABLE 8:-Effect of vermiwash of MSW of buffalo dung with aqueous extract of

neem plant parts on the germination percent and period (days) of okra seed

Treatments Germination (%) Germination period(days)

Control 80 15.12±0.64 b

VW 90 12.25±0.36 a

VW+NL(1:10) 92 11.67±0.87 a

VW+NB(1:10) 95 11.48±0.49 a

VW+NF(1:10) 93 11.78±0.96 a

Gorakhpur,UP Singh & Chauhan (2015)

Means followed by the same super script do not differ significantly according to

Duncan’s New Multiple Range test (DNMRT).

VW-vermiwash; NL-Neem leaf; NB-Neem bark; NF-Neem fruit extracts

43

TABLE 9:- Effect of cow urine, urea and their combination on

curd characteristics of cauliflower

Nepal Khanal et al (2011)44

Treatments Curd weight

(g/plant)

Curd yield

(t/ha)

Taste (1-9) Color(1-9) Compactness (1-9)

N 100 kg urea 643.1 b 17.86 b 4.567 e 5.267 b 7.133 a

N 100 kg urine 722.8 a 20.08 a 7.933 a 7.200 a 7.233 a

N 125 kg urine 469.6 d 13.04 d 7.833 ab 5.700 ab 5.033 c

N 50 kg urine 635.9 bc 17.66 bc 7.333 bc 5.733 ab 6.467 ab

N 75 kg urine 486.3 d 13.51 d 6.867 c 6.067 ab 5.767 bc

N 75 kg urea+

25 kg urine

581.0 c 16.14 c 4.967 e 5.667 ab 6.467 ab

N 50 kg urea+50kg urine 688.7 ab 19.13 ab 5.600 d 6.067 ab 6.867 ab

N 25 kg urea+75 kg urine 634.3 bc 17.62 bc 6.933 c 5.967 ab 6.733 ab

Mean 607.081 16.881 6.504 5.958 6.463

CD(p=0.05) 55.38 1.543 0.5136 1.393 1.999

SEm± 1000.08 0.776 10.086 0.633 0.469

CV% 5.22 5.22 4.51 13.35 10.60

TABLE 10:- Effect of different level of urine, urea and their combination on

Benefit cost ratio of cauliflower production

Treatments Curd yield

(kg/ha)

Price

(NRs/kg)

Gross

income

(NRs)

Total cost

(NRs)

Net Return

(NRs)

B/C ratio

N 100 kg urea 17862.8 15 267,942 80,203 187,739 3.34

N 100 kg urine 20079.25 30 602,376 103,229 499,147 5.84

N 125 kg urine 13044.99 30 391,350 108,391 282,959 3.61

N 50 kg urine 17664.02 30 529,920 98,127 431,793 5.40

N 75 kg urine 13508.98 30 405,270 93,025 312,245 4.36

N 75 kg urea+

25 kg urine

16139.4 20 322,788 93,510 229,278 3.45

N 50 kg urea+50kg

urine

19130.68 20 382,614 97,416 285,198 3.93

N 25 kg urea+ 75kg

urine

17619.57 20 252,392 101,322 251,070 3.48

Nepal Khanal et al (2011)45

TREATMENT DETAILS

N 100 kg urea-217.37Kg urea/haN 100 kg urine-20,408.16liter urine/haN 125 kg urine-25,510.20 liter urine/haN 75 kg urine-15,306.12 liter /haN 50 kg urine-10204.08 liter urine/haN 75 kg urea+25 kg urine-163.04 kg urea/ha + 5,102.04 liter/haN 50 kg urea+50kg urine-108.70kg urea/ha +10204.08 liter/haN 25 kg urea+ 75kg urine-54.35kg urea/ha +15,306.12 liter/ha

46

TABLE 11:-Effect of different treatments of cow urine and vermiwash on

incidence of pest complex infesting brinjal

Treatments Mean number of insects/leaf Damage(%)by

L.orbonalis

Fruit

yield(kg/h

a)

Increase in

fruit yield

over

control(kg/h

a)

Aphid Leaf

hopper

whitefly Shoot fruit

Vermiwash @20% 1.90 2.92 2.47 24.26 26.71 16111 1296

Vermiwash @30% 1.75 2.69 2.42 23.54 24.17 17056 2241

Vermiwash @40% 1.64 2.59 2.35 22.98 22.20 18123 3308

Vermiwash @50% 1.54 2.39 2.17 19.80 20.88 21019 6204

Cowurine @20% 1.92 2.73 2.45 23.78 27.30 20463 5648

Cowurine @30% 1.73 2.60 2.36 22.98 24.54 21296 6481

Cowurine @40% 1.61 2.49 2.27 21.69 21.89 21716 6901

Cowurine @50% 1.38 2.11 2.06 17.72 18.78 25000 10185

Control 1.98 3.13 3.06 28.54 29.19 14815 -

SEm± 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.63 0.52 1898.99 -

C.D.at 5% 0.16 0.23 0.20 1.77 1.45 5693.35 -

C.V.(%) 8.85 10.64 11.28 11.70 11.92 16.86 -

Anand (Gujarat ) Karkar et al (2014)47

TABLE 12:- Effect of organic seed priming with cow urine on speed of

germination, germination percentage & root length (cm) in cluster bean

Treatments Speed of germination Germination (%) Root length(cm)

Cow urine 2% 9.5 98 14.47

Cow urine 4% 9.4 98 14.22

Cow urine 6% 9.2 97 13.75

Cow urine 8% 9.0 96 13.50

Cow urine 10% 8.7 93 13.20

Hydropriming 9.1 97 13.68

Control 8.5 90 13.05

Mean 9.1 96 13.70

SEm± 0.188 1.990 0.285

CD(p=0.05) 0.392** 4.139** 0.593**

Tamilnadu Ambika and Balakrishnan (2015)

48

TABLE: 13:-Effect of organic seed priming with cow urine on shoot length (cm)

Vigour index I & Vigour II in cluster bean

Treatments Shoot length(cm) Vigour Index-I Vigour Index-II

Cow urine 2% 16.05 2991 49.98

Cow urine 4% 15.25 2888 49.00

Cow urine 6% 15.20 2808 47.53

Cow urine 8% 15.12 2748 47.04

Cow urine 10% 14.86 2610 44.64

Hydropriming 15.03 2785 47.53

Control 14.75 2502 42.30

Mean 15.18 2762 46.86

SEm± 0.316 57.576 0.976

CD(p=0.05) 0.657** 119.737** 2.031**

Tamilnadu Ambika and Balakrishnan (2015)

49

TABLE 14:-Effect of cow urine on Exo-morphological characters

of okra Abelmoschus esculentus after 25days (Mean ± S.D)

Conc.

Of cow

urine

(%)

Plan height

(cm)

Root

length

(cm)

shoot

length

(cm)

Number of

leaves

Number of

branches

Leaf length

(cm)

Leaf

breadth

(cm)

1 8.33 ± 0.51 1.87 ±0.29 6.47 ±0.25 1.67 ± 0.58 1.33 ±0.58 1.63 ±0.21 1.43 ± 0.31

2 10.23 ±0.57 8.27 ±0.35 6.97 ±0.23 2 .00± 0.00 2.00 ±0.00 1.80 ±0.26 1.47 ± 0.31

3 11.27 ±0.50 3.93 ±0.25 7.33 ±0.25 2 .00 ±1.00 2.67 ±0.58 2.17 ± 0.25 1.90 ± 0.20

4 12.03 ±0.42 4.50 ± 017 7.50 ±0.30 2.67 ±0.58 3.00 ± 0.00 2.40 ± 0.36 2.17 ± 0.25

5 13.97 ±0.50 6.20 ±0.36 7.83 ±0.15 3.00 ± 0.00 3.00 ±0.00 2.77 ± 0.25 2.40 ± 0.26

Control 6.50 ±0.46 1.67 ±0.81 4.80 ±0.20 1.33 ± 0.58 1.67 ± 0.58 1.23 ±0.31 0.97 ± 0.25

CD

(P=0.05)0.068 0.069 0.046 0.367 0.242 0.035 0.038

Himachal Pradesh Jandaik et al (2015)

50

TABLE 15:-Effect of cow urine on exo-morphological characters of Menthi Trigonella foenum-graecum after 25 days.

Conc. of

cow

urine

Plan height

(cm)

Root

length

(cm)

shoot length

(cm)

Number of

leaves

Number of

branches

Leaf length

(cm)

Leaf breadth

(cm)

1 % 10.23 ±0.15 2.97±0.50 7.27±0.25 7.00±1.00 4.67 ±0.58 0.90 ±0.26 0.57 ± 0.15

2 % 11.7 ± 0.65 3.20±0.40 7.97 ± 0.25 9.33±0.58 6.00 ± 1.00 1.13 ±0.25 0.73 ± 0.12

3 % 12.70 ±0.66 3.50±0.36 9.17 ± 0.31 11.00±1.00 6.67 ± 0.58 1.57 ±025 1.23 ±0.35

4 % 13.43 ±0.75 3.77±0.31 9.67 ± 0.25 12.3±0.58 8.00 ± 0.00 1.83 ±0.12 1.53 ± 0.38

5 % 14.30 ±0.40 4.13±0.35 10.00±0.20 14.00±1.00 8.33 ±0.58 1.97 ±0.15 1.73 ± 0.21

Control 9.00 ±0.46 2.13±0.25 6.80 ±0.30 6.67 ±0.58 4.00 ± 0.00 0.90 ±0.20 0.40 ±0.10

CD

(p=0.05)0.096 0.056 0.031 0.29 0.267 0.066 0.101

Himachal Pradesh Jandaik et al (2015)

51

TABLE 16:-Effects of cattle urine & FYM on physico chemical properties of soil after the harvest of broccoli

Treatments Soil pH Soil organic

matter (%)

Total N(%) Available

P2O5(kg/ha)

Available

K2o

N0 5.9 3.21 0.07 32.6 187

N100Urine(SA) 6.0 3.62 0.23 82.2 200

N150Urine(SA) 6.1 4.41 0.26 130.6 208

N100FYM 5.9 4.56 0.10 88.0 205

N150FYM 5.9 5.0 0.20 138 214

N50Urine(FA) 6.0 4.82 0.14 81.85 242

N100Urine(FA) 5.9 5.39 0.15 120 196

N150Urine(FA) 6.2 5.43 0.31 147.6 196

Mean 6.01 4.43 0.19 102.61 206.5

SEm± 0.03 0.34 0.04 13.76 16.36

CD(p=0.05) - 0.56 0.13 41.73 52.05

CV% 1.65 22.25 41.66 23.22 22.41

Nepal Sharma et al (2016)52

TABLE 17:- Effects of cattle urine & FYM on biological yield

(t/ha) of broccoli & curd yield

Treatments Biological yield(t/ha) Curd yield(t/ha)

N 0kg 25.5 11.2

N100kgUrine(SA) 32.1 16.2

N150kgUrine(SA) 31.1 15.9

N100kg FYM 30.1 14.8

N150kgFYM 31.1 15.1

N50kg Urine(FA) 32.4 14.4

N100kg Urine(FA) 31.3 17.3

N150 kgUrine(FA) 36.7 19.05

Mean 31.1 15.3

SEm± 7.4 4.5

CD(p=0.05) 4.7 3.3

CV% 8.75 13.8

Nepal Sharma et al(2016)

53

Concentration Average

fruit length

(cm)

Average fruit

diameter(cm)

Average fruit

weight(kg)

Cortex

thickness

(cm)

Firmness TSS Drymatter

(%)

0

Gizal 22.5 22.3 3.16 1.2 14.1 8.4 3.00

Aswan 21.3 20.5 3.55 1.3 14.9 9.2 3.05

S.belle 23.5 23.6 4.33 1.5 15.2 9.4 3.10

2L/F

Gizal 26.5 24.38 5.19 1.29 14.86 9.35 4.35

Aswan 23. 23.9 4.88 1.09 15.48 11 4.45

S.belle 25.9 25.44 5.19 1.64 16.01 9.9 4.23

4L/F

Gizal 25.28 23.26 4.92 1.26 13.89 9.2 4.26

Aswan 21.94 22.85 6.65 1.06 14.62 10.3 4.37

S.belle 24.78 24.27 4.96 1.51 14.69 9.9 4.03

6L/F

Gizal 28 25.84 5.45 1.4 15.43 9.9 4.74

Aswan 24.39 25.39 5.17 1.08 16.25 11.4 4.85

S.belle 27.53 26.97 5.51 1.68 16.33 10.49 4.48

CD

(p=0.05)

0.29 0.13 0.10 0.04 0.13 0.18 0.03

TABLE 18:-Effect of interaction between watermelon varieties &

Humic acid on the fruit quality

Egypt Salman et al (2006)5454

Table 19:-Effect of interaction between watermelon varieties & humic acid on the yield parameters

Concentration Early yield (T/Fd) Total yield (T/Fd) Marketable yield

(T/Fd)

Unmarketable

yield (T/Fd)

0

Gizal 11.2 22.2 16.3 4.5

Aswan 13.2 20.8 17.5 4.1

S.belle 11.5 25.3 16.3 6.2

2L/F

Gizal 13.44 24.4 18.39 5.81

Aswan 14.41 22.83 19.31 3.62

S.belle 13.13 27.5 19.53 7.98

4L/F

Gizal 13.91 26.2 19.9 6.29

Aswan 14.91 24.71 20.9 3.81

S.belle 13.59 29.77 21.14 8.63

6L/F

Gizal 15.49 29.11 22.13 6.99

Aswan 15.68 27.46 23.23 4.23

S.belle 15.1 33.8 23.49 9.59

CD(p=0.05) 0.19 0.45 0.18 0.38

Egypt Salman et al (2006)55

TABLE 20:- Effect of lignite humic acid and inorganic fertilizerson growth attributes of onion

Treatments Plant height

(cm)

No of leaves

/ plant

Root length

(cm)

Dry matter

production

(kg/ha)

T1 Control 34.1 27.4 5.4 1445

T275%NPK 41.6 34.2 7.5 1752

T3100%NPK 45.8 38.5 9.0 1941

T4100%NPK+10KgHA/ha SA 47.0 41.8 10.4 2040

T5100%NPK+20KgHA/ha SA 49.5 47.2 11.2 2110

T6100%NPK+0.1%HAFS 46.3 39.4 9.3 1967

T7100%NPK+10KgHA/ha

SA+0.1%HAFS

48.0 43.8 10.6 2070

T875%NPK+10KgHA/ha SA 46.7 40.7 9.8 2017

SEm± 2.0 2.6 0.4 36

CD(p=0.05) 4.0 5.6 0.8 77

Tamilnadu Sangeetha &Singa Ram (2007)

56

TABLE 21:- Effect of lignite humic acid and inorganic fertilizers on yieldattributes & bulb yield of onion

Treatments No of bulbs/

plant

Bulb girth

(cm)

Bulb yield

(t/ha)

T1 Control 4.1 4.7 12.5

T275%NPK 5.2 5.9 15.3

T3100%NPK 5.8 6.5 16.8

T4100%NPK+10KgHA/ha SA 8.4 7.8 17.8

T5100%NPK+20KgHA/ha SA 9.8 9.2 18.7

T6100%NPK+0.1%HAFS 6.3 6.7 17.0

T7100%NPK+10KgHA/ha SA+0.1%HAFS 9.0 8.4 18.0

T875%NPK+10KgHA/ha SA 7.5 7.2 17.6

S.Em± 0.3 0.5 0.3

CD(p=0.05) 0.7 1.0 0.7

Tamilnadu Sangeetha & Singa Ram (2007)

57

TABLE 22:-Effect of humic acid on fruit quality characteristics ofhot pepper (Capsicum annum var. Red chilli)

TreatmentsTitrable Acidity (g

L-1)

Total Soluble

Solid (0Brix)

Vitamin C

( mg 100 g-1)

Carbohydrate

s(mg.g-1)

HA0 (control) 24.7b 9.9cd 126a 113.9a

HA1 (25mg kg-1) 25.5b 9.6d 122a 96.4a

HA2 (100mg kg-1) 32.9a 10.15bc 131a 114.7a

HA3 (175 mgkg-1) 33.1a 10.6b 146a 115.3a

HA4 (250mgkg-1) 34.6a 11.25a 117a 133.9a

Malaysia Aminifard et al (2012)Mean separation by Duncan’s new multiple range test. Within each column, means

followed by the same letter are not different (P<5%).

58

TABLE 23:-Effect of humic acid on survival percentage (%), neck height (cm) & plant height (cm) of onion cultivars

Parameters Survival percentage (%) Neck height (cm) Plant height (cm)

cultivar

Swat-1 82.3 6.1 65.4

NARC 82.9 6.0 63.7

Parachinar local 82.5 7.5 80.9

CD value NS 0.443 3.693

Humic level (kgha-1)

Control 83.00 5.36 63.7

1kgha-1 82.8 6.00 68.9

2kgha-1 82.6 7.6 75.3

3kgha-1 82.6 7.2 72.0

CD value NS 1.103 3.330

Pakistan Sajid et al (2012)

59

TABLE 24:- Effect of Humic acid on bulb weight (g), yield /plot (kg) & total yield ha-1 (tones) of onion cultivars

Parameters Bulb weight (g) Yield /plot (kg) Total yield

(tonnes)

cultivar

Swat-1 92.3 20.9 32.9

NARC 82.7 19.5 30.5

Parachinar local 94.2 22.9 36.1

CD value 4.440 0.837 1.397

Humic level(kgha-1)

Control 84.4 19.9 31.1

1kgha-1 92.0 20.9 32.9

2kgha-1 96.4 22.4 35.3

3kgha-1 86.2 21.2 33.3

CD value 5.214 1.032 1.744

Pakistan Sajid et al (2012)

60

TABLE 25:-Effect of various concentrations of humic acid on growth parameters of okra

Treatments Days taken to

full

germination

Plant height

(cm)

No of

primary

branches

Length of

leaf (cm)

Width of

leaf (cm)

Leaf area

index

(sq cm)

No of

leaves

T1(10ml HA) 17.33 167.29 5.73 21.33 16.62 362.78 25.80

T2(20ml HA) 21.00 170.47 5.33 20.07 14.60 284.53 19.47

T3(30ml HA) 17.33 188.96 5.60 21.73 16.47 344.80 19.73

T4(40ml HA) 16.33 195.03 5.53 23.16 18.38 422.29 30.67

T5(50ml HA) 18.33 166.33 6.73 21.43 14.73 314.87 28.87

T6(60ml HA) 19.00 164.91 4.67 18.40 12.20 226.21 27.60

T7(70ml HA) 20.33 175.65 5.27 24.64 15.71 362.15 26.33

T8(80ml HA) 18.00 166.70 5.27 20.26 14.69 293.70 25.67

T9(90ml HA) 17.00 165.71 6.33 21.01 15.48 293.33 24.80

T10(100ml HA) 19.00 166.30 6.13 21.73 15.29 334.14 23.80

T11(110ml HA) 17.67 163.59 5.73 19.84 15.86 318.14 22.93

T12(120ml HA) 17.67 173.16 5.73 20.27 15.31 314.26 21.93

T13(130ml HA) 17.67 172.54 5.47 20.60 17.32 359.95 21.07

T14(140ml HA) 21.00 177.66 5.73 22.27 20.00 416.63 20.40

T15(150ml HA) 15.33 208.94 5.40 24.67 22.87 447.99 31.80

T16(control) 22.33 174.72 4.73 20.56 13.40 263.46 16.93

SEm± 0.6135 0.6262 0.5437 0.4422 0.2422 4.748 0.324

CD(p=0.05) 1.77 1.808 NS 1.277 0.699 13.7 0.9371

Uttarakhand Kumar et al. (2015)6161

TABLE 26:-Effect of various concentration of humic acid on yield parameters ofokra

Treatments Days taken

to1st

flowering

No of

flowers/p

lant

Days

taken to

1st

fruiting

No of

fruits/pl

ant

Fruit

length

(cm)

Dry

weight of

leaves

(g)

Fruit

diameter

(cm)

Total yield (ha)

T1(10ml HA) 36.00 26.13 40.00 19,93 11.43 1.21 21.60 98.53

T2(20ml HA) 35.33 26.67 40.00 21.47 11.94 1.30 18.53 88.20

T3(30ml HA) 35.67 22.20 39.33 20.00 11.32 1.37 22.62 98.11

T4(40ml HA) 32.67 26.60 38.67 21.80 12.43 1.41 23.05 106.78

T5(50ml HA) 35.00 25.73 38.00 21.33 11.27 1.38 21.69 89.11

T6(60ml HA) 34.33 25.27 39.33 21.07 11.58 1.39 21.07 83.86

T7(70ml HA) 33.33 27.20 37.00 20.67 10.66 1.54 19.94 102.67

T8(80ml HA) 35.33 23.80 40.00 20.33 12.02 1.51 19.36 80.14

T9(90ml HA) 38.00 25.00 42.00 20.07 11.24 1.38 19.80 85.01

T10(100ml HA) 39.33 22.73 44.00 20.47 10.43 1.33 18.93 92.45

T11(110ml HA) 37.00 25.73 42.00 20.80 10.92 1.36 21.82 95.45

T12(120ml HA) 35.00 23.40 39.67 20.20 11.76 1.39 22.36 83.86

T13(130ml HA) 37.00 22.93 40.00 21.14 11.89 1.38 21.83 83.55

T14(140ml HA) 34.00 24.00 38.67 18.53 10.14 1.32 22.42 94.08

T15(150ml HA) 31.67 31.13 37.3 23.13 13.20 1.40 24.79 122.00

T16(control) 41.00 18.27 44.33 17.93 10.08 1.36 17.85 82.56

SEm± 0.625 1.634 0.75 0.68 0.03 7.94 0.1174 7.66

CD(p=0.05) 1.805 4.17 2.18 1.97 0.08 NS 0.339 22.3

Uttarakhand Kumar et al (2015)

TABLE 27:- Effect of humic acid spraying and ground drench on growth, yield and quality attributes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown under polyhouse

Humic

Acid

levels

(L/Fed)

Plant

height

(cm)

No of

Leaves

/ plant

No of

flowers/

plant

No of

fruits/

plant

Average

fruit

weight

(g)

Total

yield

/plant

(kg)

Fruit

length

(cm)

Fruit

diameter

(cm)

Protein

(%)

TSS

(%)

Control 153.33 36.33 46.00 17.00 96.33 1.89 11.11 3.27 25.30 4.32

SA 3L 164.33 39.67 50.33 19.00 100.00 1.90 11.33 3.73 26.88 4.57

SA 6L 176.00 43.00 53.00 21.33 104.00 2.00 11.33 3.83 27.71 4.63

SA 9L 177.33 46.33 57.67 23.00 107.33 2.11 10.90 3.70 28.75 4.77

FA 3L 165.00 40.33 47.00 18.33 97.00 2.02 10.85 3.73 24.59 4.50

FA 6L 179.33 45.00 53.00 21.67 109.33 2.10 10.67 3.97 28.54 4.92

FA 9L 183.67 45.33 54.67 24.00 111.00 2.12 11.33 4.20 28.75 4.96

C.D.(%) 16.48 5.10 8.39 5.23 NS 0.14 NS NS 1.64 0.25

Egypt Shafeek et al (2016)63

Conclusion

From the foregoing discussion, it is concluded that vermiwash, cow urine and

humic acid are the important organic sources of nutrients for improving the

growth, yield and quality of many vegetables. These organic sources not only

increases the yield but also improves the soil fertility, soil productivity, soil

structure& texture, promoting plant growth and resistance against various

pests, diseases. In this context use of organic sources of nutrients in crop

production is becoming very crucial for assurance of food security,

sustainability and improving soil health.

Future Thrust

The highest growth, yield, yield components and quality traits was obtained

with the use of organic sources of nutrients like vermiwash, cow urine and

humic acid. However to determine optimum crop response and treatment

level, further investigation is required.

64

recent advances in relation to use of vermiwash, cowurine and humic acid in vegetable crops

Education