Mechanism of Human Behavior Chapter

3

Reporters: Danna Nicole MarañaJofe Ann NacarioJesabelle Gamlanga

The Eyes and Visual Sensation

The Ears and the Auditory Sensation

The Sense of Smell and

Olfactory ReceptorsTaste Receptors and

Gustatory Sensations

The Receiving Mechanism

Mechanism of Human Behavior

Helps the individual to respond and interact with the environment.There are three:•Receiving Mechanism / Receptors•Connecting Mechanism / Connectors•Reacting Mechanism / Reactors

The Receiving Mechanism Mechanism of Receptors: Different sense organs of the body receive the stimuli from the environment.

Three kinds of receptors

Exteroceptors

Propioceptors interoceptors

- eyes, ears, nose, mouth and skin -tendons, muscles and joints -respiratory, digestive and genital

The Eye and

Visual Sensation

The Eye and the Visual Sensation

Gives the sense of vision which allows one to see the world.

Light

Stimulus that produces the vision

Visual Sensation

Eyes react to light

Choroid coat Sclerotic coat Retina

Sclerotic Coat

Bulging tough white membrane that forms the cornea.

Cornea – a protective window into eyeball

Choroid coat

Iris – colored part of the eye.Pupil- the dark

whole of the iris. It is where the light enters. Controls the amount of light that enters the eye.

.Retina

- Innermost coat and the photosensitive area of the eyes. The true receptor. Fovea Centralis – the point of the clearest vision of the eyes.

Cones and Rods

Cones – short, thick & tapered.Responsible for daylight vision & colors. Rods - long & cylindrical. Responsible for twilight vision/ light of low intensity.

Optic Nerve and Blind Spot

Optic Nerve- a bundle of ganglions axons at the back of the eyeball. It carries visual information to the brain.

Blind spot-  is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light.

Optic Chiasm A point between & behind the eyes wherein the more impulses from the optic nerve are reversed in the brain.

Night Blindness/ Nyctalopia

Results from deficiency in the pigmentation layer in the retinaDeficiency in Vitamin A

Night Blind- people who find difficulty in seeing light / object at night.

Common Eye Deviation from Normal Vision

Myopia/ nearsightedness

Hyperopia/ Farsightedness

Presbyopia

Astigmatism

Caused by abnormal long eyeball. Persons can see near objects; they cannot see objects at a far distance.

Persons with this defect can see clearly at a far distance.

Farsightedness of old age w/c cause by slow hardening of the lens.

Congenital but it may be caused by injury/ inflammation. Caused by uneven curvature of the cornea.

Cross-eye

Tunnel vision

Diplopia/ Double Vision

Scoma

Common Eye Deviation from Normal Vision

Congenital farsightedness/ defect in the eye muscles. Cross-eyed persons have one eyed either turned outward/ inward. There is a big chance if the treatment is done before the child turns 6 yrs old. Caused by concentric narrowing of the field of vision. The person’s sight seems to be looking through a pipe/ tunnel.

The simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced horizontally, vertically, diagonally or rotationally in relation to each other.From over exposure to light producing temporary/ permanent blind spot. Also results from excessive use of tobacco/ alcohol.

Albinism

Cataract

Diabetic retinopathy

Other visual Defects

Rapid, involuntary side movement of the eyeball

Lens of the eyes changes from clear to cloudy.

Hemorrhaging of the tiny vessels of the retina, as a result vision is blurred/ distorted.

The Ears and the Auditory Sensation

The Ears and the Auditory Sensation

Sense Organs for hearing and stimulus. It is made sensitive by the sound waves. Sound waves caused by vibration. Sound has 3 features:LoudnessPitchTimbre

Ears consist of 3 parts:

Outer earMiddle earInner ear

Outer ear

Middle ear

Inner ear

Outer earPinna – visible part of the ear

Auditory canal- tube-like passage through which sound moves.

Eardrum- miniature drum that vibrates when sound hit it.

Which has tiny bones called malleus/hammer, the incus/anvil and stapes/ stirrup.

Oval window- a thin membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear.

Middle ear

Inner ear Changes the sound vibration into a form transmitted to the brain. Cochlea- a coiled tube filled

with fluids.Basilar membrane – structure that runs through the cochlea dividing into the lower and upper chamber. Covered by hair cells.Hair cells- bent by the vibration entering the cochlea.

Hearing defects

Conductive Deafness- result of disturbance in the conduction of air waves from outer ears to inner ears. Defects of the small bones, w/c prevent the flow of vibration. Nerve Deafness – caused by loss of sensitivity of receptors. Injury/ infection of the nerve cells may lead to partial deafness.

The Sense of Smell and Olfactory Receptors

Olfactory Receptors

Located in the upper part of nasal cavities in a small space called Olfactory Region.There are 3 large members of sensitive nerve endings known as Olfactory Bulb.Very sensitive to gaseous element.

Olfactory Receptors

Qualities that describe odor/ smell

Flowery scent – comes from blooming flowersEthereal smell- perfume/ cologneFruity smell- found in fruits.-Pepper minty- from garlic, pepper, onion and mustard.Resinous – paint, varnish and turpentineSmoky/ scorched- burn paper, feather, leavesPutrid stink- salted fish, bagoong, buro, fish sauce

Anosmia

Loss/ impairment of the sense of smell.Severe cold may result in partial anosmia.

Taste Receptors and Gustatory Sensations

Taste receptorsTaste buds- receptor cells for tasteAreas of the tongue are more sensitive to a particular fundamental taste than others.

Taste receptors

Taste buds has Tiny hair cells which are connected to the nerve that reacts when stimuli cut in the Taste pores.

Taste receptors

Hypogeusia and Anosmia

Loss of taste / Hypogeusia is generally accopanied by loss of smell/ anosmia. Hypogeusia and Anosmia are oftentimes caused by serious respiratory infections within the nasal passages.