Age of Revolutions &

RebellionsSSWH 14

Absolutism a. Absolute Monarch: kings or queens who held all of the

power within their states’ boundariesb. Centralize political power within their countriesc. Most believed they had divine right: belief that God created

the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth.• An absolute monarch answered only to God, not to his or

her subjectsd. Decline of feudalism, rise of cities, growth of national

kingdoms all helped to centralize authoritye. Rising middle class typically sided with the monarchsf. Government had absolute power and could not be

disobeyed

What is Absolutism??

SSWH 14 A

Examine absolutism through a comparison of the reigns of Louis

XIV and Tsar Peter the Great.

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Louis XIV

■ Absolute Ruler■ France■ 1643-1715

– From 1643-1661, government was actually led by his mother and chief minister, Jules Cardinal Mazarin (an Italian financier).

■ “Sun King” – source of light for the people

■ “l’etat, cest moi” – I am the state

■ Wanted strong monarchy because he inherited a kingdom that was internally divided, militarily exhausted, and nearly bankrupt.

■ left to his heirs the greatest power in the Western world

–Demonstrate wealth, power & glory of France

–Personal household of king–Chief offices of the state (keep an eye on

work)–Royal court where people came to seek

favor

■ Louis XIV–Built Versailles

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–To combat this: ▪removed them from royal council▪kept them busy with court life▪Forced them to live in official estates▪Freed them from taxation▪In return, nobles gave Louis absolute power

■ Policies of Louis XIV–Biggest Threat: high

nobles and royal princes.

■ Policies of Louis XIV continued

–Chose advisors from middle class▪Middle class felt included, so it kept them from revolting

–Demanded that administrators obeyed his commands

–Complete authority over church, foreign policy, and taxes.

–Bribed local nobles and officials to see his policies enforced.

■ Legacy of Louis XIV–Culture flourished–Financial ruin

▪Smaller tax base & large expenses in building & war

–Power hungry nobility with no ability/ knowledge of how to rule.

–Unhappy middle class/peasant class

Tsar Peter the Great■ Russia, 1689 - 1725■ Absolute Ruler■ Used Europe as model for Russia

– Russia was behind technologically & economically

– Sent people to learn new skills■ Forced nobility to dress, learn, and eat

like Europeans– Forced Nobles to live in official estates

■ Built new capital at St. Petersburg

■ Peter’s Policies– Wanted to be a European power

▪ Expanded borders (all of eastern Asia, Alaska)

– Created a central bureaucracy which he tightly controlled

– Brought Eastern Orthodox Church under his control

– Gave privileges to nobles in return for service▪ Tax exemption

– Reorganized army and started a navy– Demanded compliance with his laws and

orders

■ Legacy of Peter the Great–Stronger foreign affairs because

Russia was in mainstream Europe

–Domestic problems▪Broke with traditional Eastern Orthodox culture that was a unifier between nobility & peasants

▪Tax burden was on the peasants▪Atmosphere of fear

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Absolute Ruler

■ Japan came under his control in the 1600s■ Policies of Tokugawa Ieyasu

– Tokugawa family controlled all government– Council of Elders was the administrators– Established the Metsuke

▪Officials who kept watch for revolts

■ Policies of Tokugawa Ieyasu continued– Loyalty to Shogun above loyalty to

family– Duty & Honor – central values– Strict social structure controlled by

shogun– Inner discipline required to meet social

position– Closed Japan to western influence

▪Expelled Christians▪Limited trade to island off Nagasaki with Dutch only

■ Legacy of Tokugawa Ieyasu– Ended Western influence– Limited power of regional lords (daimyo)

▪ destroy all their castles except those where they actually lived

– encouraged the warrior class to pursue scholarly learning.

– adopted measures to secure the lords' allegiance to the new government

▪ norms of conduct ▪ military retainers▪ Seized and redistributed Japanese lands among the nobles

SSWH 14 B

Identify the causes and results of the revolutions in England (1689), United

States (1776),France (1789), Haiti (1791), and Latin

America (1808-1825).

The concept that the people of a nation have a right to overthrow a government that acts

against their common interests is known as the right of revolution. The right of

revolution was a main theme of both The Declaration of Independence and Common

Sense.

Leading up to the English Revolution

13th June 1625

King Charles I married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV of France. The marriage was not popular because she was a Catholic.

May 1626

Parliament was unhappy with the activities of Charles’ chief minister, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Buckingham had led a failed mission to Cadiz. It appeared that he was planning to help the French to put down the Protestant Huguenot uprising. Parliament moved to have Buckingham. Charles retaliated by dismissing parliament.

Leading up to the English Revolution

13th March 1628

Parliament Recalled - Charles needed money to finance the war with France and Spain and reluctantly recalled Parliament.

7th June 1628

Parliament formed a committee of grievances and prepared a Petition of Right which was presented to the King. The Petition was designed to protect subjects from any further taxation unauthorised by Parliament.

Charles signed the document reluctantly and dismissed Parliament again.

Leading up to the English Revolution

■ Charles I – 1628 – petition that

prohibited taxation without Parliament’s consent.

▪ Charles began to reject it because it limited his power.

– Charles began to impose more Catholic rituals into Church of England

■ Finally led to Civil War in 1642

Leading up to the English Revolution

■ Parliament supporters won the civil war thanks to military leadership of Oliver Cromwell.– Eventually Cromwell took over power

▪ Executed Charles I▪ Disbanned Parliament▪ Created military dictatorship

■ After Cromwell’s death (1658), Parliament restarts, and king (Charles II) is put on throne 1660.

English Revolution (1689)

■ Causes– Absolutist James II (Catholic)

took over throne in 1685▪ Did not allow free worship

– Parliament waiting for him to die so his daughter, Mary (Protestant) could take over since James had no son.

– 1688, James had a son.

English Revolution (1689)■ Causes

– Parliament then united against James and invited Mary & her husband William to take the throne from James.

▪ James had no support, so he fled the country

– Called the Glorious Revolution (no blood shed)

■ Results– William & Mary took over & promised to rule by Parliament’s rule– William & Mary agreed to Bill of Rights

▪ King could not raise taxes▪ King could not maintain army without Parliament consent▪ Rule of Law▪ Freely elected Parliament▪ Guaranteed certain individual rights

– Trial by jury– No cruel & unusual punishment– Limited bail

– Act of Settlement (1701) – kept any Catholic from becoming king/queen of England again

English Revolution (1689)

American Revolution (1776)

■ Causes– French & Indian War

▪ Seven Year War between Britain and France over territories

■ Causes– Proclamation of 1763

▪ Britain forbade settled past the Appalachians

– Enforcement of Navigation

Acts of 1660▪ Required all colonial trade to be on British ships

– Series of acts (Sugar, Quartering, Stamp, Townshend, Tea, Intolerable)

▪ Restrictions on colonial trade

American Revolution (1776)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnblwYIanhQ

■ Partisans were also known as "Patriots" or "Rebels". – supported the Second Continental

Congress.■ Tories were colonists loyal to Great Britain

■ French gave assistance after the Americans won the Battle of Saratoga

American Revolution (1776)

■ One of the reasons for the military success of the American Revolution was financial and military assistance from France.

American Revolution (1776)

■ Results– US gained independence from England

▪ Treaty of Paris 1783

– Formed its own government based on Enlightenment writings

– Inspired French and Latin American Revolutions– Gained world-wide importance because it marked

the emergence of a new form of government

French Revolution

(1789)■ Causes

– Inspired by the Enlightenment– Inequalities of class system

▪ 1st estate – clergy▪ 2nd estate – aristocracy (nobles)▪ 3rd estate – commoners (peasants, skilled workers, & bourgeoisie) ***largest number of people with the LEAST political power

French Revolution

– Financial crisis▪ Spent lots of money on wars and court expenses▪ Called for an Estates-General (Parliament) to address the needs

▪ Reaction to unequal taxation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXsZbkt0yqo

French Revolution (1789)

■ From Estates-General to National Assembly– All three estates were part of the

Estates-General and votes were one per estate

– 1st & 2nd estate could veto 3rd estate– 3rd estate wanted 1 vote per representative– King said no– 3rd estate created National Assembly & wrote

a constitution.

French Revolution (1789)■ While king was acting to stop the 3rd estate,

commoners stormed the Bastille in Paris

■ Royal troops abandoned Louis XVI, who fled to Versailles

■ Rebellions took place throughout France rooted in the long-hated landholding system.

French Revolution (1789)

■ Effects– National Assembly became the legislature of

France▪ Took away old feudal dues & taxation privileges.▪ Declared all male citizens could hold office.▪ Composed Declaration of the Right of Man and of Citizen

– Used Enlightenment thought: Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau

– All men equal before law– Freedom of speech, press, and religion

■ Effects– 1791 – French adopted new Constitution

based on Declaration of Right– Church became controlled by state– Monarchy’s influenced declined

▪ Louis XVI was basically held prisoner in Paris.

■ inspired the Latin American Revolution– Ignited thoughts of freedom and equality in

Latin America and Haiti

French Revolution (1789)

■ French Revolution went into Radical stage– Paris Commune (a group of political radicals)

took over Legislative Assembly & forced it to hold a Convention to decide future of France

▪ Abolished the monarchy & beheaded Louis XVI▪ Angered many French outside of Paris & royalty throughout Europe.

– Established a Committee of Public Safety – to protect France from “Foreign & Domestic Threats”

■ Committee on Public Safety – 12 people■ Transition in the French Revolution

– Led to Reign of Terror– Leader was Maximilien Robespierre– Executing any who rebelled against the radical

National Convention– Raised by decree a huge army of over 1

million to end threat of foreign invasion▪ An army of the people, not an army of professional soldiers

– Ended with the execution of Robespierre

Where is Haiti located?

Haiti Revolution (1791)

■ Haiti was under French control■ Causes

– French colonized as a farming/plantation economy

▪ Mistreated slaves

– Francois Toussaint-Louverture led slaves in a revolt against owners.

■ It was an on-going revolt for 13 years.■ L'Ouverture hoped to take advantage of both the chaos in

France.

Haiti Revolution (1791)

■ Results– 1802 – Napoleon sent troops to put down revolt– Louveture was imprisoned in France– Yellow fever ravages French army– Haiti gained control and won independence in 1804– resulted in the abolition of slavery and the first

republic in the Western Hemisphere governed by descendants of enslaved African immigrants

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bBoT-qwGfw

Latin America Revolutions

■ Causes:– Enlightenment thinking– Countries of Latin America heard of the

successful revolutions in other countries: (Britain, France, United States, Haiti)

– Gave them confidence to try to gain their own independence and protect individual rights too.

Latin America Revolutions■ Revolutions:

– Bolivia (1809-1825) led by Bolivar & de Sucre

– Argentina (1810-1817) led by San Martin

– Chile (1810-1817) led by San Martin & O’Higgins

– Colombia (1810-1819) led by Bolivar, de Sucre & Santander

Latin America Revolutions■ Revolutions:

– Mexico (1810-21) led by Hidalgo, Guerrero & Morelos▪ Miguel Hidalgo fought for the liberation of Mexico from

Spanish control. – Although he died before his goal was reached, his

contributions to Mexican independence are still honored.

– Paraguay (1811) – Venezuela (1810) led by Bolivar, de Sucre & Miranda– Peru (1821) led by Simon Bolivar & San Martin– Ecuador (1822) led by Simon Bolivar– Brazil (1822) led by Dom Pedro

Latin America Revolutions

■ Results– Protected by United States in Monroe Doctrine– Relied heavily on Europe economically– Several unsuccessful attempts to unify the

whole region of Latin America

SSWH 14 C

Explain Napoleon’s rise to power, the role of geography in his defeat, and the

consequences of France’s defeat for Europe.

Napoleon Bonaparte

■ Rise to power– After the French Revolution, the government

in power was the Legislative Assembly and the Directory

▪ Unpopular & corrupt

– Napoleon had won fame & popularity as a successful military leader & French military hero

– 1799 – Napoleon returned to France because he had heard of the problems internally

Napoleon Bonaparte

– He took advantage of the political chaos in France to come to power

– Joined in a successful coup d'état against the Directory

– Set up a new Constitution▪ Republic with 3 consuls

– Napoleon became first consul quickly

– 1802 – Napoleon named himself Consul for life and was approved by popular vote.

▪ Established a dictatorship

Napoleonic Code

– Napoleonic Code – wrote based on Enlightenment ideas, but state was above individual

– Napoleonic Code was one of the earliest successful attempts to establish the rule of law in Europe.

▪ Inspired by Emperor Justinian’s code▪ Special privilege for nobles was replaced

with a system of civil laws governing property ownership and criminal procedures.

– Expanded the French borders

▪ Used family members to rule new territory

▪ Abolished Holy Roman Empire & established Confederation of the Rhine

- implemented reform and reorganization

- military conquest and occupying by French troops

- installing collaborators in governmental positions

– Brought Unity and Order in France

– Accepted by the people because he brought stability

– Was a direct cause of the increase in German and Spanish nationalism

– Recognized Catholicism as majority religion in France, but allowed toleration

▪ Increased French power of the Catholic Church

Beginning of the End

■ Defeat– Attacked Russia because they betrayed him

by resuming trade with Great Britain▪ Attacked in winter▪ Met little resistance at first▪ Geography and Harsh weather played a role

in his defeat▪ In Moscow, Russians attacked & Napoleon suffered very high casualties.

– Other enemies of Napoleon saw this weakness and took the opportunity to attack too

Napoleon– Surrendered in March 1814

▪ Louis XVIII was put back on throne▪ Napoleon exiled to Elba

– Napoleon returned to France from exile in March 1815 & recaptured power for 100 days.

– Defeated for good at the Battle of Waterloo by armies of Prussia, Great Britain, and the Netherlands in June of 1815

▪ Exiled again, this time to St. Helena where he died▪ “Met his Waterloo”

Napoleon’s Legacy

■ Legacy– Ended the revolution in France– Spread the Enlightenment ideas throughout

Europe▪ equality before law▪ Religious toleration▪ Advancement on merit

– Improved standards of government▪ Reformed tax system▪ Promoted education▪ Improved agriculture & industry

Napoleon’s Legacy

– Nationalism was awakened, leading to the unification of several small states into powerful nations.

– Gave the people a taste of freedom outside absolute monarchy

– Consequences for Europe▪ Congress of Vienna

– New borders in Europe– Monarchies restored

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOki3qAZe4g&index=4&list=PLE2204FE3E14F153E

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