Realise the issueDeng immediately realised the

mangitude of the short and long term issues:

Military, lack of organization, strikes, no obidience.

Economy going down, disrupted commmunication.

Deng’s vision•Support Agriculture•Foreign technology•Strenghten industrial field with research•Quality management•“Quality over quantity”•Implementation of processes and regulations•Material and monetary incentives•Better training•Higher educational standards•Money and time invested on science•Expert leadership

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“It is purely nonsense to say that a certain place of work or unit is carrying out revolution very well when production is fouled up. This view that once revolution is grasped, production will increase naturally and withour spending any effort is believed only by those who indulge in fairytales.”

Jiang Qing called this asseveration “the political manifesto for the restauration of capitalism”

Vision on agricultureDENG JIANGIncentives: Joined Deng

Monetary and material to encourage peasants.

Called for the return of ideals as big as “The great Leap forward”

Peasant initiative Bring back:Egalitarianism

Emphasis on class struggle

On the First National conference on learning from Dazhai (brigade)

Mao’s contradictory behaviourDeng’s year in power:• Mao backed Deng’s ideals ; - Defended them from attacks… Gang of four

HOWEVER…•He also propounded his leftist views and Chunqiao and Wenyuan to expose theirs:•He never acceppted wage differentials (System ownership)

Mao’s weakness…This frequent clash of ideas made him seem:•Weak•Unifrm•“Struggle between head and heart”And it was TRUE …•1974: cataracts surgery, unable to read. Dependant on people reading news for him.•1975: parkinson left him speechless.

New liaison and raising doubts…

•Mao’s nephew became the liaison between Mao and the politburo: - He also was against of Deng’s ideals.

•People started wondering… why Deng?

Hypothesis: To buy time to choose the right one that would continue.

The fall of DengMao kept on contradicting Deng:

•Deng’s Higher educational standards vs Mao’s standarized easy school courses.•“Dengs attacked the Cultural Revolution in effort to reverse it veredicts”•Critized Deng and his rightist ideals.

* Zhou Enlai’s: hope icon DEAD

Zhou Enlai… DEAD•Office of premiere position AVAILABLE:•Zhou was the obvious probability… - Because even if he had faced criticism he hadn’t faced hummilation, so he was still standing somewhat strong.•Mao was aware of that strength… - So he knew:•If Deng inherited Zhou’s spot, deng would become immovable + if he died (Mao), deng would have had the power to remove those who preserved the Maoist vision.

Mao HAD to choose …ZHANG CHUNQIAO (Most capable member of the gang of four) OR

A beneficiary of the Cultural revolution BECAUSE:

•Would be indebted (morally obligated) to keep the Maoist ideals.•Commited to continue through the same path.•Mantain that Radical element in leadership to fight opposition.

But…He decided to go for Hua Guofeng:

Reasons are still unkown. Some say it may had been just “another mistake”

Hua was an official in Mao’s home province.

It was said Hua helped in the post Lin Biao cleanup.

Mao’s strategyMao positioned him as Minister of public

security to test him as a possible succesor.

And in January he conveyed to the Politburo that Hua should be made acting premiere.

TO TAKE OVER DENG’S CONTROL OF THE PARTY DAILY WORK.

The gang of four lost chanceThey went furious about Mao’s decision.The gang was not strong at the time… not

many active members.Wang H. And Zhang C. Could had worked

with Hua Guofeng to dominate the party.Hua would had welcome their help: 1. They

would have had Mao’s blessing. 2. Hua was a beginner.

However, they decided to go against Hua, instead of joining him.

Tianamen Incident 1976Qing Ming festival: ancestors remembered and graves swept (no supersition) remember revolutionary heroes.

People left hundreds of wreaths all over the Heroes monument in the center of tiananmen square (March 19th- 30)

Zhou Enlai’s wreath was removed by police

The politburo and the gang of four react.Worked together trying to end with all of the wreaths.4th of april the politburo and prominent members try to

gather. Apart from the gang of four none of them can show up. Not even Deng.

Hua blamed provocateurs and felt threatened… The gang of four agreed on that.

They knew people now rejected Mao as their god-like leader, and Hua as the succesor and that they wanted Deng back.

But this meant TROUBLE for the politburo and the gang of four.

Mao takes actionAfter his nephew (liaison) talked to him:He gave orders to keep CLEAR the square.To use the police when necessary.Remove people and wreaths.

People go madThey recieved no explanation and their wreaths

were removed.So… within hours 10,000 people gathered in the

square asking for an explanation they were taken out from the area.

Lost temper: They burned police vehiclesPolice and military take action: Beat people with

sticks and take the masses to “interogation”.The politubro names de incident “ A

counterrevolutionary riot”.

The most important decisionMao decides to elevate Hua to first deputy

chairmanship of the CCP.3 weeks later Mao recognizes Hua as his succesor:

“With you in charge, I am at ease”

1976 DisasterJanuary: Death of ZhouJuly: Zhu De (General, very loyal to Mao)3 weeks later: Massive earthquake in Northern China.

164,000 injured.Leftist agitation against Deng vs popular anger over the

way he had been purged.Railways stopped workingproduction decreased significantly.

Mao’s deathYe Jianying was awaiting Mao’s death to

arrest the gang of four (including Mao’s wife).

Mao died ten minutes past midnight on September 9th… Ye was ready to act and arrest Mao’s wife as a counterrrevolutionary.

Strategy: The gang of four3 point plan of action:

1. Gain control of the Central Party apparatus.

2. Prepare for armed confronation.

3. Assert their right to Mao’s ideological mantle.

Consequence: The arrest of the gang of four

They failed to co-work with the beneficiaries and sugar coat Hua (Mao’s successor decision)

BUT, main error = Remain in Beijing after Mao’s death.

They were PURGED. CHAOS!!!

Calm and stability.. URGENTAfter Mao.. WHO???!!(Hua.. Was formally declared the heir… but nobody cared.)

Other options: Su Zhenhua and Ni Zhifu.

Shangai went crazy

So…Hua is announced as chairman.He became the heir of Mao and Zhou Enlai.Lots of privileges, yet power had deeper roots.

Later on.. Shgain was reclaimed…So it was now really the time for A LEADER.

Hua: Mao zombie Deng was challenging this

attempt of Hua. Hua fought back “anti-

gangs”, “anti-people against me and Mao’s thought”

“whatever policy Chairman Mao decided upon, we shall resolutely defend;whatever directives Mao issued, we shall obey”.

Mao, mao mao. Sign of crisis

Deng IS BACK!!But with little or no

power.They knew he was the

one cabaple to manage the post-cultural revolution chaos.

BUT.. After the tenth plenum he was reinstaled as vicechairman.

He learned to gain power back: “ Hua is our wise leader”

Hua’s great leap Idea of getting back on track with production

plans.Steel and grains mainly.But, because he blindfolded followed what Mao

had already done, China lived a terrible conopmic crisis.. AGAIN.

The third plenum 1977-1978People start asking for DengNewspapers demand “The force of Deng”