Reading GuideReform and State Building

Chapter 15, pgs. 427-454

World History: Vol. 1: To 1800

People, Places, Ideas

• Protestant Reformation• Martin Luther• “new monarchies”• Niccolo Machiavelli• printing press• Christian humanism• Desiderius Erasmus• justification by faith• Indulgences• John Calvin• Predestination• Anabaptists

• Church of England• Henry VIII (Tudor)• Mary I (Tudor)• Elizabeth I (Tudor)• Jesuits• Council of Trent• Spanish Armada• “witchcraft mania”• mercantilism• absolutism• divine-right monarchy• limited monarchy

People, Places, Ideas

• Puritans• Oliver Cromwell / British Commonwealth• Restoration• Baroque• William Shakespeare

Big Questions

• What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism, and how did they differ from each other and from Catholicism?

• Why is the period between 1560 and 1650 in Europe considered an age of crisis, and how did the turmoil contribute to the artistic developments of the period?

• What was absolutism, and what were the main characteristics of absolute monarchies in Europe? How and why did England avoid the path of absolutism?