ranking of energy solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security
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Ranking of Energy Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security. Mark Z. Jacobson Atmosphere/Energy Program Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering Stanford University. Lifecycle CO 2 e of Electricity Sources. Low Estimate. High Estimate. g-CO 2 e/kWh. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Ranking of Energy Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security
Mark Z. JacobsonAtmosphere/Energy ProgramDept. of Civil & Environmental EngineeringStanford University
Lifecycle CO2e of Electricity Sources
Wind CSP Solar-PV Geoth Tidal Wave Hydro Nuclear Coal-CCS0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
g-CO2e/kWh Low Estimate High Estimate
Wind CSP Solar-PV Geoth Tidal Wave Hydro Nuclear Coal-CCS0
50
100
150
CO2e From Current Power Mix due to Planning-to-Operation Delays, Relative to Wind
Low Estimate High Estimateg-CO2e/kWh
Wind CSP Solar-PV Geoth Tidal Wave Hydro Nuclear Coal-CCS0
50100150200250300350400450500550600
Total CO2e of Electricity Sources
Low Estimate High Estimateg-CO2e/kWh
0
3000
6000
9000
12000
15000
18000
21000
24000
27000
Low/High U.S. Air Pollution Deaths/yr For 2020 Upon Conversion of U.S. Vehicle Fleet
Low Estimate High EstimateNuclear Terrorism or War
WindBEV
WindHFCV
CSPBEV
PVBEV
GeoBEV
TidalBEV
WaveBEV
HydroBEV
NuclearBEV
CCSBEV
CornE85
CellE85
Gasoline
Deaths/yr
Area to Power 100% of U.S. Onroad Vehicles
Cellulosic E854.7-35.4% of US
Solar PV-BEV0.077-0.18%
Corn E859.8-17.6% of US
Wind-BEVFootprint 1-2.8 km2
Turbine spacing 0.35-0.7% of US
Geoth BEV0.006-0.008%
Nuclear-BEV0.05-0.062%Footprint 33% of total; the rest is buffer
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 230
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
55000
Matching Hourly Summer 2020 Electricity Demand with 100% Renewables (No Change in Hydro)
Total Demand
Geothermal
Wind
Solar
Hydro
Power (MW)
World Wind Speeds at 100m
-180 -90 0 18090
0
-90
90
6
2
10
4
8
All wind worldwide: 1700 TW;All wind over land in high-wind areas outside Antarctica ~ 70-170 TWWorld power demand 2030: 16.9 TWAnnual wind speed 100 m above topography (m/s) (global: 7.0; land: 6.1; sea: 7.3)
m/s
Overall Ranking
Electric PowerRecommended1. Wind2. CSP3. Geothermal4. Tidal5. PV6. Wave7. Hydroelectricity
Not Recommended8. Nuclear9. Coal-CCS
Vehicle PowerRecommended1. Wind – BEVs2. Wind – HFCVs3. CSP – BEVs4. Geothermal – BEVs5. Tidal – BEVs6. PV – BEVs7. Wave – BEVs8. Hydro – BEVs
Not Recommended9. Nuclear – BEVs10. Coal-CCS – BEVs11. Corn ethanol12. Cellulosic ethanol
Cleanest solutions to global warming, air pollution, energy security
