Rajarshi Leadership for

Modern Business

Development of Modern Leadership Theories

Influential modern leadership theories are:

Trait Theory

Behavioural Theory

Situational Theories including Charismatic,

Transformational and Path-Goal Theory

Spiritual Theories including Servant, Ethical and

Visionary Theory

Development of Modern Leadership Development of Modern Leadership TheoriesTheories

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Trait Theory In the 1930’s and 1940’s, trait theories were developed

by psychologists looking for personality, social, physical or intellectual traits that were universally associated with leadership success.

The search for specific traits or characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders dominated the early research efforts in the study of leadership.

Six traits consistently found in successful leaders were drive, desire to lead, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, intelligence, and job-relevant knowledge.

Behavioural Theory Between the 1940’s and 1960’s behavioural theories emerged as trait

theory neglected the importance of action or behaviour.

It was hoped that behavioral theories approach would provide more definitive and practical answers to the nature of leadership.

Task orientation(TO) and Relationship orientation(RO) matrix was studied by many researchers to find out the effective leadership styles.

Leaders with high TO emphasize more on structure of roles, tasks, goals and supervision.

Leaders with high RO demonstrates consideration for subordinates by building trust, mutual respect, showing regard for feelings, and developing relationships.

It was suggested by many researchers that high TO and high RO combination style is superior leadership style for achieving best results.

Situational TheorySituational Theory

The failure to attain consistent results through trait and behavioural The failure to attain consistent results through trait and behavioural theories led the researchers to focus on situational influences.theories led the researchers to focus on situational influences.

Beginning in the 1960’s situational leadership developed with the Beginning in the 1960’s situational leadership developed with the observation that any behavioral leadership style could be either observation that any behavioral leadership style could be either effective or ineffective depending upon the situation in which it was effective or ineffective depending upon the situation in which it was applied.applied.

Fiedler(1967) argued in his leadership contingency model that leaders Fiedler(1967) argued in his leadership contingency model that leaders should select their leadership styles based on whether a situation is should select their leadership styles based on whether a situation is favourable to the leader. A situation was considered favourable favourable to the leader. A situation was considered favourable depending on (1) the personal relationship with the followers; (2) the depending on (1) the personal relationship with the followers; (2) the degree of structure in the task; and (3) the power and authority degree of structure in the task; and (3) the power and authority inherent in the leader’s position.inherent in the leader’s position.

Continued…….

House(1971) developed path-goal theory by recommending that leaders flexibly apply the leadership style most effective in a situation.

Stinson and Johnson (1975) improved path-goal theory by proposing that high task orientation is effective for leaders when tasks are unstructured and followers have weak motivation, low independence and low task related knowledge and experience. Moreover low task orientation is effective when tasks are unstructured but followers have high motivation, high independence and high task related knowledge and experience.

Reddin (1970) and Hersey and Blanchard(1972, 1993) developed similar situational theories by defining that key responsibility of a leader is his effectiveness in achieving output requirements in different situations.

Spiritual TheorySpiritual Theory Presently the theory of spiritual leadership is gaining its foothold Presently the theory of spiritual leadership is gaining its foothold

with many thinkers and business leaders openly discussing it with many thinkers and business leaders openly discussing it and writing about it.and writing about it.

Spiritual leadership addresses the concern with situational Spiritual leadership addresses the concern with situational leadership that the leader was made a servant of the situation leadership that the leader was made a servant of the situation rather than the person who defined what the situation should be rather than the person who defined what the situation should be to achieve the desired outcome.to achieve the desired outcome.

Another concern with situational leadership is that if leadership Another concern with situational leadership is that if leadership effectiveness depended solely on performance results, then the effectiveness depended solely on performance results, then the ends justified the means. Any leadership style, no matter how ends justified the means. Any leadership style, no matter how negative for followers, was deemed to be effective if the leader negative for followers, was deemed to be effective if the leader achieved the output requirements.achieved the output requirements.

Contd..Contd..

According to Fry (2003): According to Fry (2003):

“ “Spiritual leadership is a paradigm for organizational Spiritual leadership is a paradigm for organizational transformation and development designed to create an transformation and development designed to create an intrinsically motivated learning organization. Spiritual intrinsically motivated learning organization. Spiritual leadership taps the fundamental needs of both the leader leadership taps the fundamental needs of both the leader and follower for spiritual well-being. Operationally, and follower for spiritual well-being. Operationally, spiritual leadership comprises the values, attitudes and spiritual leadership comprises the values, attitudes and behaviors that are necessary to intrinsically motivate behaviors that are necessary to intrinsically motivate one’s self and others so they have a sense of spiritual one’s self and others so they have a sense of spiritual well-being. The source of spiritual leadership is an inner well-being. The source of spiritual leadership is an inner life or spiritual practice which is a fundamental source of life or spiritual practice which is a fundamental source of inspiration and insight.”inspiration and insight.”

Indian Spiritual ThoughtsIndian Spiritual Thoughts Man is a spark of the Divine and he must link his will with the Divine Man is a spark of the Divine and he must link his will with the Divine

will.will. The ultimate goal of all human beings is to achieve the state of sthita The ultimate goal of all human beings is to achieve the state of sthita

pragna where a person is established in eternal peace and acts in life pragna where a person is established in eternal peace and acts in life without selfish desires.without selfish desires.

Ancient Indian concept of leadership is deeply rooted in spirituality Ancient Indian concept of leadership is deeply rooted in spirituality and strongly focusses on ‘conquering the self before conquering the and strongly focusses on ‘conquering the self before conquering the outside world’ which means control of the senses and unity of the self outside world’ which means control of the senses and unity of the self with the Divine resulting in detached and selfless action.with the Divine resulting in detached and selfless action.

For ordinary human beings to follow the path of total sacrifice may be For ordinary human beings to follow the path of total sacrifice may be difficult but for leaders it is necessary.difficult but for leaders it is necessary.

Ancient Indian concept of leadership places the spirit-core or SELF of Ancient Indian concept of leadership places the spirit-core or SELF of the leader at the centre.the leader at the centre.

Rajarshi LeadershipRajarshi Leadership

Rajarshi leadership is an ancient Indian concept of ideal leadership Rajarshi leadership is an ancient Indian concept of ideal leadership deeply rooted in ancient Indian spiritual tradition.deeply rooted in ancient Indian spiritual tradition.

Rajarshi leadership has two dimensions, Raja (king) and Rishi Rajarshi leadership has two dimensions, Raja (king) and Rishi (sage).(sage).

According to this concept a leader apart from having the necessary According to this concept a leader apart from having the necessary qualities of a leader also has sage like qualities.qualities of a leader also has sage like qualities.

Rajarshi signifies a synthesis of ‘Raja’ (king) being representative Rajarshi signifies a synthesis of ‘Raja’ (king) being representative of the secular dimension and ‘Rishi’ (sage) denoting the sacred of the secular dimension and ‘Rishi’ (sage) denoting the sacred dimension.dimension.

The emphasis of this model is on external glory (performance of all The emphasis of this model is on external glory (performance of all duties of the king successfully) as well as internal glory (self duties of the king successfully) as well as internal glory (self realization) with internal glory driving the external glory.realization) with internal glory driving the external glory.

Internal glory is achieved through sage dimension where a leader Internal glory is achieved through sage dimension where a leader perform all his duties remaining unattached to material pursuits for perform all his duties remaining unattached to material pursuits for himself, free of selfish desires, controlling all his sense organs and himself, free of selfish desires, controlling all his sense organs and the mind.the mind.

Continued……..Continued……..

Rajarshi leader is a great spiritual being who guide human life to Rajarshi leader is a great spiritual being who guide human life to perfection, rise above human limitations, and combines wisdom perfection, rise above human limitations, and combines wisdom of balance , serenity and chivalry.of balance , serenity and chivalry.

Rishi dimension in Rajarshi enables the leader to see himself in Rishi dimension in Rajarshi enables the leader to see himself in others and others in himself. In this state there is no rigid others and others in himself. In this state there is no rigid individuality, no sense of separateness. The ego is gone and the individuality, no sense of separateness. The ego is gone and the leader in such a state show great compassion and establish leader in such a state show great compassion and establish loving relationships with others. He become master, not slave of loving relationships with others. He become master, not slave of desires and distorted emotions. He gets filled with wisdom and desires and distorted emotions. He gets filled with wisdom and selfless desires with complete self-control and peace of mind. selfless desires with complete self-control and peace of mind.

Characteristics of Rajarshi LeadershipCharacteristics of Rajarshi Leadership

Difficulties and problems keep pounding him like waves, Difficulties and problems keep pounding him like waves, one after the other, but he faces them all with perfect one after the other, but he faces them all with perfect equanimity.equanimity.

His numerous victories does not affect his poise, nor he His numerous victories does not affect his poise, nor he gets dejected in defeats.gets dejected in defeats.

He performs his duties at every stage to perfection but He performs his duties at every stage to perfection but remaining unattached all the time.remaining unattached all the time.

On no occasion he swerves from the narrow path of On no occasion he swerves from the narrow path of virtue.virtue.

He is merciful, pure, self-controlled, seeking welfare for He is merciful, pure, self-controlled, seeking welfare for all, and adept in professional skills.all, and adept in professional skills.

He faces every event with equanimity, discrimination and He faces every event with equanimity, discrimination and dispassion and is unaffected by opposing emotions of dispassion and is unaffected by opposing emotions of elation and humiliation.elation and humiliation.

Contd…Contd… Rajarshis lead from the soul. So all their materialistic pursuits are Rajarshis lead from the soul. So all their materialistic pursuits are

embraced by natural law or dharma dedicated to the Divine and for embraced by natural law or dharma dedicated to the Divine and for the welfare of the humanity.the welfare of the humanity.

Engaged in duties for the society, Rajarshi has the capacity to allow Engaged in duties for the society, Rajarshi has the capacity to allow the ‘role’ (societal interest) to precede the ‘self’ (individual interest) in the ‘role’ (societal interest) to precede the ‘self’ (individual interest) in case they happen to conflict.case they happen to conflict.

Sacrifice, forgiveness and service are his eternal ideals.Sacrifice, forgiveness and service are his eternal ideals. He is a continuous seeker of realms of higher knowledge.He is a continuous seeker of realms of higher knowledge. He practices self-control, humility, and righteousness and believes He practices self-control, humility, and righteousness and believes

that weakness breeds many evils.that weakness breeds many evils. For him hatred is the most terrible poison and love is the one For him hatred is the most terrible poison and love is the one

constructive force that is all powerful.constructive force that is all powerful.

Contd…Contd…

In Arthashastra, Kautilya has described that a In Arthashastra, Kautilya has described that a Rajarshi always respect those councillors and Rajarshi always respect those councillors and purohitas who warn him of the dangers of purohitas who warn him of the dangers of transgressing the limits of good conduct, reminding transgressing the limits of good conduct, reminding him sharply of the times prescribed for various him sharply of the times prescribed for various duties and caution him when he errs in private. duties and caution him when he errs in private. Rajarshis avoids daydreaming, capriciousness, Rajarshis avoids daydreaming, capriciousness, falsehood and extravagance and avoid association falsehood and extravagance and avoid association with harmful persons and indulging in harmful with harmful persons and indulging in harmful activities. He improves his discipline by continuosly activities. He improves his discipline by continuosly learning in all branches of knowledge and endears learning in all branches of knowledge and endears himself to his people by enriching them and doing himself to his people by enriching them and doing good to them.good to them.

Contd

Sri Aurobindo cemented the philosophy of Rajarshi leadership through the following words:

“ The problem which have troubled the mankind can only be solved by conquering the kingdom within, not by harnessing the forces of nature to the service of comfort and luxury.”

Lesson from ‘Lesson from ‘Bhagvad Gita’Bhagvad Gita’In Bhagvad Gita, In Bhagvad Gita, ArjunaArjuna asks asks Lord Krishna Lord Krishna

“ “ What is the force that binds us to What is the force that binds us to selfish deeds, O Krishna? What power selfish deeds, O Krishna? What power moves us, even against our will, as if moves us, even against our will, as if forcing us?”forcing us?”

((chapter 3, verse 36-41)chapter 3, verse 36-41)

Lord Krishna replied:Lord Krishna replied:

“ “ It is selfish desire and anger, arising from the It is selfish desire and anger, arising from the state of being known as passion; these are the state of being known as passion; these are the appetites and evils which threaten a person in this appetites and evils which threaten a person in this life. Just as fire is covered by smoke and a mirror life. Just as fire is covered by smoke and a mirror is obscured by dust, just as an embryo is is obscured by dust, just as an embryo is developed in the womb, knowledge is hidden by developed in the womb, knowledge is hidden by selfish desire. Arjuna, this unquenchable fire for selfish desire. Arjuna, this unquenchable fire for self satisfaction is the biggest enemy of the wise. self satisfaction is the biggest enemy of the wise. Selfish desire is found in the senses, mind and Selfish desire is found in the senses, mind and intellect misleading them and burying wisdom in intellect misleading them and burying wisdom in delusion. Fight with all your strengths, O Arjuna, delusion. Fight with all your strengths, O Arjuna, controlling your senses, conquer your enemy, the controlling your senses, conquer your enemy, the destroyer of knowledge and realization.”destroyer of knowledge and realization.”

Contd....Contd....

This message from Bhagvad Gita is a clear This message from Bhagvad Gita is a clear indication for modern day business leaders indication for modern day business leaders and professionals that to take the and professionals that to take the organizations to a higher pedestal real fight organizations to a higher pedestal real fight has to be waged internally by the individuals has to be waged internally by the individuals rather than in the marketplace.rather than in the marketplace.

Internal development of business leaders Internal development of business leaders and professionals would reflect the outer and professionals would reflect the outer

outcome instead of vice versaoutcome instead of vice versa..

Why Rajarshi Concept of Leadership is Significant for Modern Business?

Rajarshi concept of leadership transcends all the modern theories of leadership. It covers the trait aspect what should be present in the leader. It also explains about the behaviour a leader should demonstrate. Moreover this concept is not meant for specific situation but applies to all leaders for facing all type of situations. Spiritual dimension forms the core of this concept. For perennial success in the leadership position Rajarshi paradigm is the most ideal one and leaders if evaluated from Rajarshi point of view could act as the most effective reference tool for predicting the long term and holistic success of a leader.

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