COMPANY INTRODUCTION

Our Group was formed in 1998 and During last years,M/s Rain Bird International LLC has made successfulforays into power, water and utility sectors in Oman.The company has integrated the pride of the countrywhile delivering the projects on time through the groupcompany’s core activities .

Through M/s Rain Bird International LLC a tradingdivision of continued commitment to implement newtechnologies, product innovation and technical support,we were able to deliver benefits to our customers insector of Oil, Municipal, industrial, commercial, healthcare, hospitality industries and Government Sector.

M/s Rain Bird International LLC was formed to cater theneeds of Clients in GCC and MENA region, we are infield of Trading of Desalination Systems, SewageTreatments Systems, HDPE Pipes, HDPE Fittings, HDPEmanholes & Tanks, HDPE Butt welding machines, HDPEExtruder machines, Ductile Iron Covers and Gratings,Ductile Iron Pipes and Fittings, Valves, Gaskets, andRelated Products, which is ably supported by qualifiedengineers & technicians.

M/s Rain Bird International LLC a fast growing,professionally managed company supplying IndustrialProducts and systems, having a team of technocratswith wide experience in the field of marketing,designing, after sales service and Installation &commissioning.

MISSION AND VISION

MISSIONAIG continues to strive for excellence in its productsrepresentation and services. AIG continues to providea conducive environment for our employees and stafffor professional growth with ultimate goal ofconsistently growing quality services and products toan international level to maintain highest level ofcustomers Contentment

VISIONOur philosophy is to provide the unexcelled quality ofService and Products to utmost satisfaction of ourcustomer

HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT

Rainbird committed to ensure a safe and healthy workenvironment for all personnel and minimize impact onthe local community.

Rainbird will provide systems, training, supervisionand visible support to ensure a safe work

environment.All employees have the responsibility to perform theirduties in a manner which ensures their own safetyand that of others

QUALITY & SUPPORT

QUALITYRainbird commitment to the best quality productsand services is demonstrated through our expertquality assurance teams; installation andmaintenance teams; product testing facilities; andthe AIG Quality Guarantee.

SUPPORTFrom unparalleled customer support to training insales, marketing and technical support of ourproducts, AIG is committed to helping ourcustomers succeed every step of the way. Call ustoday to learn how AIG's commitment to innovation,quality, and support will benefit your business.

PRODUCTS

A) WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS • Reverse Osmosis Systems• Solar RO Plant• EDI (Electro De-Ionization )• Water Softening Plants• De Mineralization Plants• Water Filtrations Plants• Mix Bed Unit• Chemical Injection System

B) WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS • Grey Water System• Waste Water Treatment for Automobile Workshop• Effluent Treatment System• Ultrafiltration Systems• Effluent Treatment System• Ultrafiltration Systems

C) SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS • MBR • MBBR• EXTENDED AERATION• UASB• Activated sludge plant (ASP)• Rotating disc system.• Submerged aerated filter (SAF)• Sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

D) DISINFECTION• Liquid Chlorination System • Gas Chlorination• Electro Chlorination • UV systems • Ozonator

E) DUCTILE IRON MANHOLES COVERS

F) HDPE MANHOLES AND TANKS

G) HDPE PIPES

H) HDPE FITTINGS

I) RUBBER GASKET FOR PIPES (HDPE, DI, CEMENT)

J) VALVES

K) DUCTILE IRON PIPES & FITTINGS

L) PUMPS

M) BUTT WELDING MACHINE

WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS

WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS : is any process thatmakes water more acceptable for a specific end-use. The enduse may be drinking industrial water supply, irrigation, river flowmaintenance, water recreation or many other uses, includingbeing safely returned to the environment. Water treatmentremoves contaminants and undesirable components, or reducestheir concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desiredend-use.

REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS

REVERSE OSMOSIS: (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from drinkingwater. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotiicpressure, a colligative property, that is driven by chemical potential differences of thesolvent, a thermodynamic parameter. Reverse osmosis can remove many types ofdissolved and suspended species from water, including bacteria, and is used in bothindustrial processes and the production of potable water. The result is that thesolute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent isallowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective", this membrane should not allowlarge molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smallercomponents of the solution (such as solvent molecules) to pass freely.

BRACKISH REVERSE OSMOSIS

The membranes used for reverse osmosis have a dense barrier layer in the polymermatrix where most separation occurs. This process requires that a high pressure beexerted on the high concentration side of the membrane, usually 2–17 bar (30–250psi) for fresh and brackish water but it has also been used to purify fresh water formedical, industrial and domestic applications since the early seventies

• Applications:

• Drinking Water for camps , offices , homes and schools

• Dialysis for Hospitals

• Industry

• Car Washing

• others

REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS

SEAWATER REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM (SWRO) is a reverse osmosis desalination membrane

process Intake

that has been commercially used since the early seventies. The typical single-pass SWRO system

consists of the following components:

• Pre treatment

• High pressure pump

• RO Membrane Banks

• Remineralisation

• PH adjustment

• Disinfection

Last two components are required if the product water is used for drinking purpose.

Pre-treatment normally consists of battery of filters to remove suspended matter & colloids.

Sometimes DAF is also used to remove the floating oil if any. Few plants also have UF as pre-

treatment to ensure consistent feed water quality.

High Pressure Pumps are required to overcome the Osmotic pressure of Saline water & have

pressure ranging from 50 Bar to 75 Bar depending upon feed water TDS.

the membrane is designed to allow only water to pass through this dense layer while preventing

the passage of solutes (such as salt ions). This process requires that a high pressure be exerted

on the high concentration side of the membrane 40–70 bar (600–1000 psi) for seawater

The spent energy from the reject is stream is recovered in large plant by Energy Recovery

Devices (ERD). The plant size normally dictates the type of ERD. The Energy Recovery Turbine

(ERT) and Pressure Exchangers (PX) are very popular.

RO Membrane Banks form the heart of the system & have piping manifolds, Membrane

Housings and Semi-permeable membranes.

The permeate is often further treated by disinfecting it & remineralising it to make it stable (non

corrosive), improve the taste and safe to drink.

The system is fitted with adequate instrumentation & control for safe & steady operations.

A very important aspect of SWRO is material selection. The wetted material needs to selected

carefully for long life of the plant. High grade stainless steels like SS 904L, Duplex, Super Duplex,

Bronze are some of the preferred materials for valves & piping.

SOLAR RO PLANT

Solar RO Plant are a new concept in water purification industry. solar energy is utilized to

power ro systems, which furthermore; generate clean water for drinking purpose. These

solar ro water systems can purify water from any source. Water from river, pond or bore

well, these solar ro systems can deliver safe drinking water anywhere you need; in addition,

these systems are highly suitable for military camps, village areas and Camps and tourist

places where arrangement of temporary drinking water is a prime requisite at minimal price.

• Solar Powered Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis

• Solar Powered Sea Water Reverse Osmosis

• Fully automatic units with fold down Solar panel

All instruments and parts are installed in a container; solar electric panel is fixed top of it or

side as convenient. The best feature of such solar ro systems is their 24 hours working

without any diesel generator or any expensive power source.

ELECTRO DEIONIZATION

EDI(Electro De-ionizatioN): is a water treatment technology that utilizes an electricity, ion exchange

membranes and resin to deionize water and separate dissolved ions (impurities) from water. It differs

from other water purification technologies in that it is done without the use of chemical treatments

and is usually a polishing treatment to reverse osmosis (RO). There are also EDI units that are often

referred to as continuous electro deionization (CEDI) since the electric current regenerates the resin

mass continuously. CEDI technique can achieve very high purity, with conductivity below 0.1 µS/cm.

EDI products are used worldwide to produce ultrapure water systems in diverse applications,

including power generation, pharmaceutical, semiconductor, petrochemical and laboratory pure water

systems

WATER SOFTENING PLANTS

• Water Softening Plants : is the removal of calcium , magnesium, and certain other metal cations inhard water. The resulting soft water is more compatible with soap and extends the lifetime ofplumbing. Water softening is usually achieved using ion-exchange resins.

• ion-exchange resins. Are organic polymers containing anionic functional groups to which thedivalent cations (Ca++) bind more strongly than monovalent cations (Na+).. These minerals are widelyused in laundry detergents.. Resins are also available to remove carbonate, bi-carbonate and sulphateions which are absorbed and hydroxide ions released from the resin.

• When all the available Na+ ions have been replaced with calcium or magnesium ions, the resin mustbe re-charged by eluting the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions using a solution of Sodium Chloride od sodiumhydroxide depending on the type of resin used.[8] For anionic resins, regeneration typically uses asolution of sodium hydroxide (lye ) or potassium hydroxide. The waste waters eluted from the ion-exchange column containing the unwanted calcium and magnesium salts are typically discharged tothe sewage system.

DEMINERALIZATION

• De Mineralization Plants/De Ionization : .as the name explains is a term normally usedfor reduction of charged ions to very low levels. Deionization is also alternatively called asDemineralization. The deionization is normally a two stage process. In first stage thecations & in second stage anions are removed respectively. Sometimes a polisher unitcalled mixed bed is also employed when the water quality requirement is stringent.

• There are variations in column design. In vessel configuration, the two basic types aredown flow & Up flow design. In Downflow vessels regeneration is carried out in twomethods

• 1. Co-Flow Unit – The regenerant flows in same direction as that of water.

• 2. Counter-Flow Unit – In this design the regenerant flows in opposite direction as thatof water. This method is usually envisaged where very low leakage levels are expected.

• The very large polishers have external regeneration systems also.

• Schemes:

• The required scheme is normally decided based on feed water quality, outlet qualityrequired and flow rate between two regenerations. Following schemes are normallyemployed.

• 1. Strong Acid Cation – Strong Base Anion

• 2. Strong Acid Cation – Degasser – Strong Base Anion

• 3. Strong Acid Cation – Degasser – Weak Base Anion – Strong Base Anion

• 4. Weak Acid Cation –Strong Acid Cation – Degasser – Weak Base Anion – Strong Base

Anion.

• A Mixed Bed is added if the quality requirements are stringent.

• MIXED BED UNITS:- After passing water through cation then anion exchanger it is passedthrough mixed bed unit. In mixed bed cation and anion resins are mixed and while waterpasses through it as it passes through thousands of cation/anions exchanger ‘resultingfinal effluent of very good quality water.

WATER FILTRATION SYSTEMS

Water Filtration Plants removes impurities from water by means of a fine physical barrier, achemical process or a biological process. Filters cleanse water to different extents forpurposes such as providing agricultural irrigation, accessible drinking water, public andprivate aquaria, and the safe use of ponds and swimming pools.

Applications filtration :

• Preparation of cooling water

• Treatment of waste water

• Production of drinking water

• Filtration in swimming pools

• Pre filtration for membrane systems

• Filtration of gray or surface water

• Swimming pool water

1. MULTI GRADE FILTER is a depth filter that makes use of coarse and fine media mixedtogether in a fixed proportion. This arrangement produces a filter bed with adequate poredimensions for retaining both large and small suspended particles. This filter performs at asubstantially higher specific flow rate than conventional filters. Specific flow rates of 0.82 –1.64 ft./min have been successfully obtained for treating waters containing 25 – 50 ppmsuspended solids respectively to produce filtrate with less than 5 ppm.

WATER FILTRATION SYSTEMS

2. PRESSURE SAND FILTER consists of a multiple layer of sand with a variety in size andspecific gravity. These Filters are designed to remove turbidity and suspended particlespresent in the feed water with minimum pressure drop. These Filters are custom designedto suit the process requirement.

Sand filtration is frequently used and very robust method to remove suspended solids fromwater. The filtration medium consists of a multiple layer of sand with a variety in size andspecific gravity. Sand filters can be supplied in different sizes and materials both handoperated or fully automatically.

The filter will effectively remove up to 30 – 50 microns of the suspended solids to less than 5ppm. The filter will have to be washed with raw water for 20 to 30 minutes daily. To filter thepartials below 30 – 50 micron cartridge filter is used.

WATER FILTRATION SYSTEMS

• ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER Carbon filtering is a method of filtering that uses a bed ofactivated carbon to remove contaminants and impurities, using chemical adsorption.

• Each particle/granule of carbon provides a large surface area/pore structure, allowingcontaminants the maximum possible exposure to the active sites within the filter media.One pound (454 g) of activated carbon contains a surface area of approximately 100 acres(40 Hectares).

• Activated carbon works via a process called adsorption, whereby pollutant molecules inthe fluid to be treated are trapped inside the pore structure of the carbon substrate.Carbon filtering is commonly used for water purification, in air purifiers and industrial gasprocessing, for example the removal of siloxanes and hydrogen sulphide from biogas. It isalso used in a number of other applications, including respirator masks, the purification ofsugarcane and in the recovery of precious metals, especially gold. It is also used incigarette filters.

• Active charcoal carbon filters are most effective at removing chlorine, sediment, volatileorganic compounds (VOCs), taste and odour from water.

• Typical particle sizes that can be removed by carbon filters range from 0.5 to 50micrometres. The particle size will be used as part of the filter description. The efficacy ofa carbon filter is also based upon the flow rate regulation. When the water is allowed toflow through the filter at a slower rate, the contaminants are exposed to the filter mediafor a longer amount of time.

A mixed bed exchanger has both cation and anion resin mixed together in a single vessel. Aswater flows through the resin bed, the ion exchange process is repeated many times,"polishing" the water to a very high purity. During regeneration, the resin is separated intodistinct cation and anion fractions . The resin is separated by backwashing, with the lighteranion resin settling on top of the cation resin. Regenerant acid is introduced through thebottom distributor, and caustic is introduced through distributors above the resin bed. Theregenerant streams meet at the boundary between the cation and anion resin and dischargethrough a collector located at the resin interface. Following regenerant introduction anddisplacement rinse, air and water are used to mix the resins. Then the resins are rinsed, andthe unit is ready for service.

Counterflow mixed bed systems produce a purer water than conventional cation-aniondemineralizers, but require more sophisticated equipment and have a higher initial cost. Themore complicated regeneration sequences require closer operator attention than standardsystems. This is especially true for a mixed bed unit.

MIXED BED UNIT

CHEMICAL INJECTION SYSTEM

Chemical Injection system: Chemical injection skids inject precise amounts of specific chemicalsinto a system at required temperatures, pressures and flowrates.

Most chemical injection skids deliver concentrated chemical at specific volumes to ensure bulkconcentrations in the main process line are maintained. A complete system includes a chemicalstorage tank, two 100% dosing pumps, instruments, piping, valves, calibration column, pulsationdampeners and a skid structure.

Main Features & Specifications

• Skid Structure: Skid structures are fabricated from structural steel to accommodate tank, pump,motor, valves, instruments and other auxiliaries. Skid base frames are integrated with drip pan tocollect chemicals spillage. Structural materials are either hot dip galvanized or painted as perclient requirements. Sunshade can be provided for the skid structure to prevent the skidcomponents from sever climate conditions.

• Chemical Storage Tank:Tanks are provided to store the chemicals that need to be injected in theline. Either tanks are horizontal cylindrical with dished end or vertical cylindrical with flat/ dishedbottom and flat/ dished top. Tanks can be designed as per ASME Sec VIII Div 1 with U-stamp oras per API 650 or UL-142. Material of construction for tanks can be SS316L, CS with epoxycoating or FRP. Tanks can be painted as per client’s requirements.

• Dosing Pump: Dosing pump is the source of generating flow and pressure. These pumps aredesigned as per API 675. The pumps can be either diaphragm or plunger type with manual/automatic stroke control and run by electric motor, solenoid driven motor or air operated motor.

• Valves and Instrumentation: Each chemical injection skid is provided with set of valves andinstrumentation depend on the applications. Each skid is provided with level gauge for giving anindication of chemical level inside the tank, level transmitter, calibration pot to calibrate theflowrate, pressure gauge/ transmitter at the suction of dosing pump to detect the low pressure,pressure gauge/ transmitter at the discharge of dosing pump, pressure relief valve to protect thepiping from over pressurization, check valves to protect the system from the back flow,flowmeter to measure the injection flowrates and any other accessories as per the clientsrequirements.

• Electrical: All signals are terminated into skid mounted junction boxes. All controls like pumprunning local/ remote indication, on/ off push button of the motor, emergency stop of thecomplete system, and any other controls can be implemented from local control panel. Allelectrical components are certified as per the area classification requirements. ChemicalInjection Skids are suitable for operation in unclassified and hazardous areas.

CHEMICAL INJECTION SYSTEM

• The Chemical Injection Systems are designed to have the following:

• Fully automated PLC control & local operator interface.

• Precise control logic for maximum efficiency and accuracy.

• Single pump or with standby pump option.

• Control Panel (NEMA-4X).

• Customized for specific applications

Brief details of typical skid mounted chemical injection systems:

1) A Corrosion Inhibitor Injection Skid with storage tank facilities and duty/standby pumps

to prevent/minimize corrosion in oil systems.

2) A Scale Inhibitor Injection Skid to minimize formation of scale in reservoir.

3) A Demulsifier Injection Package to Breaks down oil emulsions to aid oil/water separation

4) An Antifoam Dosing Package to prevent or minimize build-up of foam in production/test

separators (prevents possible carry-over, improves separation efficiency).

Our product

• Single-Point Chemical Injection Systems

• Multi-Point Chemical Injection Systems

• Solar-Powered Chemical Injection Systems

• Gas-Powered Chemical Injection Systems

• Chemical Injection Systems for Extreme Environmental Applications

• Chemical Distribution Panels/IRCD

• Chemical Pump Skids/Containerised Pump Skids

Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert wastewater - which is water no longerneeded or suitable for its most recent use - into an effluent that can be either returned tothe water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused. The latter is called waterreclamation and implies avoidance of disposal by use of treated wastewater effluent forvarious purposes. Treatment means removing impurities from water being treated; andsome methods of treatment are applicable to both water and wastewater. The physicalinfrastructure used for wastewater treatment is called a wastewater treatment plant(WWTP).

The treatment of wastewater belongs to the overarching field of Public Works -Environmental, with the management of human waste, solid waste, sewagetreatment, storm water (drainage) management, and water treatment. By-products fromwastewater treatment plants, such as screenings, grit and sewage sludge may also betreated in a wastewater treatment plant. If the wastewater is predominantly from municipalsources (households and small industries) it is called sewage and its treatment iscalled sewage treatment.

Although disposal or reuse occurs after treatment, it must be considered first. Since disposalor reuse are the objectives of wastewater treatment, disposal or reuse options are the basisfor treatment decisions. Acceptable impurity concentrations may vary with the type of useor location of disposal. Transportation costs often make acceptable impurity concentrationsdependent upon location of disposal, but expensive treatment requirements may encourageselection of a disposal location on the basis of impurity concentrations. Ocean disposal issubject to international treaty requirements. International treaties may also regulatedisposal into rivers crossing international borders. Water bodies entirely within thejurisdiction of a single nation may be subject to regulations of multiple local governments.Acceptable impurity concentrations may vary widely among different jurisdictions fordisposal of wastewater to evaporation ponds, infiltration basins, or injection wells.

WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS

GREY WATER TREATMENT

• Grey Water System: Greywater is waste water generated in households or officebuildings from streams without Sewage contamination. As greywater containsfewer pathogens than domestic wastewater, it is generally safer to handle and easier totreat and reuse onsite for toilet flushing landscape or crop irrigation, and other non-potable uses.

• The use of non-toxic and low-sodium soap and personal care products is recommendedto protect vegetation when reusing greywater for irrigation purposes.[1] The application ofgreywater reuse in urban water systems provides substantial benefits for both the watersupply subsystem by reducing the demand for fresh clean water as well as thewastewater subsystems by reducing the amount of wastewater required to be conveyedand treated.[2]

• Greywater, by definition, does not include the discharge of toilets or highly contaminatedSewage waste water, which is designated sewage or blackwater to indicate itcontains human waste. The small traces of Sewage that enter the greywater streamvia effluent from the shower, sink, or washing machine do not pose practical hazardsunder normal conditions, as long as the greywater is used correctly

CAR WASH TREATMENT SYSTEMS

Waste Water Treatment for Automobile Workshop : This purification system is installed incar wash services and industrial activities with the presence of surfactants in waste waterprocess. It is also used for grey waters, coming from kitchens and showers. The purifiedwater can be reused, in the industrial process, for watering gardens

The system can be realized in various steps depending on the real needs of water reuse. Thecomplete treatment:

PRE-TREATMENT The system includes a pre-treatment grit removal and oil removal forindustrial wastewater. For residential wastewater the pre-treatment is grease separatorplant.

OXYGENATION (Air wash) with plastic bodies inside. The system will activate the processesof aerobic degradation of organic matter and stripping of surfactants in the wastewater. Thissystem is able to ensure effluent-free foams and odours, on the basis of the physical-chemical characteristics of the wastewater input. On the surface of the plastic bodies abacterial population able of degrading the organic substance in arrival is created. Theefficiency of the system and the purification efficiency depends strongly on thecharacteristics of the biodegradability of the wastewater input. This bacterial biofilm is keptalive by the air entering from the speakers placed on the bottom of the tank.

These speakers are powered by compressed air from a blower membrane placed outside thetechnical compartment. The membrane blowers are less prone to overheating and are lessnoisy than the side channels.

FILTRATION AND ABSORPTION in quartzite and activated carbon columns.

SECONDARY OXYGENATION in a tank with a pump for the reuse of the purified water.

EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEMS

Effluent Treatment System: Effluent Water treatment processes for separating physical,chemical and biological contaminants and pathogens from discarded wastewater; treatingsludge and controlling aquatic odours to extract the full value from wastewater resources.

Effluent water can be upgraded to process, or potable water standards. By refiningdiscarded effluent, Effluent Water treatment processes help municipalities and industriesreduce reliance on increasingly undependable natural water sources, and instead produceenvironmentally benign effluent and solid waste (treated sludge) that can be re-used for avariety of applications. This helps to lower and control capital costs, reduce operationalcarbon footprint and enhance sustainability to preserve Environment The solutions areavailable for

industrial effluent water treatment,

municipal effluent water treatment for industry,

effluent water treatment package plants,

industry-specific wastewater treatment chemicals and technologies.

ULTRAFILTRATION SYSTEM

Ultrafiltration Systems: (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which forceslike pressure or concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeablemembrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained in the so-called retentate, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membranein the permeate (filtrate). This separation process is used in industry and research forpurifying and concentrating macromolecular (103 - 106 Da) solutions,especially protein solutions. Ultrafiltration is not fundamentally differentfrom microfiltration. Both of these separate based on size exclusion or particle capture. It isfundamentally different from membrane gas separation, which separate based on differentamounts of absorption and different rates of diffusion. Ultrafiltration membranes aredefined by the molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the membrane used. Ultrafiltration isapplied in cross-flow or dead-end mode.

Application

Industries such as chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing, food and beverageprocessing, and waste water treatment, employ ultrafiltration in order to recycle flow or addvalue to later products. Blood dialysis also utilizes ultrafiltration.

Drinking water

Protein concentration

• Filtration of effluent from paper pulp mill

• Cheese manufacture,

• Removal of pathogens from milk

• Process and waste water treatment

• Enzyme recovery

• Fruit juice concentration and clarification

• Dialysis and other blood treatments

• Desalting and solvent-exchange of proteins (via diafiltrating)

• Laboratory grade manufacturing

SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS

SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS is the process ofremoving contaminants from wastewater, primarily from household sewage. Itincludes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove these contaminantsand produce environmentally safe treated wastewater (or treated effluent). A by-product of sewage treatment is usually a semi-solid waste or slurry,called sewagesludge, that has to undergo further treatment before being suitable fordisposal or land application.

Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called primary, secondary andtertiary treatment.

Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basinwhere heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids floatto the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remainingliquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment. Some sewagetreatment plants that are connected to a combined sewer system have a bypassarrangement after the primary treatment unit. This means that during very heavyrainfall events, the secondary and tertiary treatment systems can be bypassed toprotect them from hydraulic overloading, and the mixture of sewage and stormwater only receives primary treatment.

Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondarytreatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in amanaged habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to removethe micro-organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment.

Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary andsecondary treatment in order to allow rejection into a highly sensitive or fragileecosystem (estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs,). Treated water is sometimesdisinfected chemically or physically (for example, by lagoons and microfiltration)prior to discharge into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used forthe irrigation of a golf course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can alsobe used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes.

PACKAGE STPPACKAGE SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS are designed to the particular needs of each location. Suitable for permanent or temporary use in areas outside municipal wastewater systems

Secondary and tertiary treatment systems include aeration, settling, filters, clear well chambers, disinfection methods and other ancillary equipment such as blowers, pumps, electrical controls, aeration equipment, filter media and liquid level sensors. Other items, such as gratings, handrails, stairways and flow measuring equipment can be provided.

When waste enters a stream, it becomes food for bacteria present in the water. As long as there is sufficient oxygen in the stream, the bacteria consume all organic material over time Plants take in wastewater and process it through an extended aeration and oxidation process that purifies the sewage by the destruction of organic compounds using naturally occurring bacteria. The continued mixing with air feeds biological organisms, which consume the volatile materials and convert them into water, carbon dioxide and ash. The result is a clear and odor-free effluent.

Typical applications:

• Remote housing developments and neighbourhoods

• Motels and hotels

• Schools

• Hospitals

• Resort areas

• Apartment complexes

• Condominiums

• Military facilities

• Highway rest areas

• Prisons

• Industrial facilities

• Power stations

• Mobile home parks

• Vineyards

ADVANTAGES

• Pre-assembled, skid-mounted and factory-tested packaged systems have less requirements for installation and reduced onsite construction costs.

• Compact designs for easy integration into existing facilities

• Completed engineering packages with quick delivery

• Comprehensive cleaning capabilities for peak systems performance

• Simple operation and maintenance requires minimal operator supervision.

MEMBRANE BIO REACTOR

• Membrane bioreactor (MBR) defines a combination of an activated sludge process andWW separation by means of membranes. The MBR process was introduced in the late60s, as soon as commercial scale ultra-filtration (UF) and micro filtration (MF) membraneswere available. The flat sheet membranes used in this process were polymeric andfeatured pore sizes ranging from 0.003 to 0.01 μm.

• The breakthrough for the MBR came in 1989 with the idea of Yamamoto and co-workersto submerge the membranes in the bioreactor. Until then, MBRs were designed with theseparation device located external to the reactor (side stream MBR) and relied on hightrans-membrane pressure (TMP) to maintain filtration with the membrane directlyimmersed into the bioreactor, submerged MBR systems are usually preferred to sideStream configuration, especially for domestic wastewater treatment. The submergedconfiguration relies on coarse bubble aeration to produce mixing and limit fouling. Insubmerged configurations, aeration is considered as one of the major parameter onprocess performances both hydraulic and biological. Aeration maintains solids insuspension, scours the membrane surface and provides oxygen to the biomass, leading toa better biodegradability and cell synthesis. This led to a further development of MBRsystem.

• The popularity of MBR technology lies in following advantages: (over conventionalprocesses)

• Most important aspect of MBR technology is production of very high quality effluentconsistently.

• Compliance with International stringent discharge norms.

• Complete independent control of HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) and SRT (SludgeRetention Time), which allow more complete reduction of COD, and improved stability ofprocesses such as nitrification.

• Reduced Sludge Production

• Process intensification through high Biomass concentration with MLSS (Mixed LiquorSuspended Solids) over 8000 – 10000 ppm.

• Ability to treat high strength wastewater.

• Lower footprint than Conventional Activated Sludge Process, since Clarifier/Filters areeliminated.

• Reduction in Post disinfection requirements.

• Due to above advantages & recent technical innovations and significant cost reductionsthe applicability of MBR technology in municipal wastewater treatment has sharplyincreased in Europe, America, Middle East & China. MBR system is now widely used inindustrial applications equally. Large MBR systems are normally built with Hollow Fibre orTubular membranes & smaller installations prefer Flat Sheet membranes.

MEMBRANE BIO REACTOR

MBR applications:

• Residential development projects

• Commercial projects

• Mining camps and other remote installations

• Emergency response

• Military installations

• Sports facilities

• Recreation parks

• Schools

• Shopping centres

• Office parks

KEY BENEFITS

• compactness and small footprint of the plant

• simple management of the plant, as a result of high degree of automation (low dependence on human factor

• small quantity of excess sludge and therewith connected costs

• constant effluent quality, regardless of the influent

• operation costs are lower than in classical biological plant

• complete bacteria removal

• possibility of reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation purposes or as process water

• no odours emission or noise

• fast construction, because of relatively small size of the plant

• reduced quantity of chemicals needed for phosphorus reduction

• reduces even slowly degradable BPK5

• no risk of biomass loss

• flexibility on maximal and minimal inflows, within the given parameters

• no need for permanent crew

MOVING BED BIO REACTOR

Moving bed biofilm reactor The MBBR system consists of an aeration tank (similar toa activated sludge tank) with special plastic carriers that provide a surface wherea biofilm can grow. The carriers are made of a material with a density close to the density ofwater (1 g/cm3). An example is high-density polyethylene (HDPE) which has a density closeto 0.95 g/cm3. The carriers will be mixed in the tank by the aeration system and thus willhave good contact between the substrate in the influent wastewater and the biomass on thecarriers.[2]

To prevent the plastic carriers from escaping the aeration it is necessary to have a sieve onthe outlet of the tank.

Industrial applications

• Capacity increase

• Quality Improvement – BOD & Nitrogen Removal

• Fast recovery from Process Upsets

• Limited Footprint

• Future Expansion

• Minimize Process Complexity and Operator Attention

Benefits

• Economical very attractive

• Compact (saves space)

• Maintenance-friendly

• Strong

• High volume load

• Simply to extend

• Financial savings on discharge costs

MOVING BED BIO REACTOR Advantages

The MBBR system is considered a biofilm process. Other conventional biofilm processes forwastewater treatment are called trickling filter, rotating biological contactor (RBC) andbiological aerated filter (BAF). Biofilm processes in general require less space than activatedsludge systems because the biomass is more concentrated, and the efficiency of the systemis less dependent on the final sludge separation. A disadvantage with other biofilmprocesses is that they experience bio clogging and build-up of head loss.

MBBR systems don't need a recycling of the sludge, which is the case with activated sludgesystems.

The MBBR system is often installed as a retrofit of existing activated sludge tanks to increasethe capacity of the existing system. The degree of filling of carriers can be adapted to thespecific situation and the desired capacity. Thus, an existing treatment plant can increase itscapacity without increasing the footprint by constructing new tanks.

Some other advantages compared to activated sludge systems are:[4]

• Higher effective sludge retention time (SRT) which is favourable for nitrification

• Responds to load fluctuations without operator intervention

• Lower sludge production

• Less area required

• Resilient to toxic shock

• Process performance independent of secondary clarifier (due to the fact that there is nosludge return line)

EXTENDED AERATION SYSTEMS

EXTENDED AERATION SYSTEMS are a method of sewage treatment using modified activatedsludge procedures. It is preferred for relatively small waste loads, where lower operatingefficiency is offset by mechanical simplicity.

Conventional sewage treatment

Mechanized sewage treatment typically includes settling in a primary clarifier, followed bybiological treatment and a secondary clarifier. Both clarifiers producewaste sludge requiring sewage sludge treatment and disposal. Activated sludge agitates aportion of the secondary clarifier sludge in the primary clarifier effluent. Remainingsecondary sludge and all primary sludge typically require digestion prior to disposal.

Process modification

Extended aeration agitates all incoming waste in the sludge from a single clarifier. Thecombined sludge starts with a higher concentration of inert solids than typical secondarysludge and the longer mixing time required for digestion of primary solids in addition todissolved organics produces aged sludge requiring greater mixing energy input per unit ofwaste oxidized.

Applications

Extended aeration is typically used in prefabricated "package plants" intended to minimizedesign costs for waste disposal from small communities, tourist facilities, or schools. Incomparison to traditional activated sludge, longer mixing time with aged sludge offers astable biological ecosystem better adapted for effectively treating waste load fluctuationsfrom variable occupancy situations. Supplemental feeding with something like sugar issometimes used to sustain sludge microbial populations during periods of low occupancy;but population response to variable food characteristics is unpredictable, and supplementalfeeding increases waste sludge volumes. Sludge may be periodically removed by septic tankpumping trucks as sludge volume approaches storage capacity.

UASB

Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB reactor, is aform of anaerobic digester that is used for wastewater treatment.

The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobicclarigester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB)digester.

Process description

UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which suspends in thetank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the anaerobicmicroorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the blanketwith the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around three months. Smallsludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of bacteria. In theabsence of any support matrix, the flow conditions create a selective environment in which onlythose microorganisms capable of attaching to each other survive and proliferate. Eventually theaggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as "granules".[2]

Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-product, and this may be capturedand used as an energy source, to generate electricity for export and to cover its own running power.The technology needs constant monitoring when put into use to ensure that the sludge blanket ismaintained, and not washed out (thereby losing the effect). The heat produced as a by-product ofelectricity generation can be reused to heat the digestion tanks.

The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention time in thedigesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the reactors for periods up to 90days.[3] Sugars dissolved in the liquid waste stream can be converted into gas quickly in the liquidphase which can exit the system in less than a day.

UASB reactors are typically suited to dilute waste water streams (3% TSS with particle size>0.75mm).

Design with UASB, the process of settlement and digestion occurs in one or more large tank(s). Theeffluent from the UASB, which has a much reduced biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)concentration, usually needs to be treated further, for example with the activated sludge process,depending on the effluent quality requirements.

ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT

Activated sludge plant (ASP): The activated sludge process is a process fortreating sewage and industrial wastewaters using air and a biological floc composedof bacteria and protozoa.

The general arrangement of an activated sludge process for removing carbonaceouspollution includes the following items:

Aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected in the mixed liquor.

Settling tank (usually referred to as "final clarifier" or "secondary settling tank") toallow the biological flocs (the sludge blanket) to settle, thus separating the biologicalsludge from the clear treated water.

Treatment of nitrogenous matter or phosphate involves additional steps where themixed liquor is left in anoxic condition (meaning that there is no residual dissolvedoxygen).

The general method to do this is to monitor sludge blanket level, SVI (Sludge VolumeIndex), MCRT (Mean Cell Residence Time), F/M (Food to Microorganism), as well asthe biota of the activated sludge and the major nutrients DO (Dissolvedoxygen), nitrogen, phosphate, BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand), and COD(Chemical oxygen demand).

In the reactor/aerator + clarifier system:

The sludge blanket is measured from the bottom of the clarifier to the level ofsettled solids in the clarifier's water column.

The SVI is the volume of settled sludge in millilitres occupied by 1 gram of dry sludgesolids after 30 minutes of settling in a 1000 millilitre graduated cylinder

The MCRT is the total mass (lbs) of mixed liquor suspended solids in the aerator andclarifier divided by the mass flow rate (lbs/day) of mixed liquor suspended solidsleaving as WAS and final effluent

The F/M is the ratio of food fed to the microorganisms each day to the mass ofmicroorganisms held under aeration. Specifically, it is the amount of BOD fed to theaerator (lbs/day) divided by the amount (lbs) of Mixed Liquor Volatile SuspendedSolids (MLVSS) under aeration. Note: Some references use MLSS (Mixed LiquorSuspended Solids) for expedience, but MLVSS is considered more accurate for themeasure of microorganisms] Again, due to expedience, COD is generally used, in lieuof BOD, as BOD takes five days for results.

Based on these control methods, the amount of settled solids in the mixed liquor canbe varied by wasting activated sludge (WAS) or returning activated sludge (RAS)

ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR Rotating biological contactor. RBC is a biological treatment process used in the treatmentof wastewater following primary treatment. The primary treatment process removesthe grit and other solids through a screening process followed by a period of settlement. TheRBC process involves allowing the wastewater to come in contact with a biological mediumin order to remove pollutants in the wastewater before discharge of the treated wastewaterto the environment, usually a body of water (river, lake or ocean). A rotating biologicalcontactor is a type of secondary treatment process. It consists of a series of closely spaced,parallel discs mounted on a rotating shaft which is supported just above the surface of thewaste water. Microorganisms grow on the surface of the discs where biologicaldegradation of the wastewater pollutants takes place.

The rotating packs of disks (known as the media) are contained in a tank or trough androtate at between 2 and 5 revolutions per minute. Commonly used plastics for the mediaare polyethylene, PVC and expanded polystyrene. The shaft is aligned with the flow ofwastewater so that the discs rotate at right angles to the flow with several packs usuallycombined to make up a treatment train. About 40% of the disc area is immersed in thewastewater.

Biological growth is attached to the surface of the disc and forms a slime layer. The discscontact the wastewater with the atmospheric air for oxidation as it rotates. The rotationhelps to slough off excess solids. The disc system can be staged in series to obtain nearly anydetention time or degree of removal required. Since the systems are staged, the culture ofthe later stages can be acclimated to the slowly degraded materials.

The discs consist of plastic sheets ranging from 2 to 4 m in diameter and are up to 10 mmthick. Several modules may be arranged in parallel and/or in series to meet the flow andtreatment requirements. The discs are submerged in waste water to about 40% of theirdiameter. Approximately 95% of the surface area is thus alternately submerged in wastewater and then exposed to the atmosphere above the liquid. Carbonaceous substrate isremoved in the initial stage of RBC. Carbon conversion may be completed in the first stage ofa series of modules, with nitrification being completed after the 5th stage. Most design ofRBC systems will include a minimum of 4 or 5 modules in series to obtain nitrification ofwaste water.

Biofilms, which are biological growths that become attached to the discs, assimilate theorganic materials in the wastewater. Aeration is provided by the rotating action, whichexposes the media to the air after contacting them with the wastewater, facilitating thedegradation of the pollutants being removed. The degree of wastewater treatment is relatedto the amount of media surface area and the quality and volume of the inflowingwastewater.

SUBMERGED AERATED FILTER

Submerged aerated filter (SAF) The submerged aerated filter (SAF) is constructed in a verysimilar way to the BAF plants except that they have a settling tank to clarify the solids thatslough from the filter rather than using back-washing. The plant has a 1-4m deep bed offilter media on which to grow a biomass.

A blower sends air to the bottom of the bed to provide oxygen for the biomass to supportthe oxidation process. The air stream promote There are lots of SAF variants;

Combination system

Combination systems have an upstream aerated compartment with a random particulatemedium restrained by a mesh across the outlet of the chamber and a downstream chamberwhich, is also aerated, containing a modular plastic medium.

Loop reactor system

Loop reactor systems feature circular tanks constructed with a central riser pipe with anaerator mounted centrally beneath the pipe. The up flow of air causes the wastewater toflow upwards through the riser pipe and then fall down through the annular space withinthe tank through a plastic filter medium.

Compartmentalised system

The tank can also be compartmentalised such that the flow of effluent through the tanks isupward through one chamber of medium, downward through the next and so-on. Theaerators are positioned at the base of alternate vertical columns of medium to promote therising and falling columns of wastewater. Recirculation of the effluent is achieved byproviding free space at the top and bottom of the reactor beds of medium as both efficientmixing of the effluent and disturbance of any excess solids from the filter medium.

SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR

Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) The Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is an activated sludgeprocess designed to operate in a batch mode with aeration and sludge settlement bothoccurring in the same tank. Difference between SBR and activated sludge system is that theSBR tank carries out the functions of equalization, aeration and sedimentation in a timesequence.

SBR process is a unique combination of equipment and software. Working with automatedcontrol reduces the number of operator skill and attention requirement. There are basicallyfive stages to treatment: Fill, React, Settle, Decant and Idle.

Aeration times vary according to the plant size and the composition/quantity of theincoming liquor. The settling stage is usually the same length in time as the aeration. Thesludge is allowed to settle until clear water is on the top 20%-30% of the tank volume. Thedecanting stage most commonly involves the slow lowering of a scoop or “trough” into thebasin. SBR is ideally suited when nitrification, denitrification and biological phosphorusremoval is necessary

Advantages of Sequencing Batch Reactor

Small footprint

Simple Design.

Maintains consistent effluent quality due to batch settling method.

Suitable for variable organic and hydraulic load.

No Clarifier required reducing the spare requirement

Effective quiescent settling

No sludge recirculation

Biological Nutrient removal.

TRICKLING FILTER

Trickling filter. A trickling filter is a type of wastewater treatment It consists of a fixed bedof rocks, lava, coke, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, orplastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and causes a layerof microbial slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media. Aerobic conditions aremaintained by splashing, diffusion, and either by forced-air flowing through the bed ornatural convection of air if the filter medium is porous.These systems have also been described as roughing filters, intermittent filters, packedmedia bed filters, alternative septic systems, percolating filters, attached growth processes,and fixed film processes.Sewage flow enters at a high level and flows through the primary settlement tank. Thesupernatant from the tank flows into a dosing device, often a tipping bucket which deliversflow to the arms of the filter. The flush of water flows through the arms and exits through aseries of holes pointing at an angle downwards. This propels the arms around distributingthe liquid evenly over the surface of the filter media. Most are uncovered (unlike theaccompanying diagram) and are freely ventilated to the atmosphere.The removal of pollutants from the waste water stream involvesboth absorption and adsorption of organic compounds and some inorganic species suchas nitrite and nitrate ions by the layer of microbial bio film. The filter media is typicallychosen to provide a very high surface area to volume. Typical materials are often porous andhave considerable internal surface area in addition to the external surface of the medium.Passage of the waste water over the media provides dissolved oxygen which the bio-filmlayer requires for the biochemical oxidation of the organic compounds and releases carbondioxide gas, water and other oxidized end products. As the bio film layer thickens, iteventually sloughs off into the liquid flow and subsequently forms part of the secondarysludge. Typically, a trickling filter is followed by a clarifier or sedimentation tank for theseparation and removal of the sloughed film. Other filters utilizing higher-density mediasuch as sand, foam and peat moss do not produce a sludge that must be removed, butrequire forced air blowers and backwashing or an enclosed anaerobic environmentThe bio-film that develops in a trickling filter may become several millimetres thick and istypically a gelatinous matrix that contains many speciesof bacteria, ciliates and amoeboid protozoa, annelids, round worms and insect larvae andmany other micro fauna. This is very different from many other bio-films which may be lessthan 1 mm thick. Within the thickness of the biofilm both aerobic and anaerobic zones canexist supporting both oxidative and reductive biological processes. At certain times of year,especially in the spring, rapid growth of organisms in the film may cause the film to be toothick and it may slough off in patches leading to the "spring slough".[1]

Types

ODOUR CONTROL SYSTEM

Odour Control System Odour is obnoxious smell that offends human olfactory organs. Normallygases like Hydrogen Sulphide, Indole, Skatole, Mercaptans, Methyl Amine etc. emits typical sewageodours. The threshold value for H2S is considered to be in the range of 0.05 – 12 ppmv, which is whyeven very small quantity is noticeable.

The odour control or air treatment is done by passing the polluted air through the bed of speciallydesigned Activated carbon. The air in the sewage lift station is sucked by an induced draft Fan intoCarbon Filter, where the sucked air is passed through carbon bed. The carbon bed adsorbs thevarious gases like Hydrogen Sulphide, Indole, Skatole, Mercaptans, Methyl Amine etc. on to thesurface of the carbon. The Activated carbon is specially engineered to have mesoporous as well asmacroporous nature to have maximum area available for Chemisorption of odour producing gases.

The typical odour removal system consists of following:

• Fan

• Ducting

• Filter Vessel with internals

• Activated Carbon

• Instrumentation such as H2S meter & pressure gauges etc.

The corrosive nature of H2S requires appropriate selection of materials of construction for thetreatment equipment that are in direct contact. Fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) vessels and ducts arealso common in use. Few equipment suppliers use FRP coated

blowers and impellers, especially when the blower is put before the activated carbon bed. Odourcontrol activated carbon beds typically run in up-flow mode at a few inches of water columnpressure.

A few guidelines need to be followed for optimum performance of the Odour Control System:

Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) of 4 – 9 seconds

Linear Velocity of 5 – 20 cm/s

Minimum Bed Depth ~ 0.8 m

Oxygen is required for effective performance (more than 4 times the H2S concentration on a molarbasis is normally sufficient). A minimum relative humidity of 30% (preferably higher) isrecommended.

Carbon loaded with hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans is not considered a hazardous material forthe purpose of handling and disposal.

DISINFECTION

Water disinfection means the removal, deactivation or killing of pathogenic microorganisms.Microorganisms are destroyed or deactivated, resulting in termination of growth andreproduction. When microorganisms are not removed from drinking water, drinking waterusage will cause people to fall ill.

Sterilization is a process related to disinfection. During the sterilization process all presentmicroorganisms are killed, both harmful and harmless microorganisms.

Disinfection can be attained by means of physical or chemical disinfectants. The agents alsoremove organic contaminants from water, which serve as nutrients or shelters formicroorganisms. Disinfectants should not only kill microorganisms. Disinfectants must alsohave a residual effect, which means that they remain active in the water after disinfection. Adisinfectant should prevent pathogenic microorganisms from growing in the plumbing afterdisinfection, causing the water the be recontaminated.

For chemical disinfection of water the following disinfectants can be used:

Chlorine (Cl2)

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)

Hypo chlorite (OCl-)

Ozone (O3)

Halogens: bromine (Br2), iodine (I)

Bromine chloride (BrCl)

Metals: copper (Cu2+), silver (Ag+)

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)

Phenols

Alcohols

Soaps and detergents

Hydrogen peroxide

Several acids and bases

DISINFECTION

For physical disinfection of water the following disinfectants can be used:

• Ultraviolet light (UV)

• Electronic radiation

• Gamma rays

• Sounds

• Heat

Chemical inactivation of microbiological contamination in natural or untreated water is usuallyone of the final steps to reduce pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water. Combinations ofwater purification steps (oxidation, coagulation, settling, disinfection, filtration) cause (drinking)water to be safe after production. As an extra measure, many countries apply a seconddisinfection step at the end of the water purification process, in order to protect the water frommicrobiological contamination in the water distribution system. Usually one uses a differentkind of disinfectant from the one earlier in the process, during this disinfection process. Thesecondary disinfection makes sure that bacteria will not multiply in the water duringdistribution. Bacteria can remain in the water after the first disinfection step or can end up inthe water during back flushing of contaminated water (which can contain groundwater bacteriaas a result of cracks in the plumbing).

Disinfection commonly takes place because of cell wall corrosion in the cells of microorganisms,or changes in cell permeability, protoplasm or enzyme activity (because of a structural changein enzymes). These disturbances in cell activity cause microorganisms to no longer be able tomultiply. This will cause the microorganisms to die out. Oxidizing disinfectants also demolishorganic matter in the water, causing a lack of nutrients

• Applications:

• Public drinking water supply.

• Food and beverage industry.

• Paper industry.

• Treatment of water in Breweries.

• Pasteurizing and Rinsing in Breweries.

• CIP systems.

• Cooling water treatment.

• Cold sterile bottling.

• Condensate water treatment in the Milk industry. In Aqua culture

• Wash water treatment.

• Meat processing industry.

CHLORINE INJECTION SYSTEMS

Chlorine (Cl2) has been used for many years to treat potable water, municipal andindustrial water and waste waters to control microorganisms because of its capacityto inactivate most pathogenic microorganisms quickly. The effectiveness of chlorineis dependent on the chlorine concentration, time of exposure, and the pH of thewater. Chlorine is used for treating potable water where a residual chlorineconcentration near 0.5 mg/L is commonly used. In an industrial water treatmentscheme, fouling of water intake lines, heat exchangers, sand filters, etc., may beprevented by maintaining a free residual chlorine concentration of 0.5–1.0 mg/L orhigher, dependent on the organic content of the incoming water.

Chorine in gaseous form is a good oxidising agent and extensively used in water &waste water treatment projects mainly for disinfection. It effectively kills pathogenicmicro- organisms, is nontoxic to living beings, easy and safe to store, providesresidual protection in drinking water and offers economical disinfection. There aremany applications of Chlorine, apart from Disinfection.

Chlorine is a gas at room temperature and pressure and is soluble in water.

The hydrolysis feature makes chlorine suitable for water disinfection applicationswhere turbulence is present, as chlorine is not present in water as dissolved gas likechlorine dioxide or ozone.

Chlorine becomes choice disinfectant because it is comparatively less expensivecompared to other disinfectants available in market in various forms.

a. Calcium hypochlorite

Calcium hypochlorite is available as granules or tablet form. The tablets can be usedwith erosion feeder. Tablets are placed in a hopper where they are stored dry. Wateris allowed to run past the bottom layer of tablets where slow erosion will occur. Thechlorinated water then drops into a buffer storage tank where flushing and dilutionoccurs. The diluted (<500ppm) solution is continually pumped to the process waterheader for disinfection. Control of chlorination is by a residual chlorine controller(Chlorine Analyzer). This controller gives a pulse duration control signal to the feederand the feeder controls the tablet erosion water valve.

CHLORINE INJECTION SYSTEMS

b. Sodium Hypochlorite is a commercially available disinfectant chemical usually theconcentration ranges from 10 – 12.5%. This liquid disinfectant is normally dosed withsolenoid operated dosing pumps or motor driven metering pumps for smallerapplications the dosing system comprises of chemical day tanks and metering pumpsprefabricated in compact skids with all relevant accessories. Design and construction ofthese dosing skids could be made suitable for all industries including strict oil and gasfield standards. The discharge rate from the dosing pumps could be varied to meetdifferent dosing requirements. Sodium hypochlorite undergoes gasification as itdecomposes to give off oxygen gas. This gasification may cause problems in chemicalmetering pumps as the gas will accumulate in the metering pump suction line,eventually making its way into the liquid end where there is loss of priming. Largermetering pumps (>20 L/hr) don’t usually suffer from loss of prime as the valves arecomparatively bigger and the associated volume of chemical being pumped is alsolarger.

c. Gas Chlorination: Chlorine gas is dosed from bulk cylinders or drums using remote vacuum

gas chlorination equipment. The vacuum regulator is mounted directly on the cylinder

isolation valve using a lead gasket. Chlorine gas under pressure is fed to the inlet pressure

reducing valve, the needle of which is seated on a diaphragm. At the water end of the

system, pressure differential is applied across a venturi by a boost flow which causes the

venturi to suck. This vacuum is applied to the diaphragm, causing the needle to be pushed

into the spring-loaded valve, thereby allowing chlorine gas to flow into the chlorinator.

Chlorine Gas under vacuum then flow through a regulating device (needle valve V notch)

and through the vacuum tube to the venturi where it is dissociated in water.

CHLORINE INJECTION SYSTEMS

c. Gas Chlorination: Chlorine gas is dosed from bulk cylinders or drums usingremote vacuum gas chlorination equipment. The vacuum regulator is mounteddirectly on the cylinder isolation valve using a lead gasket. Chlorine gas underpressure is fed to the inlet pressure reducing valve, the needle of which is seatedon a diaphragm. At the water end of the system, pressure differential is appliedacross a venturi by a boost flow which causes the venturi to suck. This vacuum isapplied to the diaphragm, causing the needle to be pushed into the spring-loadedvalve, thereby allowing chlorine gas to flow into the chlorinator. Chlorine Gasunder vacuum then flow through a regulating device (needle valve V notch) andthrough the vacuum tube to the venturi where it is dissociated in water.

CHLORINE INJECTION SYSTEMS

d. Electro chlorination Electro-chlorination is a chemical process which uses water,common salt and electricity to produce Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl). The brine solution(or sea water) is made to flow through an electrolyser cell, where direct current ispassed which leads to Electrolysis. This produces Sodium Hypochlorite instantaneouslywhich is a strong disinfectant. This is then dosed in water in the required concentrationto disinfect water, or to prevent Algae Formation and Bio Fouling. The main advantage ofelectro chlorination is that dangerous chlorine gas can be avoided where brine or seawater is abundantly available.

ULTRA VOILET SYSTEMS

Ultraviolet System (UV) water treatment works by exposing microorganisms (such as cryptosporidium,giardia lamblia and more) to UV radiation, via a special UV light bulb, which disrupts their DNA and disablestheir ability to replicate.

UV is Ultraviolet radiation, an energy band within the electromagnetic energy spectrum. It is a colorless,tasteless, odorless and chemical free way to ensure your water supply is safe and clear of germs and othermicroorganisms that can make you sick. UV does not affect sediment, particulates or other mineralcontaminants which will require additional water treatment methods.

UV light, which continues to be a reliable means of disinfection, involves exposing contaminated water toradiation from UV light. The treatment works because UV light penetrates an organism’s cell walls anddisrupts the cell’s genetic material and making reproduction impossible. A special lamp generates theradiation that creates UV light by striking an electric arc through low-pressure mercury vapor. This lampemits a broad spectrum of radiation with intense peaks at UV wavelengths of 253.7 nanometers (nm) and alesser peak at 184.9 nm. Research has shown that the optimum UV wavelength range to destroy bacteria isbetween 250 nm and 270 nm. At shorter wavelengths (e.g. 185 nm), UV light is powerful enough to produceozone, hydroxyl, and other free radicals that destroy bacteria.

UV light, which continues to be a reliable means of disinfection, involves exposing contaminated water toradiation from UV light. The treatment works because UV light penetrates an organism’s cell walls anddisrupts the cell’s genetic material and making reproduction impossible. A special lamp generates theradiation that creates UV light by striking an electric arc through low-pressure mercury vapor. This lampemits a broad spectrum of radiation with intense peaks at UV wavelengths of 253.7 nanometres (nm) and alesser peak at 184.9 nm. Research has shown that the optimum UV wavelength range to destroy bacteria isbetween 250 nm and 270 nm. At shorter wavelengths (e.g. 185 nm), UV light is powerful enough to produceozone, hydroxyl, and other free radicals that destroy bacteria.

Typical UV light components include:

• A stable high-voltage source of electricity because low-line voltage would result in a lowerUV dose

• A chamber made of stainless steel or any other material that is opaque and will not corrode

• UV lamps that are properly secured inside quartz sleeves, easing installation replacement, and

maintenance

• Quartz sleeves with sufficiently high transmission rates to deliver the UV energy produced by

UV lamps

• Mechanical wipers to maintain optimum transmission between scheduled cleaning and

maintenance work

• Sensors to monitor the UV intensity passing through the water. These sensors need to be

connected to alarm systems to alert the operator in case of low UV intensity. The operator

must have easy access to these sensors for necessary installation, replacement, calibration,

and maintenance

• Safety control to shut off UV lamps in case of low-flow levels and elevated lamp temperature

• Arc and lamp-out monitors to alert the operator of system failure

• Electronic ballasts

UV is also an effective tool in pond algae control. UV can be used in: homes, cottages, hotels, motels,buildings, factories, rinse processes, bottling plants, food processing, cooling towers, breweries, hospitals,fisheries, farms, wineries etc etc

Advantages:

• UV is simple to install and requires little supervision

• minimum service time, low operation and maintenance costs

• absence of a chemical smell or taste in finished water are primary factors for selecting UV technology rather than traditional disinfection technologies.

• UV treatment breaks down or removes some organic contaminants.

• UV achieves 1-log reduction of Giardia lamblia at an intensity of 80-120 mWs/cm2, and 4-log reduction of viruses at an intensity of 90-140 mWs/cm2.

• UV as a highly effective tool for Cryptosporidium control.

• UV light disinfection does not form any significant disinfection by products, nor does it cause any significant increase in assimilable organic carbon (AOC).

• UV effectiveness is relatively insensitive to temperature and pH differences.

• UV application does not convert nitrates to nitrites, or bromide to bromines or bromates.

• Has no known toxic or significant nontoxic by-products

• Has no danger of overdosing

• Has no volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions or toxic air emissions

• Requires very little contact time (seconds versus minutes for chemical disinfection)

• Does not require storage of hazardous material

• Requires minimal space for equipment and contact chamber

• Improves the taste of water because of some organic contaminants and nuisance microorganisms are destroyed,

• Does not affect minerals in water

• has little or no impact on the environment except for disposing of used lamps or obsolete equipment

• activity in drinking water—but coliforms are sensitive to UV light.

• An effective dose is measured as a product of the lamp’s intensity (the rate at which photons are delivered to the target), including radiation concentration, proper wavelength, exposure time, water quality, flow rate, and the microorganism’s type, and source, as well as its distance from the source light.

• UV units are currently used as stand-alone treatment systems or as part of a series of other drinking water treatment processes or multiple barrier system. A common treatment that uses UV light to remove and disinfect contaminants from groundwater sources involves a combined ozone or hydrogen-peroxide process along with UV application.

• The drinking water treatment industry provides UV equipment (mainly closed chamber units) for short-term uses.

• Monitoring and Operation Requirements:

• Applications

• Residential

• Commercial

• industrial applications

• sewage treatment plants.

• Effluent Treatment

• Swimming Pool water disinfection

• Domestic water disinfection

• Pharmaceutical applications

• Sugar Syrup treatment

• Ozone destruction

OZONATOR

Ozonator The Ozonator is a device with an aerator at the end of its hose, which is inserted inthe water, oil or food. It adds a tiny amount of ozone and results in a sanitizing and oxidizingeffect. Ozone is produced by adding a third atom of oxygen to a molecule, i.e. O3 instead ofthe usual O2.

Ozone is an unstable gas comprising of three oxygen atoms, the gas will readily degrade backto oxygen, and during this transition a free oxygen atom, or free radical form. The freeoxygen radical is highly reactive and short lived, under normal conditions it will only survivefor milliseconds. Ozone is a colorless odorless gas

Ozone has a greater disinfection effectiveness against bacteria and viruses compared tochlorination. In addition, the oxidizing properties can also reduce the concentration of iron,manganese, sulphur and reduce or eliminate taste and odor problems. Ozone oxides theiron, manganese, and sulphur in the water to form insoluble metal oxides or elementalsulphur. These insoluble particles are then removed by post-filtration. Organic particles andchemicals will be eliminated through either coagulation or chemical oxidation. Ozone isunstable, and it will degrade over a time frame ranging from a few seconds to 30 minutes.The rate of degradation is a function of water chemistry, pH and water temperature.

The formation of oxygen into ozone occurs with the use of energy. This process is carried outby an electric discharge field as in the CD-type ozone generators (corona dischargesimulation of the lightning), or by ultraviolet radiation as in UV-type ozone generators(simulation of the ultraviolet rays from the sun). In addition to these commercial methods,ozone may also be made through electrolytic and chemical reactions.

An ozonation system includes passing dry, clean air through a high voltage electric discharge,i.e., corona discharge, which creates and ozone concentration of approximately 1% or10,000 mg/L. In treating small quantities of waste, the UV ozonation is the most commonwhile large-scale systems use either corona discharge or other bulk ozone-producingmethods.

Functions of Ozone

• Kills bacteria and viruses in food and beverages with surprising speed.

• Has a strong penetrating effect, sanitizing and oxidizing everything.

• It can do oxidizing chemistry

• Removes tapeworm larvae, sheltered ascaris eggs, freon and PCBs

• While ozonating food and beverages, it turns into oxygen

DUCTILE IRON MANHOLES COVERS

Spheroid Graphite' or 'Ductile Iron' is a unique form of Iron. which prior to the metal castingprocess receives crucial mineral additives to produce an exceptionally strong resistance anddurable metal, the molecular structure of 'Ductile Iron' gives rise to excellent additionalstrength and shock load resistance, within structure carbon steel, without steel inheritingcorrosion. In today's roads, Covers & Gratings are required to carry increasingly heavy andfast moving traffic, yet the need to keep the roads in service, places free from accidents andtheft, additional demands on those Covers and Gratings in terms of speed and ease ofaccess for maintenance of services is essential. 'Ductile Iron' Manhole Covers, Gratings andFrames are fast replacing the conventional 'Grey Iron Manhole Covers, Gratings and Frameson account of uniqueness in its Strength to Weight ratio, Design, Weight and the Costbenefit.

ADVANTAGES OF 'DUCTILE IRON' MANHOLE COVERS, FRAMES & GRATINGS:

• High Strength, results in More Life and Durability

• Available with Elegant Checkers Design, offers Good Anti- skid Grip and Nice Appearance.

• Due to it's Hinge type Design, Chances of Theft are Less.

• Suitable for Heavy Traffic Loading and at High speed.

• Chances of Accidents are almost Reduced, as it Does Not Break Suddenly.

Due to High Strength, 'Ductile Iron' Minimises the Risk of Failure during normal uses andoffers Resistance to Impact. Ductile Iron's High Strength to Weight ratio allows themanufacturers to relatively manufacture Light Weight Castings, offering up to 50% WeightSavings over Grey Iron Castings, subsequently Saving in Cost Per Piece.

Lightweight Castings offer Cost Benefits, from Transportation to Installation, providing Easeof Handling and Maintenance during service.

DUCTILE IRON'S EXTRA BENEFITS:

• Light Weight, More Strength

• Very Easy to Handle

• More Load Bearing Capacity

• Costs Less as compare to Cast Iron

DUCTILE IRON MANHOLES COVERS

AIG deals with An European ISO 9001: 2000 company who has been working in theproduction of grey and ductile cast iron manhole covers, Gratings and DI Steps since theearly 1980`s. As per BS EN124 in all traffic load range

The certifications issued by ICIM spa, the Institute of Certification belonging to the ItalianFederation of Quality Systems (CISQ), internationally recognized by IQNET.

The products are checked in conformity to the certificate of inspection 3.1 B, according toEuropean standard UNI EN 10204.

The products carry the “P-ICIM” mark, which is a guarantee about the working process inevery phase:

The manufactures guarantee the principles of construction, testing, markings and inspectingprescribed by the norm EN 124:94 , which guarantees maximum production reliability

The products are checked in conformity to the certificate of inspection 3.1 B, according toEuropean standard UNI EN 10204.

The products carry the “P-ICIM” mark, which is a guarantee about the working process inevery phase:

HDPE MANHOLES AND TANKS

HDPE manholes, sumps, tanks and other structures are constructed from both solid wallHDPE pipe and profile wall PE 3408 HDPE pipe. They are leak-free, lightweight and offerexcellent chemical resistance. Manholes/Sumps and other structures are available in thefollowing sizes.

Manholes, Sumps and other structures are prefabricated on a custom basis. Bottoms arewelded when possible, inside and outside with gussets added for additional strength.Bottoms are normally fabricated from 1/2 to 2 inch HDPE plate, and are recommended to bedetermined by the designing engineer in accordance with ASTM F-1759. Outlets may bepositioned per specifications. Outlets may be flanged or plain for butt or electro-fusionjoining. Tops are available plain or with risers. Manholes covers are selected according toapplication and traffic loads. When required, ladders can be fitted inside with manhole.

Profile wall HDPE manholes and sumps offer more wall stiffness and therefore greater crushresistance than manholes and sumps constructed from SDR 32.5 or SDR 26 solid wall HDPEpipe. Profile wall manholes and sumps are excellent for landfills and applications withunstable ground conditions or high water tables.

APPLICATIONS

HDPE Manhole, sump and valve box are used where corrosion and abrasion would reducethe design life of manholes constructed from concrete and other traditional materials.

SANITARY SYSTEMS where hydrogen Sulphide shortens the life of concrete manholes areexcellent candidates for HDPE manholes. HDPE is inert to most acids and bases. HDPEmanholes eliminate exfiltration and infiltration, reducing the amount of treatment required.Manholes are integral part of sewerage and drainage systems. They are used to maintain,repair and clean such infrastructure, and play a key role in the service of thousands ofkilometers of pipe networks. Manholes can be used to change flow directions, adjust fallsand profiles, and establish sewerage system joining.

Spiral-wound High-Density Polyethylene manholes (HDPE) are formed using a uniquedouble-wall ‘I ‘beam profiling, resulting in compression strengths up to 8kN/m2. Resistant tofatigue and corrosion, HDPE manholes has an estimated asset life of 100 years. Pipe sizerange from DN600 to DN3000.

A fabricated base is permanently fixed to the base, and an outlet and several inlets stubs arerobotically cut and welded into position – to suit your exact requirements for diameter,class, angle and height.

HDPE MANHOLES AND TANKS

SPECIFICATIONS FOR HDPE MANHOLES AND FABRICATED STRUCTURES

MATERIALS:

Manholes and other HDPE structures shall be fabricated from materials made from high-densitypolyethylene resin PE 100.

This material shall have a minimum long-term hydrostatic strength of 1600 psi when analysed inaccordance with ASTM D 2837.The base resin shall have 2 % of well-dispersed carbon black.

The density of the base compound shall be greater than 0.955 as referenced in ASTM D 1505.

Tensile Strength at yield shall be greater than 3200 psi in accordance with ASTM D 638.

Slow Crack Growth Resistance shall be greater than 100 hours (PENT TEST) per ASTM F 1473.

HDPE manholes, sumps, valve boxes and other HDPE structures are custom fabricated to the designengineer’s specifications. Inlets/outlets can be positioned at any position or height on the manhole.Inlet/outlets maybe designed flanged or plain end for butt fusion or electro-fusion connections.

Bottoms of high density polyethylene manholes are extrusion welded inside the manhole andoutside the manhole for additional strength. Reinforcing gussets are available on bottoms and wherefeasible on inlets/outlets. The bottoms can be oversized with concrete poured around them to resistfloatation. Anti-floatation rings can also be extrusion welded to resist floatation in high water tables.Manhole bottoms are normally fabricated from 1/2 to 2-inch pipe grade sheet stock. Bottoms arerecommended to be specified by the design engineer in accordance with ASTM F-1759. Manholetops can be fabricated hinged, bolted on to a top plate flange and with risers that may call forconcrete poured around the top and riser to accommodate h 20 traffic loads. Ductile iron rings andtops can be installed on HDPE manhole risers.

Expandable height manholes can be manufactured using Electro-fusion couplings or extrusionwelded collars. Expandable manhole segments of 1-3metres may be added to existing manholes,making HDPE manholes prefect for s where future elevation changes are anticipated. Additionalsections do not change the ID of the manhole.

HDPE MANHOLES AND TANKS

TYPES

• SANITARY MANHOLES

• STORMWATER MANHOLES

• CHLORINATION CHAMBERS

• HOUSE CONNECTION CHAMBERS

• INSTRUMENT CHAMBERS

• VALVE CHAMBERS

• VACUUM CHAMBERS

• HDPE TANKS

ADVANTAGES

• LIGHT WEIGHT

• EASE TO INSTALL

• ADAPTABILITY TO EXISTING SYSTEMS

• RESISTANCE TO CORROSION AND ABRASION

• RESISTANCE TO ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS AND

• CHEMICALS

• FLEXIBILITY

• HIGH IMPACT STRENGTH

• OPTIMUM HYDRAULICS

• LOW RUNNING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS

HDPE MANHOLES AND TANKS

HDPE WATER/CHEMICAL TANKS the most common, economical above ground tank style isthe vertical cylinder style, Polyethylene storage tanks sizes range from 100 ltrs up to 50000ltrs. Other styles are designed for spaces with low headroom (Box tanks), narrow access(Utility Tanks), transport by pick-up truck (Leg Tanks) or nesting for compact shipping ofmultiple tanks (Taper Tanks).

STYLE OF TANK: Each style of tank has its own best suited application:

VERTICAL WATER TANKS :These tanks are vertical cylindrical in profile and are also the mostcommonly installed in the market place. Generally, these are the most economical

BOX TANKS: These tanks are for spaces with limited headroom such as crawlspaces andunder decks. The low profile also allows moving into place through narrow openings. In tightspaces a floor panel could be installed above access lids. The tanks are designed to lay flatand not be placed on their side unless properly braced against bulging.

TAPER TANKS :Used for applications that require completely open top access, such as fishrearing or chemical mixing. The tapered side allows multiple tanks to nest together forshipping economy.

ONE BOTTOM TANKS: Designed for sediment collection or granular material. The tanksrequire a steel/fiberglass floor stand for support.

LEG TANKS: Leg tanks can provide the maximum storage volume in a rectangular lowheadroom space. They are also a convenient way to transport water by pickup truck ortrailer from a public utility. Uses include spraying, pressure washing or portable firesuppression. The smaller sizes can be positioned crossways in a truck box to leave room forother equipment or supplies. the weight of the water you are transporting and thehazardous effect of water moving around a partially filled tank.

UTILITY TANKS: Utility tanks are vertical cylindrical in profile and are specifically designed for30” or 36” door opening access. The larger sizes are used for standby fire suppression wherethere is no municipal supply.

CISTERN TANKS: These are tanks installed below ground for water storage. There are anumber of styles and sizes.

HDPE MANHOLES AND TANKS

TANK COLOUR

Colour is used for aesthetic or identification purposes. Vertical water tanks are either black.Some sizes are available in either colour. When used outside these colours are lessnoticeable and limit sunlight penetration. The natural polyethylene we use has a built inultra-violet light stabilizer against sunlight. All pigments used are CSA/NSF certified fordrinking water.

HDPE SEPTIC TANKS The key design element of septic tanks for below ground use is theresistance to compression buckling or pressure from the outside in. This is opposite to aboveground tanks where the pressure is from the inside out. The key design element is thetensile strength of the material. To resist buckling, below ground tanks have a thicker walland are typically spherical in shape with light ribbing, or heavy ribbing. The small flattriangular ribbing design holds the stresses in-line with the flat surfaces which result in aprofile that resists pressure equally from the top, the sides, and the ends of the tank. Thesetanks are designed for partial or below ground installation. Styles according to size Noothers tank design can claim this.

• Each plastic septic tank is delivered to you completely ready for service.

• Inlet and outlet connections are pre-plumbed for1/2” to 4” sewer pipe.

• Two chamber dividing walls, when required, are also installed.

• No water ballast is required during the installation process.

• Polyethylene septic tanks are fabricated and are totally watertight from the factory.

• Access openings can accommodate various styles of riser pipe.

HDPE PROFILE PIPES

HDPE Corrugated Spiral Pipes which is described as the world's best drainage pipeswith Larger Diameters of Corrugated pipes are three layers which supports eachother and it standard is DIN 16961 , ISO-9969, and ASTM F 894 With all the featuresshared by all commercially available plastic tube, and both the resistance and themetal reinforcement is slightly more inside a pipe. Helical corrugated pipes ofthermoplastic tape spirally in a special machine from extrudate of the desireddiameter are manufactured by winding shape and length. Inner surface of the HDPECorrugated Spiral Pipes is smooth, the outer surface is profiled. Contribute to themetal layer provides extra strength in the profile of HDPE Corrugated Spiral Pipes

Corrugated Metal Reinforced Spiral Wrap has based its feature and function of eachfloor in the HDPE Corrugated Spiral Pipes. Corrugated Spiral Pipes, smooth innersurfaces, outer surfaces are made so that the profile on Larger Diameter CorrugatedPipes.

The structure of the three layers is as follows

1. Inner Layer: The inside layer of the HDPE Corrugated Spiral Pipes. Fluid passesthrough the liquid layer. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) are produced from thematerial.

2. Middle Layer: this section is the section which provides the strength propertypipe. Given special profile shape steel strips previously coated with adhesive materialused.

3. Outer Layer: The outside of the pipe is protected against all kinds of parts forprinting and strength.2mm thick high density polyethylene (HDPE) made while usingmaterial. In relation to the effect of UV rays from sunlight is not affected byparticipating in the carbon black.

HDPE PROFILE PIPES

Ranging from 300 mm - 4000 mm diameter

• APPLICATION

• Storm, Rain and Melt Water Systems

• Gravity water Mains

• Culverts

• Drainage

• Cable Ducts

• Infrastructure application

• irrigation system

• Sewer lines and residential connections

• Treatment plant

ADVANTAGES

• Light Weight

• Ease to Install

• Adaptability to existing systems

• Resistance to corrosion and abrasion

• Resistance to Ultra-violet rays and

chemicals

• Flexibility

• Impact Strength

• Optimum Hydraulics

• Low running and maintenance costs

• Extremely Cost Effective

• Telescopic Transportation and Storage,

lowering costs

• Stacking up to 2.5m high, savings on

storage space

HDPE SOLID WALL PIPES

HDPE SOLID WALL Pipes: High-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyethylene high-density(PEHD) is a polyethylene thermoplastic made from petroleum. It is sometimes called “Poly”or “polythene” when used for pipes. With a high strength-to-density ratio, PE Pipe is used inthe production of corrosion-resistant piping, geomembranes, and plastic lumber.

Large diameter HDPE pipe has been used successfully in many installations worldwide. High-density Polyethylene pipe has proven itself in applications including:

• Water Supply

• Gas pipelines

• Drainage Systems

• Irrigation

• Gravity Sewers

• Hydroelectric

• Storm Drains & Sewers

HDPE PE 100 PIPES Outside diameters from 20 mm - 1000 mm and with standard lengthof 12 Meter.,

According DIN 8074 and ISO 4427 Standards.

Pressure rating is PN 6.3 - PN20

The SDR Series 9 - 26

HDPE SOLID WALL PIPES

APPLICATIONS

• Water Supply

• Drainage Systems

• Irrigation

• Gravity Sewers

• Hydroelectric

• Storm Drains & Sewers

• Domestic and Industrial Gas Pipes

• Industrial Process Lines

ADVANTAGES

• HDPE pipe have many advantages compare with other piping materials, such as:

• Zero Leaks

• Best for the Environment

• Best for Consumers

• Lower Life Cycle Costs

• Perfect for Trenchless

• Lightweight and Flexible

• Non – Corrosive

• Energy savings

• Decreased pressure loss

• Resistant to aging

• Resistant to radiation

• Resistant to Ultra-violet rays

• Perfectly weld able

• Freeze Resistant

• Hygienic and non-toxic

• Easy Installation

• Resistant to chemicals, untreated industrial waste water

• and other corrosive materials

PVC & HDPE FITTING

INJECTION MOULDED FITTINGS: Injection molded PE fittings are manufacturedin sizes through 12-inch nominal diameter. Typical molded fittings are tees, 45°and 90° elbows, reducers, couplings, caps, flange adapters and stub ends,branch and service saddles, and self-tapping saddle tees. Very large parts mayexceed common injection molding equipment capacities, so these are usuallyfabricated. Equipment to mold fittings consists of a mold and an injectionmolding press, as shown in Figure 9. The mold is a split metal block that ismachined to form a part shaped cavity in the block. Hollows in the part arecreated by core pins shaped into the part cavity. The molded part is created byfilling the cavity in the mold block through a filling port, called a gate. Thematerial volume needed to fill the mold cavity is called a shot. The injectionmolding press has two parts; a press to open and close the mold block, and aninjection extruder to inject material into the mold block cavity. The injectionextruder is similar to a conventional extruder except that, in addition torotating, the extruder screw also moves lengthwise in the barrel. Injectionmolding is a cyclical process. The mold block is closed and the extruder barrel ismoved into contact with the mold gate. The screw is rotated and then drawnback, filling the barrel ahead of the screw with material. Screw rotation isstopped and the screw is rammed forward, injecting molten material into themold cavity under high pressure.

HDPE FITTINGS

• Fabricated Fittings Fully pressure-rated, full bore fabricated fittings are available fromselect fittings fabricators. Fabricated fittings are constructed by joining sections of pipe,machined blocks, or molded fittings together to produce the desired configuration.Components can be joined by butt or socket heat fusion, electrofusion, hot gas welding orextrusion welding techniques. It is not recommended to use either hot gas or extrusionwelding for pressure service fittings since the resultant joint strength is significantly lessthan that of the other heat fusion joining methods. Fabricated fittings designed for fullpressure service are joined by heat fusion and must be designed with additional materialin regions of sharp geometrical changes, It is not recommended to use either hot gas orextrusion welding for pressure service fittings since the joint strength regions that aresubject to high localized stress. The common commercial practice is to increase wallthickness in high-stress areas by fabricating fittings from heavier wall pipe sections. Theincreased wall thickness may be added to the OD, which provides for a full-flow ID; or itmay be added to the ID, which slightly restricts ID flow. This is similar to molded fittingsthat are molded with a larger OD, heavier body wall thickness. If heavy-wall pipe sectionsare not used, the conventional practice is to reduce the pressure rating of the fitting. Thelowest-pressure-rated component in a pipeline determines the operating pressure of thepiping system.

Thermoformed Fittings Thermoformed fittings are manufactured by heating a section of

pipe and then using a forming tool to reshape the heated area. Examples are sweep elbows,

swaged reducers, and forged stub ends. The area to be shaped is immersed in a hot liquid

bath and heated to make it pliable. It is removed from the heating bath and reshaped in the

forming tool. Then the new shape must be held until the part has cooled.

HDPE FITTINGS

Electrofusion Couplings Electrofusion couplings and fittings are manufactured byeither molding in a similar manner as that previously described for butt andsocket fusion fittings or manufactured from pipe stock. A wide variety ofcouplings and other associated fittings are available from ½” CTS thru 28” IPS.Fittings are also available for ductile iron sized PE pipe. These couplings are ratedas high as FM 200. Electrofusion fittings are manufactured with a coil-like integralheating element. These fittings are installed utilizing a fusion processor, whichprovides the proper energy to provide a fusion joint stronger than the joined pipesections. All electrofusion fittings are manufactured to meet the requirements ofASTM F-1055

..

Injection Molded Couplings Some mechanical couplings are manufactured by injection

molding in a similar manner as previously described for butt and socket fusion fittings. The

external coupling body is typically injection molded and upon final assembly will include

internal components such as steel stiffeners, O-rings, gripping collets, and other

components depending upon the design. A wide variety of coupling configurations are

available including tees, ells, caps, reducers, and repair couplings. Sizes for joining PE pipe

and tubing are typically from ½” CTS through 2” IPS. All injection molded couplings are

manufactured to meet the requirements of ASTM D2513.

O RINGS/GASKET FOR PIPES (HDPE, DI, CEMENT)

An O-ring, also known as a packing, or a toric joint, is a mechanical gasket in the shape ofa torus; it is a loop of elastomer with a round cross-section, designed to be seated in agroove and compressed during assembly between two or more parts, creating a seal at theinterface.

The O-ring may be used in static applications or in dynamic applications where there isrelative motion between the parts and the O-ring. Dynamic examples include rotating pumpshafts and hydraulic cylinder pistons.

O-rings are one of the most common seals used in machine design because they areinexpensive, easy to make, and reliable and have simple mounting requirements.

Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM): good resistance to hot water and steam,detergents, caustic potash solutions, sodium hydroxide solutions, silicone oils and greases,many polar solvents and many diluted acids and chemicals. Special formulations areexcellent for use with glycol-based brake fluids. Unsuitable for use with mineral oil products:lubricants, oils, or fuels. Peroxide-cured compounds are suitable for higher temperatures.

VALVES

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids,fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an openvalve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.

The simplest, and very ancient, valve is simply a freely hinged flap which drops to obstructfluid (gas or liquid) flow in one direction, but is pushed open by flow in the oppositedirection. This is called a check valve, as it prevents or "checks" the flow in one direction.Modern control valves may regulate pressure or flow downstream and operate onsophisticated automation systems.

Valves have many uses, including controlling water for irrigation, industrial uses forcontrolling processes, residential uses such as on / off and pressure control to dish andclothes washers and taps in the home.

Valves are quite diverse and may be classified into a number of basic types. Valves may alsobe classified by how they are actuated:

• Hydraulic

• Pneumatic

• Manual

• Solenoid valve

• Motor

Valves vary widely in form and application. Size typically range from 0.1 mm to 60 cm.Special valves can have a diameter exceeding 5 meter

Valve costs range from simple inexpensive disposable valves to specialized valves which arevery expensive.

VALVES

• Valves can be categorized into the following basic types:

• Ball valve, for on/off control without pressure drop, and ideal for quick shut-off, since a 90° turn offers complete shut-off angle, compared to multiple turns required on most manual valves.

• Butterfly valve, for flow regulation in large pipe diameters.

• Ceramic Disc valve, used mainly in high duty cycle applications or on abrasive fluids. Ceramic disc can also provide Class IV seat leakage

• Clapper valve, Used in appliances like the Siamese fire appliance to allow only 1 hose to connected instead of two (the clapper valve blocks the other side from leaking out.

• Check valve or non-return valve, allows the fluid to pass in one direction only.

• Choke valve, a valve that raises or lowers a solid cylinder which is placed around or inside another cylinder which has holes or slots. Used for high pressure drops found in oil and gas wellheads.

• Diaphragm valve, which controls flow by a movement of a diaphragm. Upstream pressure, downstream pressure, or an external source (e.g., pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.) can be used to change the position of the diaphragm.

• Gate valve, mainly for on/off control, with low pressure drop.

• Globe valve, good for regulating flow.

• Knife valve, similar to a gate valve, but usually more compact. Often used for slurries or powders on/off control.

• Needle valve for accurate flow control.

• Pinch valve, for slurry flow regulation and control.

• Piston valve, for regulating fluids that carry solids in suspension.

• Plug valve, slim valve for on/off control but with some pressure drop.

• Poppet valve, commonly used in piston engines to regulate the fuel mixture intake and exhaust

• Spool valve, for hydraulic control

• Thermal expansion valve, used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems.

• Pressure Reducing Valve

• Sampling valves

• Safety valve

VALVES

VALVES & FITTINGS

• Gate Valves

• PENSTOCK

• Butterfly Valves

• Check Valves

• Globe Valves

• Control Valves

• Hydrants

• Relief Valves

• Expansion joints

• Dismantling joints

• Pipe Saddles for PE , u PVC

MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION

• D.I – Ductile Iron

• C.I – Cast Iron

• C.S- Carbon Steel

• S.S – Stainless Steel

• C.S - Cast Steel

• Duplex Stainless Steel

DUCTILE IRON PIPES & FITTINGS

Ductile iron pipe is a pipe made of ductile cast iron commonly used for potablewater transmission and distribution. This type of pipe is a direct development of earlier castiron pipe, which it has superseded. The ductile iron used to manufacture the pipe ischaracterized by the spheroidal or nodular nature of the graphite within the iron, the pipe ismanufactured using centrifugal casting in metal or resin lined moulds. Protective internallinings and external coatings are often applied to ductile iron pipes to inhibit corrosion: thestandard internal lining is cement mortar and standard external coatings include bondedzinc, asphalt or water-based paint. In highly corrosive environmentsloose polyethylene sleeving (LPS) to encase the pipe may also be used. Life expectancy ofunprotected ductile iron pipes depends on the corrosiveness of soil present and tends to beshorter where soil is highly corrosive. However, a lifespan in excess of 100 years has beenestimated for ductile iron pipelines installed using "evolved laying practices", including useof properly installed LPS (polyethylene encasement).

Ductile iron pipe is sized according to a dimensionless term known as the Pipe Size orNominal Diameter (known by its French abbreviation, DN. Nominal pipe sizes vary from3 inches up to 64 inches. Pipe dimensions are standardized to the mutually incompatiblewith ISO 2531 / EN 545/598

Water based pipe coatings, are an environmentally friendly coating that is applied to theinner & outer diameter of ductile iron pipe. They protect against corrosion from the outsideand inside, and also protect the product from contamination. The coating is an emulsionmanufactured using asphaltene and water primarily, with other raw materials according tothe manufacturer's specifications.

Joints are Individual lengths of ductile iron pipe are joined either by flanges, couplings, orsome form of spigot and socket arrangement.

Flanges are flat rings around the end of pipes which mate with an equivalent flange fromanother pipe, the two being held together by bolts usually passed through holes drilledthrough the flanges. A deformable gasket, usually elastomeric, placed between raised faceson the mating flanges provides the seal. Current flange standards used in the water industryare, EN 1092 in Europe

DUCTILE IRON PIPES & FITTINGS

Spigot and socket involve a normal pipe end, the spigot, being inserted into the socket orbell of another pipe or fitting with a seal being made between the two within the socket.Normal spigot and socket joints do not allow direct metal to metal contact with all forcesbeing transmitted through the elastomeric seal. They can consequently flex and allow somedegree of rotation, allowing pipes to shift and relieve stresses imposed by soil movement.The corollary is that unrestrained spigot and socket joints transmit essentially nocompression or tension along the axis of the pipe and little shear. Any bends, tees or valvestherefore require either a restrained joint or, more commonly, thrust blocks, which transmitthe forces as compression into the surrounding soil.

Lifespan and corrosionAn expected lifespan of 100 years is likely for ductile ironpipe, based on test results, field inspections and in-service operations over 50 years.

Methods for mitigating corrosion The potential for corrosion, leading to pipe failure,is significantly impacted by the corrosivity of soil. Unprotected pipes in highlycorrosive soil tend to have shorter lifespans

Manufacturers have standardized the use of polyethylene sleeving to protect ductileiron pipe from the effects of corrosion. loose polyethylene sleeving was found to behighly effective at mitigating corrosion. Pipes manufactured under InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) standards are typically coated with zinc, toprovide protection against corrosion. In instances of more aggressive soils,polyethylene sleeving is installed over the zinc coated pipe to provide addedprotection.[10][17]

Cathodic protection may also be used to prevent corrosion and tends to beadvocated by corrosion engineers for pipes in corrosive soils as an addition toexternal dielectric coatings.

Ductile iron pipe is somewhat resistant to internal corrosion in potable water andless aggressive forms of sewage. However, even where pipe material loss andconsequently pipe wall reduction is slow, the deposition of corrosion products on theinternal pipe wall can reduce the effective internal diameter. A variety of linings areavailable to reduce or eliminate corrosion, including cement mortar, polyurethaneand polyethylene. Of these, cement mortar lining is by far the most common.

PUMPS

A pump is a device that moves liquids or gases or slurries, by mechanical action. Pumps canbe classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move thefluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energyto perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources,including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in many sizes, frommicroscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial pumps.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water fromwells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or foroperating cooling towers.

Single stage pump - When in a casing only one impeller is revolving then it is called singlestage pump.

Double/ Multi stage pump - When in a casing two or more than two impellers are revolvingthen it is called double/ multi stage pump.

THERMOPLASTIC WELDING MACHINES

Plastic welding is welding for semi-finished plastic materials, and is described in ISO 472 as aprocess of uniting softened surfaces of materials, generally with the aid of heat.

Welding of thermoplastics is accomplished in three sequential stages, namely surfacepreparation, application of heat and pressure, and cooling. Numerous welding methods havebeen developed for the joining of semi-finished plastic materials. Based on the mechanismof heat generation at the welding interface, welding methods for thermoplastics can beclassified as external and internal heating methods

Hot gas welding also known as hot air welding, is a plastic welding technique using heat. Aspecially designed heat gun, called a hot air welder, produces a jet of hot air that softensboth the parts to be joined and a plastic filler rod, all of which must be of the same or a verysimilar plastic. Hot air/gas welding is a common fabrication technique for manufacturingsmaller items such as chemical tanks, water tanks, heat exchangers, and plumbing fittings.

Two sheets of plastic are heated via a hot gas (or a heating element) and then rolledtogether. This is a quick welding process and can be performed continuously.

Extrusion welding allows the application of bigger welds in a single weld pass. It is thepreferred technique for joining material over 6 mm thick. Welding rod is drawn into aminiature hand held plastic extruder, plasticized, and forced out of the extruder against theparts being joined, which are softened with a jet of hot air to allow bonding to take place.

Extrusion welding allows the application of bigger welds in a single weld pass. It is thepreferred technique for joining material over 6 mm thick. Welding rod is drawn into aminiature hand held plastic extruder, plasticized, and forced out of the extruder against theparts being joined, which are softened with a jet of hot air to allow bonding to take place.

Butt Fusion welding

this technique is used to weld larger parts, or parts that have a complex weld joint geometry.The two parts to be welded are placed in the tooling attached to the two opposing platensof a press. A hot plate, with a shape that matches the weld joint geometry of the parts to bewelded, is moved in position between the two parts. The two opposing platens move theparts into contact with the hot plate until the heat softens the interfaces to the meltingpoint of the plastic. When this condition is achieved, the hot plate is removed, and the partsare pressed together and held until the weld joint cools and re-solidifies to create apermanent bond.

Hot-plate welding equipment is typically controlled pneumatically, hydraulically, orelectrically with servo motors.

This process is used to weld automotive under hood components, automotive interior trimcomponents, medical filtration devices, consumer appliance components, and other carinterior components.

Electrofusion welding is a method of joining MDPE, HDPE and other plastic pipes usingspecial fittings that have built-in electric heating elements which are used to weld the jointtogether.

The pipes to be joined are cleaned, inserted into the electrofusion fitting (with a temporaryclamp if required) and a voltage (typically 40V) is applied for a fixed time depending on thefitting in use. The built-in heater coils then melt the inside of the fitting and the outside ofthe pipe wall, which weld together producing a very strong homogeneous joint. Theassembly is then left to cool for a specified time.

THERMOPLASTIC WELDING MACHINES

Contact:

Mr. Sreekumar (Managing Partner)

Contact: + 968 9920 6801, 99 816 817

M/s Rain Bird International LLC

(A Group company of Rainbird Intl. FZC LLC)

Post box-1710 Postal Code -112

Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

Tel: +968 2237 8566

Email: rainbirdmp@gmail.com

rainbirdintl@mail.com

Website: www.rainbirdoman.com

Rain Bird International FZC

Post Box- 121070 Ajman United Arab Emirates

Tel- (0971) 50 760 3169, 52 959 5167

Email: rainbirdintl@gmail.com

sales@rainbirdoman.com

rainbirdintl@mail.com

Website: www.rainbirdoman.com