David Jukes-Hughes MA

Mass Transit Architecture

Passenger Safety, Comfort & Efficiency of Service

•Stage coaches / Horse drawn trams / Subways

•Early Trains: The Rocket / Train sheds & hotels: St. Pancras, Kings Cross, Paddington, Victoria, Waterloo, Old Ottawa station / Chateau Laurier

•Subways: The London Underground / NYC cut & cover & viaducts / electrification / the first deep bored tunnels (WCL) / postal delivery / war time shelters / King Cross fire / terrorism (7/7/2005)

•Inter-modal transport interchanges

History

Rail Systems: Trams / Light Rail / Heavy Rail (Metros)Station Types: At Grade / Cut & Cover Tunnel / Deep Bored Tunnel / Viaduct Structures

Rail Systems & Stations

Cut & Cover Tunnel

•Track alignment & track levels / grid coordinates

•Inter-modal transport connections:vehicle access, private drop-offs / pick-ups, taxis, buses, parking, disabled access, park & ride

•Services: refuse collection, cash collection, fireman’s access

•Government: adjacent property developments, land acquisition, & considerations of democratic rights (St. Pancras / visual impacts / Feng Shui.)

Site Planning

:

Site PlanningWillesden Junction Crossrail

Site PlanningWillesden Junction Crossrail

•The Main Elements: Drop-offs & Pick-ups / Concourses / Platforms / Vertical circulation / M/E rooms / Head rooms / Ceiling voids (Footbridges / Escalators / Lifts / Stairs)

•Systems approach to management of rail passengers, train operations, hazards & security, cleaning & maintenance

•Reliance on technology (esp: PA systems, cctv, good lighting, planning-blind spots, fire detection), procedures & trained staff

Station Planning

Station Planning

Station Planning

Station Planning

Station Planning

•Calculating the numbers: train capacity, train head-ways, missed head-ways, station areas, exit / entrance widths, platform & concourse widths, ticket gates, floor area for ticket machines, lift sizes, escalator numbers & stairways widths.

Planning for Passenger Flow

Passenger Flow

•Source of fire, staged escape, minimum escape times & travel distances, locating exits at the platform & concourses, escape by train, and safe waiting areas (for staged escape.)

•Different methods of calculation: Government standards (HMRI) / individual companies (LUL, MTRC & British Rail) / fire codes (NFPA 130)

Planning for Means of Escape

Planning for Means of Escape

•The demarcation between public concourses & platforms (unpaid & paid areas)

• Waiting areas, public display systems, PA systems, cctv, ticketing, selling & checking, ticket gates, disabled access, lifts, escalators & run-off, retail, toilets, offices, station / fire control room, staff areas

Concourses

Information systems

Automatic ticket machines

Ticket gates

•Kinematic envelope, minimum widths & head-rooms, track-side clearances, suicide pits, warning strips, non-slip materials, electrical discharge & earthing, platform screen doors,exits

•Planning for future expansion.

Platforms

Platforms

•Track-side services: OHL, 3rd Rail, maintenance access, cables, lighting, drainage, hydrants

•Track-side design (tunnels): passenger escape, fireman’s access, fire fighting (hydrants), smoke control, twin track compartmentation. (Seoul, Korea?)

Track-side Design

•Bins, seats, signage, display systems, PA systems advertizing, platform screen doors, platform control booths, shelters, canopies, fire equipment, telephones, vending machines, public toilets, station / fire control room.

•Disability access: big letters, blind paths, wheel chair access

Station Details

Finishes

•Deep-bored tunnels: pre-cast rc panels using tbm’s

•Cut & cover tunnels: in-situ rc diaphragm walls

•At grade systems: embankments, cuttings, in-situ rc retaining walls, train sheds (light-weight structures), bridge structures.

•Viaduct systems: pre-cast rc segmental construction.

•Topside development: post & beam / shear walls / transfer plates.

Structures

StructureTransfer plates

Deep-bored tunnel

• Lighting, air-con, plumbing, drainage, toilets, lifts, escalators, room areas & maintenance access.

•PA systems, cctv

•Acoustics / noise: trains, machinery, people: finishes, noise attenuation (raised track slabs / PSD’s, material treatment.)

•Emergency stop train buttons - platforms

Building Services

•Fire detection: smoke / heat detectors / fire alarms / cctv / staff

•Fire control: fireman’s access / stairs / control room / lifts, sprinklers, gas suppression, hydrants, hose reels, hand held extinguishers.

•Fire spread: compartmentation of rooms, fire shutters, smoke / heat control zones.

•Smoke control: track, platform, concourses, exits, stairs, lifts (air pressured) .

• Retail cabin concept.

Fire Hazards

Retail cabin concept

•Colour: lighting, dust & dirt• Acoustics•Durability: crowd loading / slip free floors•Fire: surface spread of flame, toxicity, smoke generation, fire load•Cleaning: cycles, high pressure hoses, equipment, storage•Maintenance: cycles, supply of spares •Access: equipment, storage •Operations & Maintenance Manuals

Materials & Finishes

•Operations control centres / signal boxes.

•Track sub-stations.

•Train depots & maintenance yards.

•Property development.

•Offices, residential, retail.

•Methods: topside / adjacent; access & construction requirements (phased development?)

Other Buildings

Property developmentTopside

Yuen Long Station, Hong Kong

•Site access /delivery (by train?)

•Storage: area / just-time delivery

•Hoarding: visual impact / advertizing / access

•Impact on existing train services: lost revenue

•Staged / phased construction: phased costs

•Site safety: railway related hazards & training

Construction

• Reasons: new legislation (disability access, transport & environmental), new hazards (terrorism & rail disasters), new technologies (new rolling stock, double-deck trains, new speeds / kinematic envelopes, electrification), new population demands.

•Methods: longer platforms, new exits, lifts, escalators, footbridges, canopies & disability access, new procedures / training

Upgrades 1

•Design challenges: site restraints, maintaining operations, site access

•Phased construction (temporary hoarding / exits / ticketing / traffic arrangements etc...)

•Building heritage & planning (key stakeholders).

•Designing for expansion: space & future equipment

Upgrades 2

•Facilities management •Staff salaries, pensions & benefits, uniforms

•Staff training•Staff insurances •Cleaning (station & track (hair))•Maintenance (station & track) •After service hours: limited hours / unsociable•Power generation etc...

Running Costs

•Ottawa Station by J. Parkin

•Moscow Underground

•Montreal Underground

•Hong Kong Airport Express & MTRC

•Bangkok Rapid Transit

•Singapore MRT

Classic Designs

The EndDavid Jukes-Hughes

ArchitectureDubai Metro proposal