railway an energy efficient sollution

8/11/2019 Railway an energy efficient sollution

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Spring 2014

Group - E

Use of Coal and thermal power

generation

Spring 2014

THERMAL POWER &USE OF COAL IN

THERMAL POWER GENERATION


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Use of Coal and thermal power generation | 1


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THERMAL POWER &USE OF COAL IN THERMAL POWER

GENERATION

PREPARED FOR

SIR.BASHARAT

COURSE: ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION

SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY

ISLAMABAD

PREPARED BY

SAIRA MUMTAZ

SANA TARIQ

KAMRAN BUZDAR

MPA-1

SPRING 2014


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TABLE OF CONTENTS[

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................................

THERMAL POWER; A REVIEW .........................................................................................................................................

o COAL IS BEST MOST ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY ..............................................................................

HISTORY OF COAL USAGE FOR ELECRICITY (FACTS & FIGURES) ....................................................................

o THERMAL POWER STATIONS IN PAKISTAN.................................................................................................................

o MINES OF COAL, SPECIALLY THAR COAL PROJECT ....................................................................................................

ANTECEDENTS OF LESS USE OF COAL IN POWER GENERATION (CAUSES) ...................................................

o REASONS FOR LOW CONSUMPTION .........................................................................................................................

IMPACTS OF LESS USE OF ENERGY RESOURCES (VIZ. COAL, DIESEL, LITTER ETC)..................................

o REDUCED PRODUCTION OF THERMAL POWER ............................................................................................

NEED OF THE HOUR AND STRATEGY OF HIGH TIME (REMEDIES) ....................................................................

o RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS TO INCREASE ITS CONSUMPTION FOR ELECTRICITY .......

CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................................................................

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................................


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report makes it evident that electricity plays a key role in the national growth and economical development

any country. Presently, in Pakistan, only about half the population has access to electricity. However, coal is thcheapest and the easiest way of power generation in Pakistan. Pakistan is a coal-rich country, but, unfortunatel

coal has not been developed for power generation for more than three decades due to lack of infrastructur

insufficient financing and absence of modern coal mining technical expertise. The Government has no

determined to facilitate private investors to promote investment in coal development and coal power generation.

Coal is a cheap indigenous energy resource and, after the discovery of 175.5 billion tones of coal Thar area of Sindh, Pakistans coal power potential has increased manifold. It is anticipated that,

properly exploited, Pakistans coal resources may generate more than 100,000 MW of electricity for tnext 30 years.

In view of the unsatisfactory performance of public sector utilities, unavailability of sufficient budget the public sector, the need to make electricity tariff free from subsidies and to keep it market orientethe GOP has decided to mobilize the private sector to improve efficiency, reduce the financial burde

and keep the power tariff within affordable limits.

The key points of the new policy is an emphasis on setting up power projects based on indigenous fu

resources such as coal, hydel power and renewable energies. Through the announcement of the Pow

Policy 2013, the GOP has opened up new avenues for private entrepreneurs to invest in Pakistans co

sector. The objectives are of two-fold, i.e. development of indigenous coal and utilization for electrici

generation at the least cost. In order to develop indigenous coal resources for electricity generation, tGOP has decided to exploit the vast coal deposits of Pakistan aggressively. According to the Pow

Policy 2013, indigenous coal-based private power proposals will be for integrated coal mining an

power plant projects.

Neglecting of coal for using in the power generation in the past has made shortage of energy resourcat alarming stage. It is the cheapest way of producing electricity. But now water has gone above t

heads as if government starts now to set power plants through coal production, then in 2019 we will able to get 10,000 MW power. By that time, the energy requirements of the country will also

increasing as energy requirement of our country is increasing day by day.

Contracts with investors on easy terms, skilled labor and experts by proper training, proper budg

allocation for coal sector, effective planning and use of modern technology is required to meet t

challenges that are occurring in the power generation process. Make the best use of the natural availab

reservoirs is the best and productive way of power generation and Pakistan is blesses with the natur

resources like coal. US-AID report suggests that, Pakistan can produce up to 1,00,000 MW electrici

up to 2030 through the THAR COAL RESERVOIRS found near Sindh province. So Pakistan will be a very good position if the thar coal reservoirs are utilized efficiently, so we will be able to fulfill o

energy requirements and we will also be in a position to export electricity.


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THERMAL POWER;

A REVIEW

VISION

1

COAL IS BEST MOST ECONOMIC &ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY


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THERMAL POWER: A REVIEW

A thermal power plant uses steam to spin turbines, which in turn feed electric generators.

Almost allcoal,nuclear,geothermal,solar thermal electric, andwaste incineration plants, as well as

many natural gas power plants are thermal.Natural gas, coal, litter, garbage, diesel, petrol &

Fossils are frequently combusted ingas turbines as well asboilers.Thewaste heat from a gas turbinecan be used to raise steam, in acombined cycleplant that improves overall efficiency.

Following are the inputs of Thermal Power Plants which are used for generating electricity;

Coal

Garbage & Litter

Diesel

Petrol

Natural Gas

Fossils

Fossil-fuel power plants;

Power plants burning

coal,fuel oil, or natural

gas are often

calledfossil-fuel power

plants.

Conventional power

plants

Somebiomass-fueled

thermal power plants

have appeared also. Non-

nuclear thermal power

plants, particularly

fossil-fueled plants, which do not useco-generation, are sometimes referred to as conventional power

plants.

o COAL IS BEST MOST ECONOMC & ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY

Coal as an energy source has a more old-fashioned image than oil or natural gas. From the Scientific

perspective (of CO2emissions too,) coal-fired power is seen as being a major contributor to global

warming.

Coal is Best, most Economic & Environmental friendly for PAKISTAN. This statement can be

proved by following reasons collected by various scientific sources;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue-gas_emissions_from_fossil-fuel_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue-gas_emissions_from_fossil-fuel_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal


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1. Cheapest Source of Energy

Coal is by far cheaper than nuclear, natural gas, oil. Hydro usually will be slightly cheaper.

However, problems with hydro include: no new facilities because of public outcry when rivers running

dry in the dead of summer when peak air conditioning is needed and rivers are frozen in the dead of

winter when peak heating is needed.

2. Stable Source of Energy

Coal is a stable source of energy because it is available over the WORLD. Other power resources have

their own worth, but coal is most stable just due to its cheap availability.

3. Coal is Wood only; so has no Side Effects

Coal is nothing more than ancient wood which has been under pressure for millions of years. It is not

sinister as you may have been led to believe.

4. Numerous Uses of COAL

Coal provides many jobs. Unlike other forms of energy (nuclear, natural gas, oil, hydroelectric), coal

provides many jobs in removing coal from the earth, transporting it to the utility, burning it, and

properly disposing of coal ash.

5. Coal Is Our Indigenous Mineral

Coal is Pakistan made. We do not have to import this product into this country.

6. Environment Friendly

Coal can be mined and burned with little environmental impact. There have been tremendous strides

in environmental responsibility with mining coal and burning coal. Its environmental friendly.

7. Beneficial & Lucrative job for Investors

Coal mining reclamation can give the surface landowner many more options for developing his land.

In the mountainous terrain, a mining process call mountaintop removal can create very valuable and

useable level land for the surface owner.

So now considering above reasons we can state that;

Coal is Best, most Economic & Environmental friendly for PAKISTAN


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HISTORY OF COAL

USAGE FOR

ELECTRICITY

FACTS & FIGURES

2

THERMAL POWER STATIONS IN PAKISTAN

MINES OF COAL, SPECIALLY THAR COAL PROJECT


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HISTORY OF COAL USAGE FOR ELECTRICITY

Use of Coal in generation of electricity is not new. It is the most common and the cheapest way of

producing electricity throughout the world for almost whole of the last century. Many developed

countries like Japan after the first oil shock in 1973; they increased the use of coal in order to increaseproduction of electricity. At present, less than 13% of power generation in Japan uses oil, with

LNG(liquefied Natural Gas) making up 26% and coal 27%.Looking at other countries, coal makes up

49% of power generation in the USA, the largest consumer of energy, and 79% in China, where rapid

growth in energy consumption is

forecast. As coal accounts for 41% of

the world's power generation, it will

continue to play a major role for the

foreseeable future.

Pakistan with 185 Billion Tons of coalreserves is the 4th largest in the world

and is definitely under-utilizing this

huge resource. While Pakistan

continues to rely on expensive imported

oil for electricity production,

indigenously available coal can provide

a much cheaper alternative. According

to a 2010 WAPDA report, Government

intends to produce cheap electricity via

coal and increase the percentage of coal based electricity to 18% by 2030.

In the following chart, we can see that how developed countries are using coal efficiently in power

generation.

According to World Bank, 40% of the total electricity produced worldwide is from coal. Compared to

this worldwide average, contribution from coal in Pakistans overall energy mix is only 7% and further

only 0.1% is used in power generation.

o THERMAL POWER STATIONS IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan had a total installed power generation capacity of almost 23 GW in 2013. However,dependable or de-rated capacity is in the range of 16 to 18 GW during the year, due to variety of

factors, whereas demand for electricity is increasing at an average annual rate of eight per cent. And

according to World Energy Statistics 2011, published by IEA, Pakistans per capita electricity

consumption is one-sixth of the World Average. World average per capita electricity consumption is

2730 kWh compared to Pakistans per capita electricity consumption of 451 kWh.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan


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International Energy Agency has forecast that total electricity demand of the country will be 49,078

MW in 2025

1. Power Generation through Fossils

Pakistan has 16 power generation plants throughout the country which have generating capacity of

9974 MW electricity, but 2 power plants which are in Attock and Pindi Gheb that uses coal to generateelectricity are not in operation. If they are also operated, then these can double the electricity

generating capacity.

2. Power Generation through Hydroelectric

In hydroelectric power plants; there are 90 power generation plants in total and similarly through

nuclear power there are 7 power generation plants.

3. Renewable

According to a USAID report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind

energy, of which only the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts.

Existing power sector situation in Pakistan:

60% power generation based on gas & furnace oil

Gas becoming scarce

Exorbitant cost of imported oil/HSD

Double-edged sword of gas depletion and higher oil prices

resulted in huge circular debt running in billions.

The panacea lies in converting thermal power plants to cheaper

Fuels such as coal

So we can see that the power generation capacity in our country is far higher than it is actually

producing energy. Most of the plants are capable of producing high megawatts of electricity that can

fulfill the requirement of a country, and even we can export it to the neighboring countries who are

suffering with this crisis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency


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o MINES OF COAL, ESPECIALLY THAR COAL PROJECT

Pakistan has so many

power stations that can

produce more power

generation if they are

converted on Coal. It

can add up 1500 MW

more to the power

generation system, if

the plants are converted

in to coal power

generation. Few of the

plants that can easily be

converted into coal are

given in the following

table:

Thar Coal which boasts of 175 billion tons coal reserve have a power generation potential of 100,000

MW consuming 536 million tons per year. These reserves are equal to 50 billion tons of oil which are

more than the combined oil reserves of Saudi Arabia and Iran. The reserves translate to 2000 TCF of

gas which is 42 times greater than total gas reserves discovered in Pakistan so far.

1. Coal; Need of Power Generation

The coal in Thar though is of low grade and watery. Such kind of coal has not been consideredeconomically viable to exploit in the past. The rising fuel prices in the international market and

decreasing availability of gas have however, necessitated the need for coal power. Also with new

technology watery coal can be dried out or be left underground and gasified directly. This has helped

initialize various projects around the globe.

2. Main Features of Thar Coal Project (IN 2011)

AT That time The Planning Commission was working on project in Thar. The project s aimwas to

generate 100 MW power via underground coal gasification. According to Dr Samar Mubarak Mand

50,000 MW electricity has been produced around the world by same technique. The Government of

Sindh has assigned 6 Thar blocks to different companies for coal mining. Besides the 100 MW UCG

(under-ground coal gasification), a 200MW Dadabhoy coal mining and power project in Jherruk,

Sindh and 1,200MW Engro coalpower project in THAR were also expected to complete in December

2011. The cost of that project was (90billion and 88million) but due to the shortage of funds, project


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was not completed. Dr Samar Mubarak said THAR COAL project is going to stop due to lack of

funds (JANG NEWS JULY-26, 2012)

3-Nawaz, Zardari launch Thar coal power project

Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and former president Asif Ali Zardari jointly performed ground-breaking of the US 1.6 billion dollar Thar coal power project to help the country meet its energy needs.

The project, scheduled to complete in 2017, will initially provide 660 MW of power for Pakistan'senergy starved industrial units.

The project will be carried out by Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company (SECMC) a joint venture

between Engro Powergen and Government of Sindh.

In its first phase, the project will develop a coal mining and power project with a capacity of 3.8million tonnes per annum and 660 MW.

Subsequently, the mine will be expanded to a coal capacity of 6.5 million tonnes per annum to supporta 1300 MW power plant.

In the second phase, it is planned to expand mining project to 13.5 million tonnes and 19.5 million

tonnes, with a power generation capacity of 2400 MW and 3600 MW.

4-Lack of Budget & Financing for Power Generation through Coal

The government has, however, recently submitted a document to USAID citing lack of financing by

the donors for the project in view of carbon emissions and environmental degradation. The inter-

corporate circular debt is

also proving to be a hurdle

in the way of private sector

investment in coal based

power plants. Besides,

there is a debate on the use

of UCG (Underground

Coal Gasification)

technology as well since it

is still in the research

phase, with many experts

skeptical about its successand viability. Also there is

a need for effective

transport mechanism of coal from these mines and transmission lines that can connect the generation

plants to the national grid.
http://www.dawn.com/news/1084003http://www.dawn.com/news/1084003http://www.dawn.com/news/1084003


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Recently Government of Pakistan has gone through adoption of Rental Power Project. That project

included the rental power plants which were imported from abroad. But these power plants were so

much expensive that their power generation increased per unit cost of electricity so much high. Also

there is a big corruption scandal that makes this project suspicious. However, this step was taken by

the government as the shortage of electricity was at emergency level. So, government thought it as a

quick and easy way overcoming the short fall of electricity in the country.

If the mentioned power generation plants are converted into coal, then it will benefit the government of

Pakistan in billions of U.S Dollars per year. Their production cost will also be lower than the prices of

rental power plants. Probable benefits from the conversion of suitable candidate project to coal power

generation are shown in the following diagram:


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ANTECEDENTS OF

LESS USE OF COAL

IN POWER

GENERATION

CAUSES

3

REASONS FOR LOW CONSUMPTION


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ANTECEDENTS OF LESS USE OF COAL IN POWER GENERATION

Pakistan is a coal-rich country, but, unfortunately, coal has not been developed for power generation

for more than three decades due to lack of infrastructure, insufficient Financing and absence of modern

coal mining technical expertise. The Government has now determined to facilitate private investors to

promote investment in coal development and coal power generation. In Pakistan, consumption of coal

for electricity purpose in Thermal power is very low. There are numerous reasons which caused this

situation. The following are the reasons which state that why consumption of coal in thermal power

has been so low:

o REASONS FOR LOW CONSUMPTION

1. Low Quality of Coal

Pakistani coal is not of superior quality. It is a middle quality of coal. Unavailability of reliable coal is

the main obstacle to significant progress in coal power generation.

2. Lack of Funds

Our Pakistani economy is not so strong. We have been an indebted country for many decades. So our

poor economy and empty pocket does not let us to invest in the coal. Although we have many mines

enriched with treasure of coal, yet we are unable to extract this coal from mine and then use it for

productive purpose. So Lack of funds and poor economy is the main major factor of our backwardness

in coal sector.

3. Poor Planning

Unfortunately, we are very good planners but very bad actor. Poor planning and strategies are affecting

our infrastructure badly, so same is the situation with coal sector. First of all, our economists feel

hesitation to make proper planning and policies for the coal power sector, but if they plan something,then they forget to implement on those policies. Malaysia is the country which has developed by using

our policies for basic infrastructure, but we are still standing there.

4. High Investment is needed

Massive investments for development, of infrastructure, therefore, are needed for mine and power

plant development, especially in Thar, which is a semi-desert area. For exploration and drilling of

mines of coal, a huge sum of money is needed. Although we have mines enriched with millions of tons

coal, so same is the logic with investment. It takes trillions of Rupees to drill the mines then work on

that and getting coal for consumption in power sector.

5. Poor Infrastructure

Coalfields are generally located in remote and mountainous areas where the basic amenities of life

such as roads, railways, telephone lines and cooling water required for mining and setting up coal

power plants are either minimal or absent. Similarly, in Pakistan, the vast majority of coalfields are

located in undeveloped areas where no significant infrastructure is available. Poor infrastructure in

our country is a key factor which hinders the process of consumption of coal for Electricity. We dont


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have proper road, transport, communication and many others required facilities to promote our coal

mines. Our workers and miners are mostly reluctant to get employed in those areas which have no

proper living facilities.

6. Absence of Sufficient Machinery

The absence of sufficient manufacturing capabilities of mining and power plant equipment andmachinery is one of the main impediments to the rapid development of coal mining in Pakistan and

requires to be addressed through massive private investment.

7. Lack of Experts & Labor

In Pakistan, there is a shortage of skilled labor and experts for extracting coal from mines. So we are

compelled to hire experts from abroad who charge very high wages.

8. Primitive Methods of Production

In Pakistan, primitive methods are used for production which usually increases the cost of coal. No use

of modern methods hinders the efficiency in coal extracting.

9. No Use of Modern Technology

In Pakistan, modern technology is not used for mining. Workers are accustomed to work with

traditional tools for digging, drilling and other activities. Due to very high cost, there is very limited

use of technology in coal sector.

10.Biased Politicians

Unluckily, our politicians are not sincere to the country that is why; they dont want to promote the

coal sector for some personal interests. Biased politicians are termite over our country, who do not let

the country to flourish.

11.Corruption

Corruption is root cause of our bad economic situation. In coal sector, biased people and establishment

is addicted to corruption for many years. Corrupt people do not want to promote coal sector because it

may stop their corruption in other energy resources.


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IMPACTS OF LESS

USE OF ENERGY

RESOURCES

IMPACTS

4

VIZ. COAL, DIESEL & LITTER ETC

REDUCED PRODUCTION OF THERMAL POWER


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LESS USE OF ENERGY RESOURCES

o REDUCED PRODUCTION OF THERMAL POWER

By the grace of ALMIGHTY ALLAH, Pakistan has very large natural resources that can be very

useful for the power generation. But the governments havent taken positive steps to make the bestutilization of these natural resources for the power generation. They have gone for the expensivealternatives for the power generation, one of which is rental power project. They have shown

dependence on fuel for power generation whose prices are touching the sky in the whole world. As

Pakistan has no big reservoirs of fuel & petroleum, so the large quantity of imported expensive fuelhas also raised cost of power generation in Pakistan and put a great impact on the power generation

capacity as expensive ways are wasting the finance reserves of the country and output is not up to that

mark according to the expenses bearded.

Past Governments have neglected the cheapest way of power generation, which have caused the

energy crisis in our country, that is:

Coal

Adoption of the expensive power generation ways has put the great impact on financing of the efficient

and cheap ways of power generation like coal. Because all of the financial resources are spent on those

expensive projects, which are not so efficient and cheap but only produces quick but less power

generation. As they havent utilized the coal for power generation, so its impact is that the country will

generate only almost 10,000 MW in next seven years but at that time the energy requirements of the

country will be far more exceeded. Following table shows the expected power generation through IPPs

year by year.


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The neglecting of coal for power generation in the past has put such severe impacts on the power

generation that if government wants to refocus on utilizing the coal for power generation, they face

serious issues now and are not able to convert the power stations to coal even when they are willing toconvert them.

The impact of neglecting the coal for power generation has created the following issues on conversion

of steam power plants to coal.

ISSUES ON CONVERSION OF STEAM

POWER PLANTS TO COAL

Pakistan is the coal rich country but we havent utilized those vast coal reservoirs for maximization of

power generation which has impacted on our power generation capacity and we are facing problems

now. Due to this, only 40% of the population of Pakistan has access to electricity, resulting in a large

and growing power market. Concessionary duties and tax regimes announced by the government of

Pakistan in alternative expensive power generation resources has made the investors not to focus on

the coal, as it will not be in their personal benefit. Its impact is that the investors have started focusing

on their own benefits and they have started neglecting the benefit and need of the country and society.

According to last estimates made in 2011, Thar coal field is estimated to have reserves of 185 billion

tons, 68 times higher than Pakistans total gas reserves, capable of generating 20,000MW for the next

40 years at a rate of Rs4 per unit but international influence is so much strong that the government has

reversed its decision on consuming domestic coal for power generation as the Council of Common

Interests has approved using a blend of imported and Thar coal in power plants.

Involvement of new capital costs.

Outage time to dismantle old boilers and

assemble/commission new ones

Additional auxiliary consumption thereby reducing

the net generation capacity

Higher O&M costs

Limitation of space for coal storage & ash handling

Probable reduction of efficiency

Non availability of coal and

Environment degradation


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NEED OF THE HOUR

& STRATEGY OFHIGH TIME

REMEDIES

5

RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS TO INCREASE ITS CONSUMPTION

FOR ELECTRICITY


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NEED OF THE HOUR &AND STRATEGY OF HIGH TIME

There are always certain problems every where, but brave nations try to over come and tackle them

with courage, zeal and hard work. It is stated that

God helps those who help themselves.

Although our position is quite pathetic in consumption of coal sector in thermal power, yet we can get

rid of this and improve our coal sector by adopting following remedial measures:

o RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS TO INCREASE ITS CONSUMPTION FOR

ELECTRICITY

1. Contracts with Investors on Easy Terms

By offering foreign and local investors privately, our coal mines can be proved much lucrative for us.

It will definitely prove efficacious for the development of country. Development of coal sector, high

rate of employment, developed infrastructure and self-sufficiency in coal sector are some advantages

of signing contracts with private investors. So it is an immense need of the hour.

2. Skilled Labor & Experts by Proper TrainingFor the optimum use of resources, our country needs a large number of skilled labor and experts. We

need a labor which is efficient in mining activities like drilling, blasting, extracting and many other

mining skills. So people must be properly trained to be used in these activities.

3. Proper Budget Allocation for Coal Sector

Government and economists must maintain a proper and sufficient budget in annual budget to promote

this sector. If our Government pays its attention towards this sector, only then the subordinates will

work for that. Autonomous Bodies must be order to work on coal sector in efficient way.

4. Effective Planning

By doing an effective planning and making better policies, our coal sector can be improved and we can

also get a lot of input and benefits by our indigenous coal. Effective planning plays an important and

vital role for doing something or solving a problem. So, If we plan to get the advantages of coal for us,

not only for us but also for our many generations, then we can get optimum output of coal mines.

5. Modern Technology

By importing a modern and latest technology, we can promote our coal sector because it will cause to

reduce cost of coal. Government should import modern machinery, plants and equipments for drilling,

blasting and extracting of coal in order to get maximum output to use in electricity power plants.

6. New Power Plants

Government should install new plants for generating electricity. When plants will be available, then

only we can be available to produce electricity by using coal in thermal power. So for the optimum use

of coal in thermal power, new plants are badly needed to be installed.


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7. Improvement of Infrastructure in Mines areas

Government should provide basic necessities of life in those areas where mines exist. These areas

mostly less developed and backward, so by improving infrastructure of such areas, best potential of

workers can be achieved. When Government will provide sufficient facilities to the areas, then it will

result a beneficial development for the country.

8. Coal Handling & Transportation Facility

Rail track, locomotives, mine cars, conveyors, skips, chutes, haulages and other transport services

must be provide in mineral areas for easy and cheap access of coal to target places. Coal is an efficient

energy resource, so it must be transported efficiently.

9. Coal Storage Yard

Coal storage yards and many other store rooms should be made to store the coal with safety. Because it

is indispensable for the optimum usage of resources, to have coal, according to required quality. Proper

stores and warehouses must be made in Thermal power plants to keep coal in good condition.

10.Discount in Taxes

Government should try to give a rebate to all those investors who are interesting to invest in coal

projects. It is a way to get coal for Thermal power Plants because when private investors will extract

the coal then it will be easy for Government to use this coal in Power Plants.

11.No Corruption in Coal Sector

In our country, coal is deliberately neglected for racial interests. Rental Power Plants is best example

of it. Government should try its best to use local coal for electricity as a first priority but here,

politicians do not do this just for corruption. A proper accountability system must be prevailed in the

country for fair treatment of coal in Thermal Power Plants.

12.No Schism over usage of Coal

People living those areas where mines are exist, should not be addicted to schism. In Pakistan, people

do not want to let people of other areas to extract mines from their own area. They treat this as their

personal asset, instead nations asset. So Government should try to eliminate the bad elements

hindering in the way of consumption of coal in Thermal Power.


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CONCLUSION

We conclude the following from the discussions that came earlier:

Our findings show that Pakistan is a coal rich country but unfortunately it is suffering with theshortage of power generation. Only 40% population of the country has access to the electricity and

remaining are not having the availability of electricity supply. The total coal reserves of Pakistan aremore than 185 billion tones. If we utilize them properly then we will be able to produce up to 1,00,000

MW electricity by 2030. Which will not only fulfill the need of our own country, we will also be

exporting the electricity to the other countries and will earn large foreign earnings.

The coal reserves of Pakistan are really suitable for power generation and will produce large amount of

electricity. Opportunities are available for utilization of coal in other industries such as cement, bricks

kilns, coal gasification and coal briquettes.

Pakistan has a population of about 140 million, and only 40% people have access to electricity.

Resulting in a large and growing domestic power market Government guarantees the performance of the power purchaser

Government provides protection against political risks and change in law

Concessionary duties and taxes regime announced by the GOP for the power sector

Efficient and cost-effective technical manpower available in coal mining and in the power

Sector

Pakistan has successfully attracted four billion dollars from private sector in power generation

Now at the end, it is concluded that Coal is the best option for Pakistan to be consumed in Thermal

Power for generating electricity.


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REFERENCES

HITACHI GROUP JAPAN(www.hitachi.com)

Coal fired Thermal Power Point Comparison of Power Generation By Source

INTERNATIONAL COAL CONFERENCE (Report on conversion of existing Thermal Power

Plants to Coal (2013)

Candidate Plants for Local Conversion

Probable Benefits from Conversion of suitable Candidate Projects to Coal

Issues on Conversion of Steam Power Plants to Coal

PAKISTAN ECONOMIC SURVEY (2012-13)

Expected Capacity Addition to IPPs up to year 2019.
http://www.hitachi.com/http://www.hitachi.com/http://www.hitachi.com/http://www.hitachi.com/

railway an energy efficient sollution

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