radio lec 03 normal chest xray, ct & mri (santi).pdf

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Normal Chest XRay, CT and MRI Benigno R Santi II,MD, FPCR USTFMS Department of Radiological Sciences) (Magboo C 2015, Transcribed from PPT and Lecture; few information lifted from Basic Radiology By Chen, 2 nd Ed.) Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Spatial Resolution and Effective Radiation Dose of Thoracic Imaging Modalities Spatial Resolution Ability to define / differentiate 2 objects apart from each other at the least possible distance (Think of pixels.If an image has better resolution, it would have more pixels, therefore would appear sharper and you can delineate even small objects) Modality Resolution (mm) Dose (mSv) CXR 0.08 0.02 (PA), 0.04 (lateral) DR 0.17 0.02 (PA), 0.04 (lateral) CT 0.4 8 MRI 1.0 0 Nuclear Medicine 7.0 0.4 PET 3.0 7 Angiography 0.13 12 US 0.3 0 Background Radiation N/A 3 per year Chest XRay has better spatial resolution than CT and MRI Because CXR is an actual picture of the Chest CT & MRI are digital images, which have been computed (Similar: a photograph taken using film vs. a digital camera) Indications for Chest Radiography o Diagnostic Cardiopulmonary symptoms Cough, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, chest pain, etc. Preoperative for thoracic surgery Preoperative if known cardiopulmonary limitations Staging of thoracic tumors and extrathoracic malignancies Infection Pleural, parenchymal, mediastinal o Followup Previously diagnosed cardiopulmonary disease Pneumonia resolution to exclude endobronchial lesion Pulmonary edema o Monitoring of intensive care unit patients Lung disease Pleural disease Lines and tubes positions o Monitoring of postoperative patients Radiographic Film in between two Fluorescent coatings (also called intensifying screens) These coatings are made of high atomic number materials. It can absorb xrays more efficiently (compared to the film) and emit photons, which can now be efficiently absorbed by the xray film itself. Xray films are valuable. They can be used as a comparison to evaluate progression of preexisting conditions or establish a if a finding have been present in previous examinations. Reading Chest Radiographs Density = White mass Lucency = Dark (represents air) Infiltrate = Abnormal density When looking at an XRay: Compare Right and Left sides Densities o Ribs (count the ribs and intercostal spaces) By description: on CXR, the Anterior and Posterior Ribs will be read separately because of the oblique orientation of the ribs, where the anterior would present to be at a relatively lower level o Heart and its Vascular Markings Equivalent Lucency (R to L) o Air Lungs (equivalent to other side) Difficult to compare when the shadow of the heart interferes (i.e. lower lung fields) o Divide the lungs into 3 divisions and note for the vascular markings. Inner Lung Field (Great vessels coming from hila) Middle Lung Field (intermediate vessels) Outer Lung Field (very small vessels) o Trace the vascular markings to differentiate normal from an infiltrate. O M I Equivalent Side Small Intermediate Large

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Page 1: Radio Lec 03 Normal Chest Xray, CT & MRI (Santi).pdf

Normal  Chest  X-­‐Ray,  CT  and  MRI  Benigno  R  Santi  II,  MD,  FPCR  UST-­‐FMS    Department  of  Radiological  Sciences)    (Magboo  C  2015,  Transcribed  from  PPT  and  Lecture;  few  information  lifted  from  Basic  Radiology  By  Chen,  2nd  Ed.)    

 

                   Radiography   Computed  Tomography   Magnetic  Resonance  

 Spatial  Resolution  and  Effective  Radiation  Dose  of  Thoracic  Imaging  Modalities  Spatial  Resolution  –  Ability  to  define  /  differentiate  2  objects  apart  from  each  other  at  the  least  possible  distance  

(Think  of  pixels.  If  an  image  has  better  resolution,  it  would  have  more   pixels,   therefore   would   appear   sharper   and   you   can  delineate  even  small  objects)  

 Modality   Resolution  (mm)   Dose  (mSv)  CXR   0.08   0.02  (PA),    

0.04  (lateral)  DR   0.17   0.02  (PA),  

0.04  (lateral)  CT   0.4   8  MRI   1.0   0  Nuclear  Medicine   7.0   0.4  PET   3.0   7  Angiography   0.13   12  US   0.3   0  Background  Radiation  

N/A   3  per  year  

Chest  X-­‐Ray  has  better  spatial  resolution  than  CT  and  MRI     Because  CXR  is  an  actual  picture  of  the  Chest  CT  &  MRI  are  digital  images,  which  have  been  computed     (Similar:  a  photograph  taken  using  film  vs.  a  digital  camera)  

 Indications  for  Chest  Radiography  

o Diagnostic  n Cardiopulmonary  symptoms  

p Cough,  hemoptysis,  shortness  of  breath,  chest  pain,  etc.  

n Preoperative  for  thoracic  surgery  n Preoperative  if  known  cardiopulmonary  limitations  n Staging  of  thoracic  tumors  and  extrathoracic  

malignancies  n Infection  

p Pleural,  parenchymal,  mediastinal  o Follow-­‐up  

n Previously  diagnosed  cardiopulmonary  disease  p Pneumonia  resolution  to  exclude  

endobronchial  lesion  p Pulmonary  edema  

o Monitoring  of  intensive  care  unit  patients  n Lung  disease  n Pleural  disease  n Lines  and  tubes  positions  

o Monitoring  of  postoperative  patients  

 Radiographic  Film  in  between  two  Fluorescent  coatings  (also  called  intensifying  screens)  These  coatings  are  made  of  high  atomic  number  materials.  It  can  absorb  x-­‐rays  more  efficiently  (compared  to  the  film)  and  emit  photons,  which  can  now  be  efficiently  absorbed  by  the  x-­‐ray  film  itself.  

 

 X-­‐ray  films  are  valuable.  They  can  be  used  as  a  comparison  to  evaluate  progression  of  pre-­‐existing  conditions  or  establish  a  if  a  finding  have  been  present  in  previous  examinations.    Reading  Chest  Radiographs  Density  =  White  mass  Lucency  =  Dark  (represents  air)  Infiltrate  =  Abnormal  density    When  looking  at  an  X-­‐Ray:  Compare  Right  and  Left  sides  • Densities    

o Ribs  (count  the  ribs  and  intercostal  spaces)  • By  description:  on  CXR,  the  Anterior  and  

Posterior  Ribs  will  be  read  separately  because  of  the  oblique  orientation  of  the  ribs,  where  the  anterior  would  present  to  be  at  a  relatively  lower  level  

o Heart  and  its  Vascular  Markings  • Equivalent  Lucency  (R  to  L)  

o Air  –  Lungs  (equivalent  to  other  side)  • Difficult  to  compare  when  the  shadow  of  the  

heart  interferes  (i.e.  lower  lung  fields)  o Divide  the  lungs  into  3  divisions  and  note  for  

the  vascular  markings.  Inner  Lung  Field  (Great  vessels  coming  from  hila)  Middle  Lung  Field  (intermediate  vessels)  Outer  Lung  Field  (very  small  vessels)  

o Trace  the  vascular  markings  to  differentiate  normal  from  an  infiltrate.  

                                       O                M                    I                         Equivalent  Side                                                  Small              Intermediate                Large  

           

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2  Factors  Affecting  Radiographic  Density  

 1.  Tissue  Depth     Greater  thickness  =  more  dense     Thick  tissues  will  attenuate  more  X-­‐ray  beams       More  attenuation  =  More  Density     Less  attenuation  =  More  Lucency  2.  Atomic  Weight     The  Bone  is  the  densest  tissue  you  can  find       Because  of  the  presence  of  Calcium     Soft  Tissues:  Intermediate  density    

(Water  Density)     Lungs  very  Lucent  (Air  in  alveoli)    

 Chest  X-­‐Ray:  the  density  of  muscle,  blood  and  liver  are  very  close  together  (they  are  only  translated  as  intermediate  or  water  densities)    Computed  Tomography:  can  differentiate  these  minute  differences  fairly  well    Technique  in  doing  Proper  Chest  X-­‐ray  

1. Upright  position  If  the  patient  lies  supine:  

• There  is  pseudo-­‐increase  in  the  transverse  diameter  • The  level  of  the  diaphragm  may  be  deviated  

Note:  the  diaphragm  upon  CXR  examination  is  usually  described  in  halves.  

• Right  hemi-­‐diaphragm  o Usually  at  the  level  of  the  10th  

posterior  rib  o Can  normally  be  higher  than  the  

left  (due  so  the  Liver  being  positioned  on  the  Right  side)  

• Left  hemi-­‐diaphragm    o Should  not  be  higher  than  the  Right      

2. Inhale  Deeply  • Take  the  X-­‐ray  at  the  end  of  a  moderately  

deep  inspiratory  effort  • This  is  done  to  inflate  the  lungs  

o Demonstrate  normal  lucency  3. Postero-­‐Anterior  

• The  film  is  positioned  in  front  of  the  patient  • The  X-­‐ray  source  is  at  the  back  of  the  patient  

o Lessens  the  Magnification  of  the  Heart  o Can  be  mistakenly  interpreted  as  

cardiomegaly    Note:  an  x-­‐ray  is  like  casting  a  shadow,  the  greater  the  between  the  tube  and  the  film,  the  lesser  the  magnification.      

                           The  distance  between  the  tube  and  the  film  determines  magnification  and  clarity  or  sharpness.  It  is  usually  done  at  6  feet.  (An  AP  film,  taken  from  the  same  distance,  which  is  6  feet,  enlarges  the  shadow  of  the  heart  -­‐  which  is  far  anterior  in  the  chest  and  makes  the  posterior  ribs  appear  more  horizontal)    Changes  on  the  Chest  X-­‐ray  corresponds  to  the  air  content  of  the  lungs,  specifically  in  the  Acinus  (which  contain  alveoli)                        

         

 

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In  CXR,  The  Lungs  are  referred  to  as:  Upper  Lobe  and  Lower  lung  Field  (not  lobe)  • They  are  separated  by  the  minor  fissure  and  

the  hila  • Because  the  middle  lobe,  lower  lobes  and  

lingual  are  superimposed  on  each  other  • The  Lower  lung  field  will  be  divided  by  the  

oblique  fissure  and  major  fissure  • The  lower  lobes  are  more  posteriorly  located  

                   

The  left  image  shows  the  right  minor  fissure  (A)  and  the  inferior  borders  (B)  of  the  Major  fissures  bilaterally.  The  right  image  shows  the  superior  border  of  the  major  fissures  (B)  bilaterally.  

                     

 Azygous  Fissure    

 Companion  Shadow  of  the  Clavicle.  It  is  actually  just  soft  tissue,  and  should  not  be  mistaken  for  other  abnormalities      

Companion  Shadow  Appearance  of  a  smooth,  homogenous,  radiodensity  with  a  well-­‐defined  margin  that  runs  parallel  with  a  bony  landmark.  They  represent  soft  tissue  that  overlies  the  respective  bony  landmark  in  profile.  They  may  or  may  not  always  be  present.     Rib  companion  shadow     Scapular  companion  shadow     Clavicular  companion  shadow      

 Abnormal  Density  (Metallic  Density);  a  slug  of  a  bullet.  Note:  the  density  superior  to  the  right  clavicle  (we  can  be  able  to  determine  if  it  is  located  outside  of  the  thoracic  cavity  by  tracing  the  outlines)  this  density  is  just  actually  the  bandage  of  the  patient  (possibly  from  the  bullet’s  point  of  entry)                        Posteroanterior  vs.  anteroposterior  radiograph.  On  the  anteroposterior  radiograph  (A)  of  this  normal  patient,  the  detector  is  against  the  back  of  the  patient.  A  combination  of  decreased  distance  between  the  source  and  the  patient  and  increased  distance  between  the  detector  and  the  anterior  mediastinal  structures  compared  with  the  posteroanterior  radiograph  (B)  leads  to  magnification  of  the  heart.              

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Apico-­‐lordotic  View  Anteroposterior  view  of  the  chest  Patient  is  in  hyperextended  position  X-­‐ray  beam  goes  upward  

   The  densities  emanating  from  the  ribs  and  clavicle  will  now  be  on  the  upper  segments                        Lordotic  view.  In  this  patient  with  a  left  apical  neurofibroma,  the  abnormality  is  subtle  on  the  posteroanterior  radiograph  (A),  but  the  lordotic  view  (B)  improves  visualization  of  the  lung  apices,  and  the  neurofibroma  (asterisk)  becomes  more  apparent.                                                          

Computed  Tomography                    Principles  of  computed  tomography.  The  source  of  x-­‐rays  and  the  detectors  are  on  opposite  sides  of  the  gantry  with  the  patient  at  the  center  of  the  gantry.  Radiation  that  crosses  the  patient  is  detected,  producing  a  projection  of  attenuation  information.  By  rotating  the  gantry  around  the  patient,  multiple  projections  are  obtained,  which  are  then  used  to  mathematically  reconstruct  tomographic  attenuation  images.      Advantage:  we  can  adjust  the  images  and  zero-­‐in  on  specific  structures  Indications  for  Thoracic  Computed  Tomography  

o Pulmonary  n Further  characterize  CXR  abnormality  (e.g.,  

nodule,  mediastinal  mass)  n  Detection  and  follow-­‐up  of  neoplastic  

disease  (e.g.,  metastatic  sarcoma,  lymphoma)  n Characterization  of  lung  nodules  

           Benign  vs.  indeterminate  n Parenchymal  lung  disease  (e.g.,  emphysema,  

interstitial  lung  disease,  infection)  n  Airway  disease  

           Central  and  peripheral  airways  n Pleural  disease  

           Empyema,  metastasis,  mesothelioma  n Post-­‐surgical  complications  n Percutaneous  biopsy  guidance  n Localization  for  VATS  

o Cardiac  n  Cardiac  abnormalities  on  CXR  n Cardiac  anatomy  n      Coronary  arteries  

           Calcification,  patency  with  CTA              Aberrant  coronary  arteries  

n      Postcardiac  bypass  grafting  complications              Mediastinitis  

o Vascular  n Aorta:  aneurysm,  trauma,  dissection,  

coarctation  n Pulmonary  arteries:  embolus,  pulmonary  

hypertension  n Venous:  SVC/brachiocephalic  vein  thrombus  

or  obstruction            

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             Computed  tomography  imaging.  On  a  mediastinal  window  (A),  the  lungs  are  mostly  black  and  the  mediastinum  and  chest  wall  are  emphasized.  On  a  lung  window  (B),  these  structures  are  white  and  the  fine  structures  of  the  lungs  are  emphasized.    

             

Lung  nodule  on  computed  tomography.  The  faint  nodule  projecting  at  the  right  lung  base  near  the  diaphragm  (A)  was  further  investigated  by  Computed  Tomography,  which  revealed  a  calcified  granuloma  

 

High  resolution  computed  tomography  allows  exquisite  visualization  of  the  fine  detail  of  the  lung  parenchyma  in  this  patient  with  Langerhan's  cell  histiocytosis.      

Coronal  and  sagittal  reconstructions.  Multiplanar  reconstruction  of  the  helical  projection  data  in  the  coronal  (A)  and  sagittal  (B)  planes  can  be  performed.  This  improves  visualization  of  some  structures,  such  as  the  lung  apices  and  the  great  vessels.    

Maximal  intensity  projection  reconstructions.  Information  from  a  stack  of  images  representing  a  volume  can  be  combined  into  a  single  image  representing  for  each  pixel  the  maximum  value  of  that  pixel  through  the  volume,  shown  here  in  the  coronal  (A)  and  sagittal  (B)  planes.      

Three-­‐dimensional  reconstructions.  Data  can  be  further  processed  to  produce  three-­‐dimensional  images  with  shaded  surface  of  any  chest  structure,  such  as  the  heart,  mediastinum,  lungs  or  ribs.                            

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Magnetic  Resonance  Imaging  (MRI)  

 Magnetic  properties  of  nucleus.  A  hydrogen  nucleus  has  two  important  magnetic  properties:  a  magnetic  moment,  represented  by  an  arrow  along  its  axis,  and  an  angular  momentum  or  spin.    Indications  for  Thoracic  Magnetic  Resonance  Imaging  

o Thoracic  n Chest  wall  neoplasm  (especially  superior  

sulcus  tumors)  n Mediastinal  tumors  (e.g.,  bronchogenic  cysts)  n Lung  parenchyma:  limited,  experimental  n Thoracic  outlet  and  brachial  plexus  

o Cardiac  n  Congenital  heart  disease:  shunts,  

complicated  anatomy  n  Myocardium  

           Cardiomyopathy              Ischemic  disease              Hypertension              Right  ventricular  dysplasia  

n Pericardium:  thickening,  effusion,  tamponade,  pericardial  cyst  

n  Masses:  thrombus,  tumors  n Valves  (limited):  stenosis,  regurgitation  

o Vascular  n  Aorta:  aneurysm,  trauma,  dissection,  

coarctation  n  Pulmonary  arteries:  embolus,  pulmonary  

hypertension  n  Venous:  SVC  thrombus  or  obstructionSVC,  

superior  vena  cava.      

Magnetic  Resonance  in  the  chest  is  only  helpful  as  far  as  the  mediastinum  and  the  thoracic  wall  is  concerned.  The  lung  parenchyma  is  seen  as  low-­‐signal  areas  because  of  the  presence  of  air.      

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Magnetic  resonance  angiography.  Magnetic  resonance  angiography  of  the  aorta  and  its  branches  is  useful  to  evaluate  aortic  dissection  (A).  Magnetic  resonance  angiography  of  the  pulmonary  arteries  enables  good  visualization  of  the  pulmonary  arteries  (B)  and  can  be  used  to  rule  out  pulmonary  embolism.                

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