radio instrument (ri) basics - t6b driver · 2019. 3. 17. · bearing pointer components •#1...

Radio Instrument (RI) Basics

Created: 23 Jun 2016Updated: 23 Jun 2016

T6BDriver.com

Objectives

• Be familiar with navigation instruments inclusion to instrument scan

• Have an understanding of the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) parts and operational concepts

• Have an operational understanding of the Bearing Pointers

• Be familiar with radial intercept indications for both double-the-angle intercepts (DAI) and 45 degree intercepts

• Comprehend and be able to apply the “6-Ts”

Instrument Scan

• Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas:

Instrument Scan

• Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas:• Control Instruments – provide an indication of attitude & power

(pitch/bank/torque)

Instrument Scan


(pitch/bank/torque)

• Performance Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts actual performance (altitude/airspeed/heading)

Instrument Scan


(pitch/bank/torque)


• Navigation Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts position/orientation to navaids (CDI/bearing pointer/DME/ILS)

DME

CDI

Bearing Pointer

Glide Slope Indicator

Localizer

Instrument Scan


(pitch/bank/torque)


• Navigation Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts position/orientation to navaids (CDI/bearing pointer/DME/ILS)

• I21XX block taught basic instrument scan utilizing control & performance instruments

Instrument Scan


(pitch/bank/torque)


• Navigation Instruments – provides an indication of aircrafts position/orientation to navaids (CDI/bearing pointer/DME/ILS)

• I21XX block taught basic instrument scan utilizing control & performance instruments

• I22XX block incorporates navigation instruments into scan• Do not stare at the nav instruments!

• Scan & read them like you would performance instruments

Course Deviation Indicator (CDI)

• Part of the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)

CDI



• Top-Down view for pictorial presentation of course to aircraft



• Top-Down view for pictorial presentation of course to aircraft

• PFD Source Line Selection Key (LSK)• Indicates the driving navigational source for the CDI

• Can be VOR/LOC, FMS, or Off (show no CDI)

CDI Navigational Source

• Select VOR/LOC navigation as source is indicated by white coloring


• Select VOR/LOC navigation as source is indicated by white coloring• PFD Source indicates VOR or LOC (in white)

CDI Nav Source



• Annunciators show tuned frequency & DME (in white)

Tuned Freq

DME




• CDI is displayed (in white)

CDI




• CDI is displayed (in white)

• Course Selection LSK appears at bottom (in white)

Selected Course


• Select FMS navigation as source is indicated by magenta coloring (more in the I32XX block)


• Select FMS navigation as source is indicated by magenta coloring (more in the I32XX block)• PFD Source indicates FMS (in magenta)

CDI Nav Source


• Select FMS navigation as source is indicated by magenta coloring (more in the I32XX block)• PFD Source indicates FMS (in magenta)

• Annunciators• Desired Track (DTK) – as set by FMS

• Waypoint name (magenta)

• Along Track Distance (ATD) – distance between waypoints

• FMS phase of flight (ENR, TERM, & APR) – indicates CDI scale

Desired Track

ATD

Waypoint Name

FMS phase of flt


• Select FMS navigation as source as indicated by magenta coloring (more in the I32XX block)• PFD Source indicates FMS (in magenta)

• Annunciators• Desired Track (DTK) – as set by FMS

• Waypoint name (magenta)

• Along Track Distance (ATD) – distance between waypoints

• FMS phase of flight (ENR, TERM, & APR) – indicates CDI scale

• CDI is displayed (in magenta)

CDI

CDI Components

• Head• Oriented to compass rose for pictorial view to aircraft

• Indicates selected course when PFD Source is VOR/LOC

• Indicates desired track when PFD source is FMSHead

CDI Components



• Indicates desired track when PFD source is FMS

• Tail

Tail

CDI Components




• Tail

• Deviation Bar & Scale• Indicates lateral deviation from selected course or track

• Pictorial in nature

• Dots indicate scale – (VOR) 1 Dot = 5 radials / 2 Dots = 10 radials

Deviation Bar

Deviation Scale

CDI Components


• Indicated selected course when PFD Source is VOR/LOC


• Tail

• Deviation Bar & Scale• Indicates lateral deviation from selected course or track

• Pictorial in nature

• Dots indicate scale – (VOR) 1 Dot = 5 radials / 2 Dots = 10 radials

• TO/FROM Arrow• Indicates if the selected course takes the aircraft to or from the navaid

TO/FROM Arrow

CDI Operations

• Always T-I-M the desired navaid first

CDI Operations


• Determine what course to enter• Can be given by approach procedure or navigational chart

Required Course to follow

CDI Operations



• Going TO or FROM a navaid makes a difference in your desired course you will enter for the CDI display

CDI Operations




• FROM a navaid – Course and radial are the same Outbound Course is same as Radial

CDI Operations




• FROM a navaid – Course and radial are the same

• TO a navaid – Course is reciprocal of radial

“Inbound turn it around”

Inbound Course is reciprocal of Radial

CDI Operations

• Ways to compute reciprocal heading• Add/subtract 180

CDI Operations


• +2/-2 method

Reciprocal of radial 160?

1 6 0+2 -2__

3 4 0

Reciprocal or course is 340

Reciprocal of radial 330?

3 3 0-2 +2__1 5 0

Reciprocal or course is 150

CDI Operations


• +2/-2 method

• Enter radial into CRS and look at tail of CDI needle

Reciprocal of 360 radial?

Enter 360 in CRS

Look at Tail

Reciprocal is 180

CDI Operations


• +2/-2 method

• Enter radial into CRS and look at tail of CDI needle

• Use relevance to needle or benchmark

Reciprocal of 020 radial?

Radial is 20 deg to right

Go 20 deg to left

Reciprocal is 200

CDI Operations

• Enter the desired course• Press LSK under CRS display

• UFCP keys W4 for data entry (note symbol in pic)

• Enter desired course

Course LSK

Enter desired course in W4

CDI Operations

• Enter the desired course• Press LSK under CRS display

• UFCP keys W4 for data entry (note symbol in pic)

• Enter desired course

• Direction of turn• Top-down view and pictorial

• Which way does the aircraft have to turn to get to the CDI bar?

CDI Operations

• Tracking/Corrections (no ground track pointer)

• CDI bar centered when exactly on selected course

• CDI bar deviates to indicate off course• Wind is from direction of bar (from the

right in picture)• Pictorial direction of turn to get back

on course (right)

• Fly heading that will re-intercept course and center CDI bar

• Need to be aware of how much correction is being used (7 deg to the right in picture)

• As CDI bar returns to center, take out half of the drift correction (bracket technique)

• Do not return to original heading (360) as you will go off course again

• Now holding 3 deg of right drift correction to stay on course (distance between heading & CDI)

CDI Operations

• Tracking/Corrections (with ground track pointer)

• CDI bar centered when exactly on selected course

• Note that Grnd Track Ptr shows wind corrected track is pushing aircraft to left of heading & course

• CDI bar deviates to indicate off course• Wind is from direction of bar (from the

right in picture)• Pictorial direction of turn to get back

on course (right)

• Fly heading that will re-intercept course and center CDI bar

• Turn to get both heading & GrndTrack Ptr to correct side of CDI

• As CDI bar returns to center, turn to place Grnd Track Ptr over CDI head (“light the candle”)

• Now holding 3 deg of right drift correction to stay on course (distance between Heading & Grnd Track Ptr)

CDI Operations

• Tracking/Corrections (with ground track pointer)• Use caution when heavy winds are present causing large drift

corrections

• Ensure both heading and ground track pointer indicate a correction back to course

• Possible to have a heading showing a correction while ground track pointer does not

Heading shows correction back to course

Ground Track Pointer shows insufficient correction to

get back on course

CDI Operations

• Station Passage• Main indication is TO/FROM flag flip

• Supporting indication when Bearing Pointer present - Pointer moves thru 3/9 O’Clock position

Aircraft proceeding TO station

Aircraft passed over and now proceeding FROM

station

Bearing Pointers


• Top-Down view for pictorial presentation of station/waypoint from aircraft

Bearing Pointer Navigational Source

• Bearing Pointer Line Selection Key (LSK)• Indicates the driving navigational source for the pointers

• Can be VOR, FMS, or OFF (show no needle)

Source LSK

Source LSK

Bearing Pointer Components

• #1 Bearing Pointer• Single needle with circle at head

• Always colored green

• Can select VOR, FMS, or OFF (no needle)

• Normal selection is VOR for standardization

#1 PointerSource LSK

#1 Pointer Identifier

& Info

#1 PointerHead

#1 PointerTail

Bearing Pointer Components

• #1 Bearing Pointer• Single needle with circle at head

• Always colored green


• Normal selection is VOR for standardization

• #2 Bearing Pointer• Double needle with diamond at head

• Always colored cyan (fancy word for light blue)


• Normal selection is FMS for standardization

#2 PointerSource LSK

#2 Pointer Identifier

& Info

#2 PointerHead

#2 PointerTail

Bearing Pointer Operations




• Aircraft position is always on the tail of the needle at whatever distance the DME indicates

Aircraft is on the Battle Ground VOR

Radial 016


• Always points directly at the station or waypoint• Aircraft heading does not matter

• Pictorial in nature on HSI


• Needle movement• Consider movement relative to aircraft heading

• Head of needle always falls

• Tail of needle always rises

“Heads will fall, Tails will rise”

Head of needle will “fall” away from aircraft heading

Tail of needle will “rise” toward aircraft

heading


• Needle movement• Consider movement relative to aircraft heading

• Head of needle always falls

• Tail of needle always rises

“Heads will fall, Tails will rise”

• Desired course• No CDI to indicate your desired course to track

• Use heading bug to set desired course (technique)

• Gives a pictorial representation of where needle should be

Set hdg bug to desired track


• Corrections• Turn direction indicated by “Tail – Radial – Turn”

• Do not use Course….must use Radial

• Example Outbound• Note that Course and Radial are the same going outbound

Go from Tail to Desired Radial = Turn direction





• Example Inbound• Note that the desired Course is 180…which is the 360 Radial

• Have to look at bottom of HSI for correction direction

Go from Tail to Desired Radial = Turn direction





• Example Inbound• Note that the desired Course is 180…which is the 360 Radial

• Have to look at bottom of HSI for correction direction

• Station Passage• Indicated when needle passes the 3 or 9 o’clock

• Needle remains below the 3/9 o’clock

Need passes 3-9 line and remains in bottom half of HSI


• Tracking/Corrections• Use heading bug to mark desired course (technique)

• Use tail-radial-turn to identify direction of correction

• Use understanding of needle movement to verify proper correction

• Identify winds by “Tail – Radial – Wind”

• Want to maintain a desired course outbound of 190

• Mark course with hdg bug

• Wind has blown aircraft off course• Wind coming from right (Tail-Radial-Wind)• Turn right to correct (Tail-Radial-Turn)

• Turn to a correction heading to the right of the desired course

• Verify tail should “rise” back to desired course

• Turn back to a heading that takes out half of the correction (bracket technique)

• Needle remains on desired course

Intercept Angles

• Cover understanding about intercept angles & what look like…NOT procedures

Intercept Angles


• Used to intercept desired course inbound, outbound, or over a station

Intercept Angles



• Two intercepts primarily used• Double the Angle Intercept (DAI) – Correct using angle double the displacement from course (45 deg max)

• 45 Degree Intercept – Use a 45 degree angle to the desired course

Intercept Angles



• Two intercepts primarily used• Double the Angle Intercept (DAI) – Correct using angle double the displacement from course ( 45 deg max)

• 45 Degree Intercept – Use a 45 degree angle to the desired course

• Corrections are always made FROM the desired course• Could be CDI head

• Could be course marked with heading bug

• Do not correct from the bearing pointer!

Intercept Angles

• Double the Angle Intercept (DAI)• Used when close to the station or when you don’t want a big correction that will overshoot course

• Set an intercept angle that is double the angle off the desired course (not to exceed 45 degrees of correction)

Intercept Angles



10 Deg off course

Need a 20 deg correction back to course

20 Deg from course

A DAI back to course is now set

Determining and setting a DAI inbound

• Note Bearing Pointer is only used to determine radials off• Note correction is made from desired course, not the

bearing pointer• Note head of bearing pointer is between correction

heading and desired course and will “fall” back to desired course

Intercept Angles



10 Deg off course


20 Deg from course

A DAI back to course is now set

Determining and setting a DAI outbound

• Note Bearing Pointer is only used to determine radials off• Note correction is made from desired course, not the

bearing pointer• Note tail of bearing pointer is not between correction

heading and desired course but will “rise” back to desired course

Intercept Angles

• 45 Degree Intercept• Used when away from the station or when you can make a big correction without risk of overshooting

• Set an intercept angle that is at 45 degrees (use benchmarks)

Intercept Angles



Off course


45 Deg from course

A 45 deg correction angle back to course is now set

Setting a 45 degree intercept inbound

• Note correction is made by placing the desired course at the 45 benchmark

• Note head of bearing pointer is between correction heading and desired course and will “fall” back to desired course

Intercept Angles



Off course


45 Deg from course

A 45 deg correction angle back to course is now set

Setting a 45 degree intercept outbound

• Note correction is made by placing the desired course at the 45 benchmark

• Note head of bearing pointer is not between correction heading and desired course and will “rise” back to desired course

The Six Ts

• Used as a memory jogger to help accomplish required tasks at various points

The Six Ts


• Used at main instrument approach points (IAF & FAF) as well as intercepts & holding

The Six Ts



• 6 Ts:• Time

• Turn

• Time

• Transition

• Twist (twister-cept)

• Talk

The Six Ts



• 6 Ts:• Time

• Turn

• Time

• Transition

• Twist (twister-cept)

• Talk

• Know them cold and be able to run thru them!!

The Six Ts

• Time• Note clock time (technique – call out the minutes….”18 after”)

• Start clock as required

The Six Ts



• Turn• Turn to new course as required

The Six Ts



• Turn• Turn to new course as required

• Time• Start clock as required

The Six Ts

• Transition• Begin altering airspeed, altitude, or configuration if required

The Six Ts


• Twist (twister-cept)• Set CDI to new course

• Set intercept to new course as required

The Six Ts


• Twist (twister-cept)• Set CDI to new course

• Set intercept to new course as required

• Talk• Report to ATC as required

Summary

• Be familiar with navigation instruments inclusion to instrument scan

• Have an understanding of the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) parts and operational concepts

• Have an operational understanding of the Bearing Pointers

• Be familiar with radial intercept indications for both double-the-angle intercepts (DAI) and 45 degree intercepts

• Comprehend and be able to apply the “6-Ts”

radio instrument (ri) basics - t6b driver · 2019. 3. 17. · bearing pointer components •#1...

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