r. van dantzig on behalf of the antares collaboration physics potential, progress, status antares...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
R. van Dantzig
On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration
PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS,
STATUS
• ANTARES aims• Physics case• R&D studies• The 0.1 km2 detector• Expected performance• Summary
![Page 2: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
AimsMaster deep-sea technologies• pressure/corrosion resistant equipment• string deployment/recovery• power and data connections
Measure environmental parameters• water (currents, transparency, scattering)• optical background (40K, bioluminescence)• sensitivity loss (sedimentation, bio-fouling)
Design, build, operate ~0.1 km2 deep-sea -detector with attractive scientific programmeprelude to Mediterranean km3 scale
detectorR. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 3: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Th Physics case (1)
GZK
UHE
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
Cosmic Ray spectrum
beam(p)+dump(p,)
How does the spectrum look like?
![Page 4: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Physics case (2)MESSENGERS FROM THE SKY
• Photons !! (but limitations GZK 50 Mpc E>TeV) interaction with matter/radiation/CMB ( --> e+e-)
• protons, nuclei (GZK 50 Mps E > ~50 EeV) interaction with matter/radiation/CMB magnetic deflection (E < ~EeV)
• neutrons (boosted decay length 10 kpc E<~ EeV)
• neutrinos (of all energies)• can cross cosmological distances (weak interactions only)• can point back to their source (no charge, no magnetic deflection)
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 5: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Physics case (3)ASTROPHYSICS & ASTRONOMY point sources (powerful (extra)-galactic objects)
same sky coordinates of several events (AGN, SNR, ..) coincidence in time (GRB)
diffuse flux energy spectrum, sky distribution,flavour composition
COSMOLOGY & DM local sources (Earth, Moon, Sun, galactic center)
indirect search for gravitationally trapped WIMPS (neutralinos)
and topological defects: GUT phase transition remnants
PARTICLE PHYSICS
oscillations (atmo / astro exotics (Dirac monopoles, strangelets, ...)
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
Other talk in this workshop
![Page 6: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
But, detecting s ... • track)
CC exchange with matter near detector
N cross section increases with E
• HE’s statistically enhanced angle small ( direction ~ -
direction) N spectrum ~ E-2
area/volume: adequate event ratelength: track fitdepth: shield atmospheric
background
area/volume: adequate event ratelength: track fitdepth: shield atmospheric
background
e(pointlike ‘bang’, contained) decay‘double bang’)
Earth: filter: upward going -->
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 7: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Detecting (muon) Neutrinos
Incoming muon-neutrino traverses the Earth (filter), then interacts and produces muon
Incoming muon-neutrino traverses the Earth (filter), then interacts and produces muon
Muon emits Cherenkov radiation (photons) at ~43o in seawater
Muon emits Cherenkov radiation (photons) at ~43o in seawater
Photo-multiplier tube (PMT) in pressure-resistant glass sphere detects photon (arrival time/amplitude)
Photo-multiplier tube (PMT) in pressure-resistant glass sphere detects photon (arrival time/amplitude)
Sky of the antipodesSky of the antipodes
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 8: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
History 1996 Start of the ANTARES Collaboration (in
France)
1996–1999 Site exploration (> 30 deployments)
Optical water properties
Biofouling and sedimentation
Optical backgrounds (40K C and bioluminiscence)
1998–1999 Special tests
Mechanics and deployment techniques
Submarine connection
Apr 1999 Proposal & CDR of a 0.1 km2 detector
Nov 1999 Demonstrator string
Large-size demonstrator string deployment and operation
2000 Detailing design, preparations TDR
v
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 9: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
ANTARES site
90 % of the sky covered
17 % overlap with Amanda
Galactic Center surveyed
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
40 km SE of Toulon
300 x 300 m2
2400 m below sea level
explored with submarine
![Page 10: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Optical Water Properties
Absorption length ~ 60m, scattering length > 100m (for large angle scattering)
Optical background40K ~ 65 kHz (10” PMT) bioluminescence: > 200kHz few seconds burstsoverall DT < 5%
Sedimentation negligible
Biofouling < 2%/year for PMT window
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 11: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Conceptual design
2400m2400m
~300m~300m activeactive
Electro-opticElectro-opticsubmarine cablesubmarine cable ~40km~40km
Junction boxJunction box
Readout cablesReadout cables
Shore stationShore station
anchoranchor
floatfloat
Electronics containersElectronics containers
~60m~60mCompass,Compass,tilt metertilt meter
hydrophonehydrophone
Optical moduleOptical module
Acoustic beaconAcoustic beacon
~100m
13 strings, 1000 PMTs12 m between storeys
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 12: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Detector design (1)
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 13: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Detector design (2)
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
10” PMT in17” glass sphere
Electronics in container
ASIC chip (ARS)front-end digitization
![Page 14: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
DAQ: transmission and selection
Offshore
Full digitization (ASIC chip)Low threshold (~0.3 pe) No (or minimum bias) triggerStar topology networkGigabit Ethernet1Fiber per string to shore
On-shore
Software triggeringLinux farm (~100 PCs)10 ms slice, 1 s processingReliable, flexible, smart triggerFiltering: event rate < 5 kHzAtmospheric muons < 10 Hz
Foreseen:External GRB/SN trigger: all data can be saved for few minutes including last 10 sec before trigger
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 15: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Event reconstruction
![Page 16: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Expected resolution
< ~10 TeV
dominated by - angle.
> ~10 TeV < 0.2 - 0.4° (reconstruction error).
E /E 3 (1 TeV E 10 TeV)
E /E 2 (E 10 TeV)
Below E ~ 100 GeV muon range measurement.
Angular resolution Energy resolution
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 17: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Demonstrator string
• Full-scale line (340 m) test of mechanics and deployment
• Partially instrumented: 7 PMTs, CTDs, tiltmeters, positioning system, Slow Controls, etc.
• Read-out via electro-optical cable.
• Operational for several months starting December 1999
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
boat
Mooring line
Real time sonar displayprecision positioning
![Page 18: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Compass and tiltmeters
• Taut string at ~2.3º from vertical.
• Tilt stability: ~0.2º over one week (x and y).
• Heading stability: 2º over one week.
Very stable Negligible twist
2 m
Top view
Top
Bottom
Tilt x (°)
100 sec
Top tiltmeter
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 19: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Accoustic positioning
Devices Accuracy ()
Inter-rangemeter < 6 mm
Inter-transponder ~ 1 cm
Range-Transponder
6 cm
4 transponders 3 rangemeters+Sound velocitymeter
Triangulation allows ~5 cm accuracyR. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 20: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Demonstrator events
• More than 5104 7-fold coincidence events recorded (atmospheric muons)
• Polar angle deduced from depth (z) vs. time pattern with hyperbolic fit (including multimuons).
• 40K filtered out by reconstruction software (see box hit).
z (m
)
ct (m)
z (m
)
ct (m)R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 21: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Demonstrator results
Angular distribution agrees with expectations from single + multi-muons
Fit residuals ~ 6 ns
~1100/day reconstructable downgoing ’s (in agreement with MC expectation)R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 22: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
SummaryANTARES has succesfully performed the planned R&D programme
Site exploration (environmental parameters)
Conceptual design of a 0.1 km2 detector
Detailed tests of components
Verification of undersea connection procedure
Design, deployment, operation of a demonstrator string
Current planning: ~ 0.1 km2 detector to be deployed gradually between 2002 and 2004
Such a detector can be a thorough test-bench for a 1 km3 neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea and have a viable exploratory physics programme.
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto
![Page 23: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: R. van Dantzig On behalf of the ANTARES Collaboration PHYSICS POTENTIAL, PROGRESS, STATUS ANTARES aims Physics case R & D studies The 0.1 km 2 detector](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eba5503460f94bc28f3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• France• CPPM Marseille
(IN2P3)• DAPNIA-DSM Saclay
(CEA)• IReS, Strasbourg-
Mulhouse• Centre d’Oceanologie
de Marseille• Institut Francais de
Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)
• INSU-CNRS/IGRAP (Provence)
• Spain• IFIC Valencia
• Russia• ITEP Moscow
• United Kingdom• University of Birmingham• University of Oxford• University of Sheffield
• Netherlands• NIKHEF Amsterdam
• Italy• University of Bari (INFN)• University of Bologna (INFN)• University of Catania (INFN)• LNS (INFN)• University of Rome (INFN)• University of Genova (INFN)
•The ANTARES Collaboration
R. van Dantzig, NOW2000, Otranto