r e s e a r c h - nps publicationsedocs.nps.edu/npspubs/.../nps_research/1998/june98.pdf · of...

N P S

R E S E A R C HVolume 8, Number 2 June 1998

Office of the Dean of Research • Naval Postgraduate School • Monterey, California

NAVAL POSTGRADUATESCHOOLSuperintendent RADM Robert C. ChaplinProvost Dr. Richard ElsterAssociate Provost andDean of Research Dr. David W. Netzer

NPS RESEARCHis published by the Assistant Dean ofResearch in accordance withNAVSO P-35. Views and opinionsexpressed are not necessarily those ofthe Department of the Navy. Com-ments/inquiries can be addressed viaemail to [email protected].

IN THIS ISSUETHE SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT LABORATORYDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Research Associate Professor Richard W. AdlerResearch Associate Wilbur R. VincentVisiting Associate Professor Jovan E. LebaricVisiting Instructor Rasler W. SmithResearch Assistant Andrew A. ParkerElectronics Technician Robert M. PerryComputer Specialist Scott S. Shillcock

BackgroundIn the 1970s, Adjunct Professor Stephen Jauregui and a student, LCDR EugeneCummins, recognized that some aspects of the modernization of naval radio-receiving sites significantly degraded the ability of the sites to receive radiosignals of primary interest. Professor Jauregui and LCDR Cummins organizeda group of technical experts to investigate the reasons for this loss. This effortwas conducted under the sponsorship of COMNAVSECGRU N-44. In the late1970s Professor Jauregui and LCDR Cummins organized the Special SignalsLaboratory of the Naval Postgraduate School to further investigate and definethe receiving site problems. This informal effort evolved into the Navy’sSignal-to-Noise Enhancement Program (SNEP) in 1985. Additional emphasiswas provided to the program by the USA INSCOM for similar work at theirsites.

Additional facility support grew as Ray Vincent and Richard Adler joinedthe laboratory and helped Professor Jauregui during field trips to Navy SIGINTsites and other related facilities. These professors taught several graduatecourses unique in structure and content related to SIGINT operations. Eachcourse examined new operational requirements along with field visits toinvestigate proposed solutions. Visiting lecturers, field trips, and companyvisits provided the classes with the background required to design and testeffective and practical solutions to real problems. Project teams were formedto investigate and work on different approaches and solutions to practicalproblems. At the end of each course, each team presented their findings tofacility members, other interested naval individuals, and industry experts. Thisindustry and naval cooperation was expanded into annual SNEP progressreview conferences, hosted by Professor Jauregui. Upon the retirement of Professor Jauregui in 1993, the technical direction andleadership of the program at NPS passed on to Research Associate ProfessorAdler with support from Research Associate Ray Vincent. The program of thelaboratory was expanded to include technical problems encountered by naval

Featured Lab .................................. 1Featured Center .............................. 4Collaborations ................................ 6News ............................................. 12Research Centers .......................... 14Research and Education ............... 16Project Notes ................................ 18Conference .................................... 22Short Courses ............................... 23Research Chair ............................. 25Student Research .......................... 26Faculty Recognition ...................... 28Faculty News ................................ 29Conference Calendar .................... 39Directories ............................... 39,40

--continued on page 2

NPS Research June 1998

data-processing centers and continued as the Signal En-hancement Laboratory (SEL) of the Naval PostgraduateSchool.

Receiving SitesSEL teams have participated in detailed investigations ofsignal-reception problems at 41 receiving sites locatedthroughout the world. Included are site locations rangingfrom polar to equatorial regions on all continents and onmany islands. The teams have identified a number ofmechanisms and factors degrading signal reception along

with the mitigation actions required to eliminate eachindividual mechanism or factor. This work is still activelyunderway with joint participation by NPS, other govern-ment entities, and industrial organizations. It has expandedto include work at sites operated by Canada and by otheragencies. Special SEL Quick-Reaction Teams have investigatedand corrected several radio interference problems affectingthe reception of signals at a number of sites ranging fromVLF to microwave frequencies. These problems oftenprevent the operation of critical intelligence-collectionrelated facilities until they are resolved.

About theINVESTIGATORS

Richard W. Adleris an AssociateResearch Professorin the Departmentof Electrical andComputer Engi-neering. Hisundergraduatedegree was re-ceived fromPennsylvania State

University at University Park followed by a Master of Sciencein Electrical Engineering. Following graduation from PennState, Dr. Adler worked as a research assistant at the Ohio StateUniversity Antenna Lab where he began his doctoral studies.Several industry positions followed. As part of the technicalstaff of Hughes Aircraft, he worked on the development offrequency-scan radar antennas. At Ford Aeronutronics, hecontributed to missile range safety studies for the PacificMissile Range at Point Mugu. He later returned to Penn Stateas an instructor and received his Ph.D. Dr. Adler joined thefaculty at NPS in 1969. His research interests include antenna performance andpropagation prediction validation measurements in a littoralenvironment; techniques for the location and mitigation ofpower-line noise sources and mitigation of RF noise fromdigital data systems, electronic light ballast and electronicmotor-controller systems; and prediction and measurement ofHF-microwave radiation hazards for communication andbroadcast antenna sites. Teaching interests focus on antennasand propagation, electromagnetics, SIGINT, computationalelectromagnetic modeling and electromagnetic environmentaleffects.

RESEARCH LAB

SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT LAB , continued from page 1

-- continued on page 3

Wilbur R. Vincent is a Research Associate in the Departmentof Electrical and Computer Engineering. Mr. Vincent receivedthe B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering fromMichigan State University. Following graduation, Mr. Vincentworked for Bell Aircraft Corporation as a research engineerdeveloping missile guidance and long-range radar-trackingsystems. He later joined the staff of the Stanford ResearchInstitute (now known as SRI International). While there heorganized the Communications Research Laboratory. He alsoworked for Develco Inc. of Sunnyvale, CA, Systems Control ofPalo Alto, CA, andonce again withSRI Internationalas a staff memberof the RadioPhysics Labora-tory. He joinedNPS on a part-time basis as aResearch Associateof ElectricalEngineering in1979. Mr. Vincent’s fields of specialization include the measure-ment and analysis of the time-and-frequency-domain propertiesof signal structures. Emphasis has been given to improving ourunderstanding of the properties of time-varying signals andnoise that are difficult to describe and understand with conven-tional stationary analysis descriptors and techniques. Mr.Vincent is the author of several hundred technical publicationsand papers. He is a member of the IEEE and several of itstechnical societies, has been a member of several advisoryboards for government and industry, and has participated inseveral special teams to assist in the planning and design oftelecommunications systems for developing countries.


Techniques have been developed todefine and analyze the temporal andspectral characteristics of non-stationarysignals and non-stationary noise as wellas the more familiar stationary signal andnoise concepts defined in standard texts.Techniques have been developed toevaluate and quantify the impact of eachindividual factor on signal reception.This allows site managers to implementthe most effective mitigation actions anddelay those of little importance. A large collection has been gathered ofthe detailed temporal and spectral proper-ties of various signals and noise from avariety of sources. This collection is avaluable asset during surveys at a newsite and during ongoing surveys after themodification and updating of an oldersite. This collection provides a means torapidly identify the source of a number ofradio-noise and radio-interference prob-lems. Over 200 unclassified theses, 50classified theses, and 150 technical reports have beenproduced by the students, staff, and faculty membersassociated with the laboratory.

Data-Processing CentersThe transition of naval data-processing centers from the useof outdated teletype and mechanical equipment to com-puter-based equipment has provided a vast improvement inthe operation and capability of such centers. It has alsocreated a number of unique analog and digital signal-transmission problems. These include signal-corruptionfrom outmoded installation practices, building power-distribution problems, the use of noise-producing devices,misguided grounding practices, the provision and use ofoutmoded installation and equipment handbooks andstandards, and the widespread lack of valid installation andequipment standards. SEL teams have worked at the USN Kunia RegionalSecurity Operations Center, the USA INSCOM FortGordon Security Operations Center, and at a number ofsmaller centers. Solutions have been devised for a numberof problems including the identification of signal-corrup-tion mechanisms, the identification and correction of noise-

RESEARCH LAB


producing devices such as modern Uninterruptible PowerSupplies (UPS), variable-speed motor controllers, poorly-designed switching-power supplies, and sources of inter-mittent transients. All of these can and do disrupt theoperation of digital data-processing devices.

Antenna Performance PredictionsThe SEL supports Navy requirements for antenna perfor-mance predictions via numerical modeling of antennasystems in the presence of terrain and platform interactions.Conventional classroom and textbook techniques forcalculating antenna patterns do not apply when the anten-nas are mounted on platforms or in irregular terrain. Sincethe early ‘70s, SEL staff members have been involved in atri-service program of developing and validating computer-based numerical modeling techniques for shipboard andlandbased antenna performance. Cooperative efforts with Visiting Associate ProfessorJovan Lebaric in developing electromagnetic (EM)modeling techniques and tools to support the airborneelectronic warfare (EW) community have paid off. Asimple, yet powerful technique, based on eigen analysis has


To measure signals out in the field, a diesel powered van equipped witha 30 MHz whip, a 140 MHz antenna, several communication antennas,and a trailer with a diesel-powered generator equipped with a disc coneantenna, are used by the SEL staff.


RESEARCH CENTER

CENTER FOR INFORMATION SYSTEMSSECURITY STUDIES AND RESEARCHAssistant Professor Cynthia Irvine, Center DirectorDepartment of Computer Science

The security of networked systems of computers is essen-tial for national security. The Naval Postgraduate School isfortunate to be the home to what many researchers in thecomputer and network security community consider to bethe preeminent program in the United States combiningresearch and studies in information systems security(INFOSEC) and information assurance (IA). Since itsinception, the Naval Postgraduate School Center forInformation Systems Security Studies and Research (NPSCISR) has fostered an environment in which faculty, staff,and students work together to understand the informationassurance requirements of DoD and to address the chal-lenges presented by those requirements through carefulanalysis and research. The need for focussed effort in information security andassurance is evident. The development of military strategy

About the DIRECTOR

Cynthia Irvine is anAssistant Professor inthe Department of Com-puter Science. Prior tojoining the faculty atNPS in 1994, sheworked at Gemini Com-puters on severalprojects to utilize ClassA1 technology for appli-cations ranging from filesystems to messagingprototypes. She received

her undergraduate and Ph.D. degrees from Rice University and Case West-ern Reserve University, respectively. She has participated in the develop-ment and review of several interpretations of and guidelines for the TrustedComputer System Evaluation Criteria and has provided critical commentson emerging standards for the evaluation of trusted systems. Her currentresearch and teaching interests are in the area of network security architec-tures and high assurance multilevel distributed systems.

and tactics for warfare in the information age is of growingimportance and has, as its principal objective, informationsuperiority for U.S. forces engaged in battle on land, at seaor in the air. A key aspect of achieving information superi-ority is the protection of critical national information assets.Increasingly, military systems are dependent upon thenational infrastructure for critical services. Today theUnited States faces an enormous problem. All aspects ofthe national infrastructure, from telecommunications tohealth care and from air traffic control to power systems,depend upon the correct operation of computers andnetworks. The security of those networks is crucial to thehealth of that infrastructure, yet security is often ignored asa fundamental requirement. Providing adequate protectionfor these information assets is a concern for the U.S.military and presents many new scientific and technicalchallenges in the area of INFOSEC and IA. The October 1997 report of the Presidential Commissionon Critical Infrastructure Protection (PCCIP) recommends,“education on methods of reducing vulnerabilities andresponding to attacks on critical infrastructures, …pro-

grams for curriculum development atthe undergraduate and graduate levelsin resilient system design practices,”and efforts to make the “required skillset much broader and deeper in educa-tional level [for] computer scientists,network engineers, electronics engi-neers, [and] business process engi-neers.” Anticipating these recommendationsby more than five years, NPS, withsupport from the National SecurityAgency (NSA), initiated a modest effortwithin the Computer Science Depart-ment to build a prototype program withthree objectives: the development ofcourses on computer and networksecurity based in a strong curriculum ofscience and engineering; research ininformation system security; anddevelopment of a cadre of officer-graduates with a thorough understand-ing of computer and network security



RESEARCH CENTER

issues. An essential notionbehind the development ofNPS CISR is that the securityof information systems mustbe founded on scientific andengineering principles whichare used to construct securesystems rather than to dis-cover after deployment thatsystems are inadequate. Within a few years, thesuccess of these early effortswas clear. Hundreds ofstudents were attending theflagship course and there wasconsiderable interest inresearch. In response, anexpansion of the programbegan and in the fall of 1994the NPS Academic Councilapproved the addition of asequence of new courses tothe Computer Science curriculum: Secure Management ofSystems; Network Security; Secure Systems; SecurityPolicies, Models and Formal Methods; and DatabaseSecurity. Combined with the NPS thesis requirement for allMasters-level students, the academic program providesgraduates with the knowledge needed to manage andcontribute to engineering teams tasked not only to designand build secure systems, but also to configure and main-tain them. The strong science and engineering education ofNPS CISR graduates helps them to address new problemsand to distinguish “snake oil” and marketing hyperbolefrom credible security solutions. NPS CISR serves DoD in eight primary areas:Curriculum . The explosive growth of information systemshas resulted in rapidly changing technologies and chal-lenges in computer security. Curriculum developmentensures a timely, coherent and comprehensive program inINFOSEC foundations and technology.Laboratory . Development of the Computer SecurityLaboratory has supported all aspects of the NPS CISReffort. Because major commercial vendors do not buildsystems and software that can be relied upon to protect

sensitive information, security architectures including amixture of both popular products and those specialized forcomputer security are found in the laboratory. The NPSCISR laboratory has supported over 250 students in workon assignments and laboratory exercises during the pastyear. Used for a variety of research projects, the facilitiesenable participants to explore the hardware and softwareavailable to solve current computer security problems andto consider potential future architectures and technologies.Faculty. NPS CISR has an active program to increase thesophistication of faculty in INFOSEC concepts and toinvolve interested faculty members in leading-edgeINFOSEC research problems. The results have been notonly an increased appreciation of the foundations ofcomputer security but a heightened understanding of theneed to consider security throughout the entire process ofdesign and development of systems. Several successfulresearch efforts have been launched or assisted as a resultof the faculty development effort.Visiting Professors. The Visiting Professor program bringscomputer and network security experts to NPS to

CISR, continued from page 4

Center Director, Cynthia Irvine, joins students, LT Susan Bryer Joyner, LT ScottHeller and Capt Jason Hackerson, in the Computer Security Lab.



TENANTS

Naval Research Laboratory - MarineMeteorology Division: To conduct aresearch and development programdesigned to improve our basic under-standing of atmospheric processes thatimpact Fleet operations and to developsystems that analyze, simulate, predict,and interpret the structure and behavior ofthese models.

Fleet Numerical Meteorology andOceanography Center: To combineinnovative technology with the bestavailable science in order to provide thebest weather and oceanographic products,data and services to the operating andsupport forces of the DoD anywhere,anytime.

Naval Postgraduate School: Increase thecombat effectiveness of U.S. and Alliedarmed forces and enhance the security ofthe U.S. through advanced education andresearch programs focused on the techni-cal, analytical, and managerial toolsneeded to confront defense related chal-lenges of the future.

Training and Doctrine CommandAnalysis Center - Monterey: Providecredible and relevant research to advanceArmy warfighting doctrine, training andanalysis.

COLLABORATIVE RELATIONSHIPS WITH TENANT COMMANDS ENHANCE RESEARCH ANDEDUCATION AT NPS

The Naval Postgraduate School hosts several tenant commands at its site in Monterey, California. The co-locationprovides an opportunity for collaborative efforts which benefit both host and tenant. The Naval Research Laboratory’s (NRL) Marine Meteorology Division evolved from the Naval EnvironmentalPrediction Research Facility (NEPRF) located in Monterey. In 1989, NEPRF merged with the Naval OceanographyResearch and Development Activity (NORDA) to form the Naval Ocean and Atmospheric Research Laboratory(NOARL), a corporate laboratory under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research. In 1992, as a continuation ofthe Department of Defense laboratory consolidation effort, NOARL was incorporated into the Naval Research Laboratory

(NRL) and became part of the newly formedOcean and Atmospheric Science and TechnologyDirectorate. The Marine Meteorology Division (NRL-MRY) conducts basic and applied research in theatmospheric sciences. Basic research includeswork in air-sea interaction process studies,orographically forced flows, atmosphericpredictability, and aerosols. Applied researchspans the gamut from development of bothcentral-site and on-scene analysis/forecastsystems, to tactical decision aids for operations orweapons systems support. Specialties of theDivision include numerical weather prediction,data assimilation and quality control, coupled air-ocean models, marine boundary layer processes,atmospheric physics, remotely sensed datainterpretation and application, environmentaldecision aids, atmospheric effects on Navalsystems, and database management. The Divisionemploys over 50 advanced-degree researchscientists and about 15 military and administrativesupport personnel. During the past two years, collaborativeresearch efforts involving NPS faculty from theDepartment of Meteorology and NRL scientistsinclude: Professor Phil Durkee’s Coastal AerosolCharacterization project which combines modeland observational results to test models andinvestigate initialization schemes (Dr. DouglasWestphal, NRL collaborator); Research AssistantProfessor Tim Li and Professor C.P. Chang’sstudy of the coupled atmosphere-ocean-landsystem on tropic and global climate (Dr. TimHomand and Dr. Rich Hodur, NRL collaborators);Research Assistant Professor Tom Murphree ’s



TENANTS

Professor Richard Franke of the Department of Mathematics spenthis sabbatical at NRL this past year working on problems of dataassimilation. The preferred process used to incorporate measuredweather data into the numerical prediction system is a statisticalmethod. It relies on making a good estimate of statistical properties,in particular the spatial covariance of the prediction errors and thevariance of the observation errors. In three dimensions this specifica-tion poses a problem because the empirical errors are not isotropic.To fit the empirical data, it is desired to have some functions thathave some free parameters, with enough freedom to obtain a reason-ably good fit. Professor Franke’s investigation found a method thatinvolved a simultaneous transformation of independent variables andfitting the data that provides more accurate functions than thosecurrently used, with the added advantage they are easier to use andmeet all necessary mathematical conditions. The results of his workare being published in two NRL technical reports, Three DimensionalCovariance Functions: Theory (NRL Report No. NRL/MR/7531-97-7231) and Three Dimensional Covariance Function: Real Data (NRLReport No. NRL/MR/7531-97-7232).

work on tropical cyclones, tropical air-seainteraction, El Niño and La Niña events, andteleconnections (Dr. Ron Gelaro, Dr.Carolyn Reynolds, and Dr. Jim Goerss, NRLcollaborators); Distinguished Professor RussElsberry, Research Associate ProfessorLester Carr and Research AssociateProfessor Pat Harr ’s study of the physicalprocesses associated with extra-tropicaltransition of tropical storms (Dr. JamesGoerss, Mr. Jeff Hawkins, and Mr. BuckSampson, NRL collaborators); Professor R.T. Williams ’ projects on evaluating themechanisms that cause change in tropicalcyclone structures and improving theCOAMPS-based simulation of mesoscalephenomena over topography with boundarylayer effects (Dr. Melinda Peng, NRLcollaborator); Assistant Professor QingWang’s numerical modeling of turbulence-aerosol-cloud interaction (Dr. Doug Westphal and Dr. AndyGoroch, NRL collaborators); Professor Kenneth Davidsonand Chuck Wash’s evaluation of shipboard METOCmeasurement requirements and commercial-off-the-shelfequipment available to meet them (Dr. Andy Goroch, NRLcollaborator); Associate Research Professor Pat Pauley’scase studies of the ability of the Navy’s mesoscale dataassimilation to depict mesoscale phenomena (Dr. EdBarker, NRL collaborator), and Professor Wash’s study ofthe COAMPS (Coupled Ocean/Atmospheric MesoscalePrediction System) model to forecast synoptic andmesoscale features in the Persian Gulf during variousintensive observation periods (John Cook, NRL collabora-tor). Collaborative research efforts produce joint papers,conference presentations and student theses topics. NPSfaculty and NRL scientists often co-advise NPS students.Having a “research source” such as NRL so close to NPSallows incorporation of the latest meteorological develop-ments into the course work of the METOC students. Forexample, NRL developed the Navy’s new high-resolutionregional mesoscale forecast system, COAMPS, andstudents at NPS have the opportunity to learn about thismodel first-hand. Having a specialized education sourcesuch as NPS so close to NRL also has its benefits. NRL

scientists have pursued advanced-level degrees as well astaken continuing education classes at NPS where there isthe added benefit of curricula tailored to Navy’s needs. Faculty and students at NPS not only have access to theNavy’s only laboratory dedicated to meteorologicalresearch, they have the added benefit of an operationalprocessing center. Co-located with NRL-MRY is the FleetNumerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center(FNMOC). FNMOC is the principal Department ofDefense (DoD) operational processing center for automatedMETOC analyses and predictions. It is one of a half-dozeninternationally recognized operational centers for globaland regional atmospherical models, and is widelyacclaimed as the world’s leader in performing globaloceanographic and coupled air-ocean modeling operation-ally. With a workforce of almost 300 military and civilians,FNMOC operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.Exploiting supercomputer power, the world’s mostcomplete database of oceanographic and atmosphericobservations is assimilated several times daily intosophisticated global and regional METOC models, many ofwhich were developed by NRL. These models treat thecoupled air-ocean environment as a totally integrated


COLLABORATIONS , continued from page 6


TROPICAL CYCLONESDistinguished Professor Russell Elsberry, Research Associate Professor PatrickHarr, and Research Associate Professor Lester CarrDepartment of Meteorology

An active collaboration is ongoing between NPS Professors Elsberry, Carr, and Harrand NRL-Monterey in the area of tropical cyclone-related research. This collabora-tive effort has facilitated the rapid transfer of research results to the operationalJoint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) in Guam. Professor Elsberry and Jeff Hawkins and Jim Goerss of NRL are completing astudy of the impact of new surface wind observations from a space-basedscatterometer called NSCAT. This project, which is sponsored by the NASA JetPropulsion Lab, validates the winds in the regions of tropical cyclones and theirimpact on predictions by the Navy global atmospheric prediction model. Theseobservations were the basic materials for a recently completed M.S. thesis by CaptScott Magnan (USAF). Jeff Hawkins of NRL has also provided microwave data from the Defense Meteo-rological Satellite Program in the region of tropical cyclones. Professors Harr andElsberry have been using these observations to track mesoscale convective systemsthat are hypothesized to contribute to tropical cyclone formation in special condi-tions. LT Dave Milot (USN) recently completed his M. S. thesis based on theseobservations and future collaboration is planned. Jim Goerss of NRL and Professors Carr and Elsberry have initiated a new projectto improve the initial condition specification of tropical cyclones in the Fleet Numeri-cal Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC) global model. A wind fieldmodel developed at NPS will be implemented and tested by NRL to demonstrateimproved track predictions in the global model, which provides the primary guid-ance to Joint Typhoon Warning Center forecasters. Buck Sampson and Jim Goerss of NRL and Mary Alice Rennick of FNMOC haveprovided post-storm observations, analyses, and predictions that Professors Carrand Elsberry have used in developing and testing the Systematic Approach totropical cyclone track forecasting. Two recent M. S. theses by LCDR Greg Ulses andLCDR Rob Schnabel have utilized these data sets. The Ulses thesis resulted in atechnique that improved the 12-h FNMOC track forecast by more than 50% in a testsample. The Schnabel thesis compared two FNMOC models and documented sixsituations in which either one or both may be expected to have significant errors.Such information is useful to the JTWC forecasters in knowing when to rely on theFNMOC guidance.

system from the top of the atmosphere to the bottom of theocean, placing special emphasis on the air-ocean interface.Resulting products include oceanic and atmosphericanalyses and forecasts and related data sets projected out toa week and beyond. These products are then distributed to

regional centers and are also made available through directaccess to DoD activities worldwide via dial-up systems andInternet technology. Customers to FNMOC products are primarily Navy andMarine Corps forecast sites and deployed units and ships,but also encompass forecast activities worldwide from allservices. Increasingly, the Air Force Weather Agency has

become a majorcustomer under recentNavy-Air Forceagreements. Othercustomers include avariety of JointOperating Forces,command and controlactivities, other DoDactivities, and a wholespectrum of federalagencies. As of late1997, the worldwidecustomer base wascomprised of over 800military forecast sitesand DoD supportlaboratories In addition,the remainder of theFederal government andcivilian customers areable to access weatherand ocean analysesgenerated at FNMOC inreal-time via the NationalWeather Service. Co-location with NRL-MRY has significantlystreamlined the processof transitioningnumerical models fromthe research anddevelopment stage to theoperational environment.NRL-MRY hasdeveloped andtransitioned to FNMOCthe global and mesoscaleatmospheric analysis/

TENANTS




QUALITY CONTROL OF OPERATIONALAIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONSResearch Associate Professor Patricia PauleyDepartment of Meteorology

New algorithms for detecting errors in atmospheric obser-vations made by instrumented aircraft are being developed.These observations are taken either automatically ormanually on commercial aircraft worldwide, and aredisseminated to the numerical weather prediction centers,such as FNMOC. The number of aircraft observations hasincreased dramatically over the past ten years as auto-mated meteorological observations (temperature and windsat specific times, positions, altitudes) from the ACARS(ARINC [Aeronautical Research, Inc.] Communications,Addressing, and Reporting System) have become availablein increasing numbers. Observations are taken at intervalsof 300’ to 2000’ during ascent and descent, and at intervalsof 5-8 minutes during level flight. Currently there areapproximately 35,000 observations available globally perday, with heavy concentrations of data near busy airporthubs and along major flight paths. These observations areof similar accuracy to those from balloon-borne rawin-sondes, the workhorses of the global observational net-work, and they have a relatively small error rate, typicallyabout 2%. However, some of the errors are sufficientlyegregious that they would negatively impact the numericalforecasts that use the initial conditions provided by the dataassimilation system, hence the need for careful qualitycontrol. Initial involvement between Dr. Pauley and Dr. Barker(NRL) began with a joint effort to compare upper-levelfronts, as revealed by aircraft data, to the same fronts asdepicted by the Navy Operational Regional AtmosphericPrediction System (NORAPS) analyses. Dr. Pauley devel-oped quality control algorithms to exclude erroneousobservations from a two-month dataset that was used inthis study, which LT Edward Stephens, USN, worked on forhis M.S. thesis research at NPS. The quality control algorithms now being developed forthe aircraft data are part of the Navy’s next generationdata assimilation system. Eventually, this system will betransitioned from NRL to operational use at FNMOC,where it will provide initial conditions for the numericalweather prediction models that provide weather forecastguidance for the fleet.

forecast models that form the backbone of theNavy’s worldwide weather forecasting capability.Some of the models utilized by FNMOC anddeveloped by NRL include the Navy OperationalGlobal Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS),the Navy Operational Regional AtmosphericPrediction System (NORAPS), and the CoupledOcean/Atmospheric Mesoscale Prediction System(COAMPS). Whereas NPS students and faculty receiveobvious benefits by the proximity of the “conduitfor the Navy’s global ocean and atmospheric” data,the benefit is returned when identifiable appliedresearch needs of FNMOC become the subject of amaster’s thesis. For example, in the early 90s, athesis project resulted in the development of the firstoperational capability for remote sites to downloadsatellite imagery to a PC over regular telephonelines. The results of the thesis were placed intoworldwide distribution before the thesis itself wasformally distributed. In recent years, the National Weather Service hasrelocated several of their Weather Forecast Offices(WFOs) to locations where there are hubs ofacademic and government meteorological activity.One of the WFOs selected for relocation was theRedwood City, California, office. In 1994, thisWFO was moved to Monterey to establish a closerassociation with the NPS Departments of Meteorol-ogy and Oceanography, NRL Marine MeteorologyDivision and FNMOC. The primary function of theMonterey WFO is to forecast weather and coastalwave conditions and issue warnings within its areaof responsibility (Central and Northern California).The WFO has access to Navy analyses, forecastsand satellite data products and provides feedback toNRL and FNMOC on the performance of thoseproducts for the West Coast. At NPS, students inweather forecasting classes take field trips to theWFO and are able to view operational forecastingfirst-hand and have their questions answered bylocal forecasters. Co-location of NRL-MRY, FNMOC and NWSwith NPS makes Monterey one of the premiermeteorological and oceanographic research centers

TENANTS




TENANTS


of the world and benefits all involved. NPS is also host to an Army research center called the U.S. ArmyTraining and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Analysis Center(TRAC)-Monterey. TRAC-Monterey provides a permanent Armypresence on campus with a research program primarily focused onadvanced computer simulations. TRAC-Monterey is one of fivecenters located throughout the United States. TRAC is headquar-tered at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and directed by Mr. Michael F.Bauman. The other TRAC elements are TRAC-Fort Leavenworth,Kansas, TRAC-White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, andTRAC-Fort Lee, Virginia. TRAC-Monterey is currently directed byLTC Michael L. McGinnis. TRAC-Monterey was established in December 1980 following aconversation between Operations Research Professor Sam Parry andthe Commanding General of TRADOC, General Donald Starry.Professor Parry suggested the possible assignment of an Army faculty billet at NPS to help out with theses advising andteaching. General Starry directed the TRADOC Chief of Staff, Major General John B. Blount, to establish TRAC-Monterey. Initially staffed by NPS graduates, TRAC-Monterey supported research activities of Army students attendingNPS. Today, TRAC-Monterey serves as TRAC’s research center for advanced distributed computer simulations. Themajor research thrusts in this area include high-level computer simulations and advanced simulation technologies formodeling military operations in distributed environments. The analysts assigned to TRAC-Monterey also accomplishpractical, real-world military operations research for the Army. TRAC-Monterey remains closely linked with the Army through a strong research program that involves militaryanalysts, NPS professors, NPS students and contractors. The research program provides Army officers assigned toTRAC-Monterey from the FA49 community and NPS students with professional development opportunities that enhancetheir skills, knowledge and experiences as both military officers and operations research analysts. TRAC-Monterey’s research program offers NPS faculty a broad range of opportunities for studying applied problems

that support NPS curricula and enhance professionaldevelopment. Recent NPS faculty research effortssponsored by TRAC-Monterey include the following:Department of Computer Science Research AssistantProfessor Wolfgang Baer’s development of general-ized, world-wide high resolution terrain databases anddatabase conversion tools to support the creation ofdatabases for simulations and wargames; Departmentof Operations Research Visiting Assistant ProfessorArnold Buss’ research on a simulation object modelsand object standards for high resolution land combatmodels; Department of Mechanical EngineeringProfessor Morris Driels ’ study, assessment andclassification of U.S. Army target acquisition modelsfor the recently published Target AcquisitionHandbook; Department of Operations ResearchDistinguished Professor Donald Gaver and ProfessorPatricia Jacobs’ development of high-level models


Research Assistant Professor Wolfgang Baer, Department ofComputer Science, working with the TRAC-MTRY andTEXCOM at Fort Hood, Texas, in the area of realistic battlefieldmeasurement and replication, has recently developed a low costline-of-sight (LOS) server and video realistic perspective viewgenerator (PVG). LOS and PVG are used for engagementanalysis, after action review systems, and operational test support.The functionality was transferred from SGI and Transputer basedparallel processing machines costing between $200 to $300thousand dollars several years ago to a low cost off-the-shelf quadPentium device. By taking advantage of the Microsoft gametechnology interface for rapid image display the performance wasactually improved as compared with the older and much moreexpensive devices. The new server will be demonstrated at theMilitary Operations Research Society Conference on June 23,1998, at NPS. The system is scheduled to calculate LOS in theRotary Pilots Associate test of helicopter vs. ground forceengagements at Yuma Proving Grounds this Fall.

Hurricane Linda


TENANTS

MODULAR SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE OF THE JANUS COMBAT SIMULATIONLuqi, Principal InvestigatorDepartment of Computer Science

Janus is a software-based war game which simulates ground battles between two adversaries. It is an interactive six-sided, closed, stochastic, ground combat simulation that features precise color graphics. Janus is “interactive” in thatcommand and control functions are entered by military analysts who decide what to do in crucial situations during simu-lated combat. The current version of Janus operates on a Hewlett Packard workstation and consists of a large number ofFORTRAN modules, organized as a flat structure and interconnected with one another via FORTRAN COMMON dec-larations, resulting in a software structure that makes modification to Janus very costly and error-prone. There is a needto modernize the Janus software into a maintainable and evolvable software, and to take advantage of modern PersonalComputers to make Janus more accessible to the Army. The Software Engineering Group in the Department of Computer Science is currently working with TRAC-Montereyto extract the existing functionalities through reverse engineering and then produce an object-oriented architecture thatcaptures the existing and enhanced Janus functionalists. This is the first step to re-engineer Janus into an object-orientedsoftware system that is written in the C++ programming language and operates on Personal Computers. The reverse engineering phase of the project was carried out by a team of three software engineering students, CPTJulian R. Williams, USA, CPT Mark L. Marrell , USA, and LTJG Ilker Duranlioglu , Turkish Navy, under the guid-ance of a Software Engineering professor. The students spent the first week familiarizing themselves with the Janussoftware. The next two months were spent studying the existing FORTRAN codes, software design manuals, databasemanager manuals, and Janus user manuals in order to extract the communication structures from the old code and em-body the structures in a clean high level Prototype System Description Language (PSDL) using the Computer-AidedPrototyping System (CAPS) developed at the Naval Postgraduate School. Based on the PSDL description, the studentsproceeded to reorganize the Janus software into a modular hierarchical software architecture. The data and operationswere redesigned to take advantage the object-oriented technology. New modules are being added to capture the en-hanced functionalists. The availability of the CAPS editors and translators allows the re-engineering team to rapidly modify the architectureand experiment with different designs. The CAPS translator and scheduler automates the syntactic and semantic verifi-cation process to maintain the correctness of the architecture.

for performing parametric sensitivity analyses of suitablemethods of evaluation for Army forces equipped withCrusader, the Army’s new artillery system; ProfessorsGaver and Jacobs’ work on development of a newmethodology for quantifying and modeling informationuncertainty using deterministic combat simulations such asVIC, Eagle and AWARS; Department of Computer ScienceAssociate Professor Neil Rowe’s investigation of usingartificial intelligence to simplify the integration of diverseterrain databases in modeling and simulation; andDepartment of Computer Science Professor Luqi ’s researchto develop a software architecture to support re-engineeringof the Janus Combat Simulation. TRAC-Monterey’s research program supports studentsfrom all branches of military service with opportunities toinvestigate a wide range of interdisciplinary issues.TRAC’s research program is particularly well suited tomilitary officers who wish to apply the operations research,


applied mathematics, engineering and computer scienceconcepts studied in the classroom to solving real-worldmilitary problems. TRAC-Monterey analysts supportstudent projects, masters theses and student experiencetours. TRAC personnel also serve as advisers or co-advisers on student theses. TRAC-Monterey welcomes the opportunity to collaborateon service-related projects with faculty from all NPSDepartments and students from all branches of militaryservice. TRAC-Monterey is located at NPS to providemilitary officers attending NPS with real-world projectsthat are well suited for either thesis work or course projects.This in turn provides DoD agencies with a greater range ofexpertise to address a wide spectrum of real-worldproblems and projects. In summary, the presence of TRACon campus, as with NRL and FNMOC, provides NPS withan important source of expertise within the domain, and aswith NRL and FNMOC, NPS provides TRAC analysts witha ready source of continuing education opportunities.�


RESEARCH NEWS

NPS TO PARTICIPATE IN DoD SBIR PROGRAM

The Navy’s Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Programfocuses on science and technology that enhance the Navy’s capabili-ties. It is directed at funding dual-use technologies, anticipating thatthe products of each SBIR R&D effort will be useful to both themilitary and the private sector. The SBIR Program provides anopportunity for small high technology firms (500 people or less) todevelop solutions to Navy science and technology needs. Thanks to the efforts of Bob Bluth, Director of the Center forInterdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS), NPSwas selected to participate in the Navy’s SBIR Program. In thisprogram, NPS will have the opportunity to submit three candidatetopics each year, act as a technical point-of-contact during thesolicitation process and throughout any subsequent award(s). POCswill review resulting proposals within three weeks after the proposaldeadline (14 Jan 99), award at least one Phase I and possibly aPhase II contract per topic, monitor their technical performance, andplan follow-on R&D as required. SBIR Phase I awards are limitedto $70k over six months with a $30k option over three months.SBIR Phase II awards are limited to $600k over two years typicallywith a $150K 6-month “bridge” option. The NPS SBIR Program is intended to take advantage of theschool’s unique faculty and student experience in Navy science andtechnology. To this end, all departments and academic groups atNPS have been encouraged to submit concept topics. The NPSSBIR Review Board met in mid-May to review the submissions andselect three to be forwarded to the Navy SBIR Program Office.NPS topics that are approved by the Navy SBIR Program Officeand the DDR&E will be included in the 99.1 DoD SBIR solicitationscheduled for release on 1 December 1998. Potential bidders willbe authorized to interact with topic authors and technical POCsduring the presolicitation announcement period. (http://www.onr.navy.mil/sci_tech/industrial/sbir_bbs/)�

MILITARY ACADEMIC RESEARCHASSOCIATE PROGRAM ESTABLISHEDWITH LAWRENCE LIVERMORENATIONAL LABORATORY

A Memorandum of Agreement was recentlyentered into with the Lawrence Livermore Na-tional Laboratory (LLNL) to establish the MilitaryAcademic Research Associate (MARA) Program.The Program is a cooperative program wherebygraduate students and/or faculty are temporarilyassigned to LLNL. Participants are typicallyassigned for a period of four to six weeks toperform research related to DoD interests and tobroaden their knowledge of LLNL’s technicalcapabilities. This program is intended to provide selectedstudents and faculty with scientific laboratoryexperience and research opportunities in disci-plines and technologies of mutual interest to theDoD and LLNL. It is designed to benefit thestudents, the DoD, and LLNL by enhancing theeducation and training of the participants andstimulating interaction between academic person-nel and LLNL technical staff. Faculty are alsoencouraged to participate in an effort to strengthenresearch knowledge and cooperation, to obtain newmaterial for the development of curriculum, andpossibly facilitate collaborative research. The Associate Provost and Dean of Research isthe NPS point-of-contact and will be responsiblefor selection and nomination of qualified students,graduates and faculty.�

NPS PARTICIPATES IN LECTURE SERIES ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE ANDDISASTER RELIEF

The Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance in conjunction with the Universityof Hawaii, USPACOM J56, and the Naval Postgraduate School presents a lecture series on “Information Issues inDisaster Operations.” This series is a continuation of the “Operational Research for 21st Century Missions”lectures. Current lectures will highlight the changing information requirements for humanitarian assistance anddisaster relief (HA/DR). It will bring together practitioners with insights and the operational and academic commu-nities for formal presentations and informal discussions of exercises and real-world event analyses. Professor Michael Sovereign, former Director of the Institute for Joint Warfare Analysis, is currently on tempo-rary assignment with USPACOM J56.


RESEARCH NEWS

NPS FACILITY WILL BE SITE OF TRAININGFOR COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST BANTREATY ORGANIZATION PERSONNEL

The Deputy of the Nuclear Treaty Programs Office of theAssistant Secretary of Defense, Ralph W. Alewine, III,recently requested the Naval Postgraduate School’s assis-tance, on behalf of theU.S. government, incarrying out a trainingprogram in support ofimplementing theComprehensiveNuclear Test BanTreaty (CTBT), whichwas signed by thePresident in Septem-ber 1996. The initialrequest came from theComprehensive TestBan Treaty Organization (CTBTO) which has been createdin Vienna, Austria, to implement the provisions of theTreaty. The verification regime for the CTBT calls for the

establishment of a global monitoring network of stations,including hydroacoustic sensors, sending real-time data toan International Data Center (IDC) in Vienna. As part ofthe implementation process, the CTBTO has requested thatthe U.S. conduct a technical training course for operators ofthe hydroacoustic segment of the monitoring system. Thetraining will take place at the Ocean Acoustic Observatory

(OAO) at Point Sur thathas been developed andmaintained by theCoastal Ocean AcousticCenter (COACt). TheOAO was specificallyrequested as the site forthe training because it iscurrently sending datato the prototype IDC inArlington, VA, and isbeing operated by NPSstaff. The location of

the OAO is also far more logistically favorable than theother two operating hydroacoustic sites at Wake andAscension Islands. Mr. Alewine further stated that, “The unclassified Point

Sur hydrophone has alreadyproved to be a crucial station forthe development of the treatymonitoring system as well as forthe testing and evaluation of thehydroacoustic signal processingtechnology which will be usedby the DoD in verifying thetreaty. The conduct of thistraining by the NPS will makeanother significant contributiontoward the establishment of aneffective verification regime bythe U.S. Government.”�

The Ocean Acoustic Observa-tory (OAO), located at PointSur, has been developed andmaintained by the NPS CoastalOcean Acoustic Center(COACt).

“The unclassified Point Sur hydrophone has alreadyproved to be a crucial station for the development ofthe treaty monitoring system as well as for the test-ing and evaluation of the hydroacoustic signal pro-cessing technology which will be used by the DoD inverifying the treaty.”

Ralph W. Alewine IIIDeputy of the Nuclear Treaty Programs Office

Assistant Secretary of Defense


CENTERS

GUNWORKS: OPERATIONAL SUPPORT TOTHE FLEET FOR THE 5” GUN WEAPONSYSTEMResearch Assistant Professor Alexander J.Callahan, Project LeaderInstitute for Joint Warfare Analysis

There has not been a system proponent of the 5”/54 MK45Gun Weapon System (GWS). As a result some argue thatthis is the reason the GWS has not enjoyed the level ofattention required to improve design, utilization andbecome integrated into the Combat System. To establishthe importance of the gun system in the present as well asthe future, NSWC-Crane Division and NPS began evaluat-ing GWS issues. There are some interesting and valid questions to beanswered while contemplating the current state of gunneryand the evolution of Naval Warfare. What reliability ofammunition components do we need for the fleet to fulfillits mission in gunnery? How many rounds of each typeshould we load into our 5”/54 magazine? How accurate isthe gun? Does the Global Positioning Satellite System(GPS) improve accuracy? Should ships continue to haveguns? What ammunition is required to supportthe marines in expeditionary warfare? How willa longer range for the gun affect the battlespace? Is a solid payload for a 5” projectilerequired? Will guns help keep the budget downand save the more exotic weapons for the moreexotic targets? Can the erosion of knowledge ofgun weapon system operation and tactics bereversed through onboard training? How willthe 5” gun be utilized in network centricwarfare? NPS became involved in support of the fleetand the gun system through the initiative of Mr.Larry Massa, PM413 at NSWC Crane Divisionand Dr. Michael Bailey, Associate Professor ofOperations Research at NPS. The early goals ofthe project were to answer the reliabilityquestions of the Mk 45 Gun System andammunition. Later the goals became moregeneral, improve gunnery. Over the last fewyears NPS has conducted shipboard briefingson Naval Gunfire Support (NGFS) procedures,GWS operation, spotting, and ammunitioncharacteristics. NPS students and faculty

created a number of simulations to provide analyticalevaluation. A data collection effort at the live firing rangeVieques, Puerto Rico, continues to provide informationuseful for training and analysis. Soon a data collectioneffort will start at San Clemente off southern Californiawhich will enable better standardization of operationsamong East Coast and West Coast ships and trainingfacilities. During Fleet Battle Experiment “B” NPS partnered withMETRON in San Diego, the producer of the Navy Simula-tion System (NSS), to evaluate and provide the gun portionof the data for the experiment onboard USS CORONADO.The Institute for Joint Warfare Analysis (IJWA) at NPS andthe Gunworks project continue to support the Fleet BattleExperiments. This year, ship rides have been conductedaboard USS CARON, USS COLE, USS LABOONE, USSSAN JACINTO, USS MONTEREY, and USS ROSSduring Naval Gunfire Qualification and spotting exercises.The many ship visits conducted over the past seven yearshave been the genesis of system improvement initiatives.As an example of improvements, the automation of theestimated initial velocity (IV) calculation was initiated as

The projectile is caught on film as the Arleigh Burke-class destroyerUSS Benfold (DDG 65) fires its five-inch 54-caliber MK45 gun dur-ing routine training operations off the coast of southern California.The MK 45 provides surface combatants with accurate naval gun-fire against fast, highly maneuverable surface targets, air threatsand shore targets. U.S. Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate 2ndClass Felix Garza Jr. [970416-N-4142G-002] April 16, 1997.



CENTERS

the result of discussions and observations during ship visits.Also on the newer class ships, the velocimeter was de-signed into the system so that the system IV estimate isstatistically based on immediate past known data. Otherissues precipitated in this fashion were utilization of GPS,fuze-setting issues resulting in the solution of a multipur-pose fuze, long range accuracy, and the resolution ofillumination failures or “dark stars.” In the performance of this project, NPS has initiated,fostered and maintained relationships with the MarineCorps Combat Development Center, the Naval War Col-lege, N81, N86, SURFLANT, SURFPAC, CNET, NSWCDAHLGREN, AFWTF Puerto Rico, EWTGLANT, andEWTGPAC. The Gunworks Project developed eF, a simulation writtenin MODSIM, for its initial studies. Recent developmentshave used NSS, which is installed in the Secure SystemsTechnology Lab (SSTL). Currently in conjunction withExpeditionary Warfare Training Group Pacific(EWTGPAC), NPS is investigating improvements on theautomated forward observer training system (FOTS). TheFOTS system is installed on an NT server using voicerecognition software to enable the reduction of instructor tostudent ratio significantly. Another benefit of FOTS is that

each spotter trainee is able to get 8 to 12 times more handson training than the previous puff board trainer. GeneralCampaign Analysis Modeling System (GCAMS) is anotherset of tools that is being used for GWS modeling. Future initiatives of Gunworks are to establish a gunsystem web page to provide a connection for the host ofexisting gun web pages and a single source of currentinformation accessible for a ship to download regardinggun issues; construction of a toolbox of scenarios andperformance evaluations to support ongoing analysis offuture ammunition and gun weapons; and updating theaccuracy and effectiveness of Naval Ammunition in thereference manuals. The objectives of the project are several: improve gun-nery in the Navy; promote joint training through theinteraction of students and faculty with Navy operatingunits and other DoD units and agencies; and stimulate ideasand discussion about the employment of the GWS withemerging land attack technologies, littoral warfare, andnetwork centric warfare.�

Anyone interested in participating in the work orgetting further information on this project shouldcontact Alex Callahan at 408-656-2221, John Bowden at408-656-2938 or Gordon Schacher at 408-656-1104.

GUNWORKS, continued from page 14

CENTER FOR SHORE INSTALLATIONMANAGEMENT PROPOSED AT NPS

A Memorandum of Understanding between the NavalPostgraduate School and the Shore Installation Manage-ment (SIM) Division of the Office of the Chief of NavalOperations has been proposed to establish a Center forShore Installation Management (C-SIM) at NPS. Theoverall objective for establishing C-SIM is to provide adirect relationship between the Director, Shore InstallationManagement (N46), and NPS in order to provide opportu-nities for the professional development of both faculty andstudents in the SIM Program at NPS, and to conductresearch in areas of shore installation management.Specific research objectives will be to focus on topics ofimmediate concern to the Director, SIM, and performresearch on future evaluations in installation management. C-SIM is an outgrowth of the Installation ManagementProgram developed by the Department of Systems Man-agement at NPS to prepare officers for the managerialchallenges associated with operating a military installation.The program is designed for military officers, i.e. executiveofficers, operations officers, supply officers, or public

works officers, whose future duty assignments will requirethat they be skilled managers; be critical analysts of organi-zational systems, groups, and individuals; knowledgeable ofthe increasingly complex managerial environment associatedwith installations; and skilled communicators in the publicenvironment. The program prepares officers to meet theseresponsibilities through graduate management educationbased on current and accepted theory and research, andtaught by faculty who are knowledgeable of Department ofDefense policy, structure, and effective practices.��

CAPT Howard Norman Kay, USN, wrote an article forthe Proceedings, published by the U.S. Naval Institute inDecember 1977, titled, “Managing the Shore Establish-ment.” In the article he stated, “The presumption seemsto be that the four-striper who has excelled during acommand at sea is thereby capable of commanding oneof the Navy’s sprawling bases or stations. But the fact isthat successful management of a diversified shoreestablishment bears little, if any, similarity to command-ing a surface ship, submarine or air wing at sea.”


RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH“MOVES” NEW CURRICULUM

The Naval Postgraduate School’s virtual environment (VE)research and education efforts were initiated by a group inthe Department of Computer Science called the NPSNETResearch Group. For the past decade, the NPSNETResearch Group has focused on human-computerinteraction and software technology for developing andimplementing large-scale virtual environments (LSVEs).Their research has been applied to constructing VEs forDoD. Virtual environments are being used more and more fortraining efforts. The environments are becoming morecomplex as the demand grows for this platform as a meansof enacting real-world engagement scenarios. The “virtualworld” is dependent upon the researchers of today—ongroups such as the NPSNET Research Group. Many oftoday’s researchers were educated in traditional programssuch as computer science, electrical and computerengineering, or human factors. The question is, “Will theseprograms meet the virtual world’s requirements fortomorrow?” Several reports, including the National ResearchCouncil’s, Virtual Reality: Scientific and TechnologicalChallenges,1 and the more recent, Modeling and Simula-tion: Linking Entertainment and Defense,2 have discussed

the need for programs that focus more closely on the issuesof how the software and content for networked environ-ments are developed. Both reports point out that the moreeffective VE developer will not be just a computer scientist,electrical engineer, or human factors specialist, but rather ascientist who sits between, whose education integrates theprecise parts for developing a virtual environment. The NPSNET Research Group has been instrumentallyinvolved in the formation of a new degree program beingoffered at NPS to meet the VE needs for tomorrow. TheModeling, Virtual Environments, and Simulation DegreeProgram, MOVES, aims to provide students with a basiccomputer science background coupled with operationsanalysis and mathematics. This in itself is not enough toeducate VE developers. Their education must also entailthe study of human-computer interaction technology useand evaluation as applied to VEs. To meet these objectives,the MOVES curriculum offers two tracks: a visualsimulation track that focuses on technology developmentfor the VE and a human-computer interaction track thatfocuses on technology use and human performanceevaluation for VEs. The Navy has created a subspecialty that requires theMOVES degree and plans to send ten students per year.The U.S. Army has also created a subspecialty formodeling and simulation and will send five officers peryear to the program.

As with most graduate curricula at NPS,all MOVES students must successfullycomplete a thesis to graduate. Thesistopics are quite often selected from thesponsored projects of NPS faculty. Thesistopics available to the MOVES studentsand other Computer Science studentsworking with the NPSNET ResearchGroup include: the design of LSVEnetwork software architectures, web-basedinteroperability, cross-platform VE toolkits,3D VE construction, inertial motiontracking, locomotion devices, humanmodeling in the VE, uses of spatial sound,wayfinding in the VE, architectures forcomputer-generated VE characters, andDoD applications of VE technology. CPT Stewart Liles, USA, is workingwith Professor Michael Zyda, Department

A student works at the Wide Field-of-View Helicopter Navigation Trainer. -- continued on page 17


RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

of Computer Science and Director of the NPSNETResearch Group, on a cross-platform VE toolkit calledBamboo. Bamboo, an extensible framework for buildingnetworked VEs that collects the core mechanisms commonto networked environments, is being developed to meet therequirement for a low-cost, general-purpose, cross-platform, high-level toolkit that provides a well-designedframework facilitating VE application research anddevelopment. Consistency in networked VEs is a major area of concernas models become more complex with an increasingnumber of entities and networks covering a widergeographic area. Most work in this area has concentratedon the consistency of each entity in a VE. CPT Liles andProfessor Zyda are focussing instead on the models thatsimulate those entities. To show that consistency can beachieved without using client-server models that track eachentity, the thesis research aims to ensure that eachsimulation host has the same algorithms to model each typeof entity. Bamboo is being used to dynamically load andunload program modules during the runtime. Networkcommunication is accomplished using the DefenseModeling and Simulations Office’s High Level Architec-ture. Several students are working on theses related tonavigation in large-scale VEs. Working with AssistantProfessor Rudy Darken, CPT Simon Goerger, USA,completed a study comparing performance on a sportorienteering task between individuals who were trainedusing only maps, a VE with the maps, or the real environ-ment with the maps. Two experienced helicopter pilots,LCDR Joe Sullivan, USN, and Capt Tim McClean,USMC, investigated this same problem in terms of low-altitude air navigation. They are currently working with ahelicopter squadron at the Naval Air Station North Island inSan Diego, California, to construct and evaluate a trainingsystem to help student pilots learn to visualize terrain fromcontour maps. An interesting spin-off of the navigation in large-scaleVEs has been an investigation of techniques for construct-ing high-fidelity geometric models of real environments forNavy simulation and trainers. A significant amount ofdetail might be required in a VE to achieve the desiredeffect, whether a specific level of performance, transfer orgraining, or simply an immersion into the simulated space.Captains McLean and Goerger and LCDR Sullivan,working with Professor Darken, are measuring the effects

that drive the requirements of how detailed a model mustbe. They are investigating methods for constructing bothmanmade (building interiors) and natural environments. A fundamental part of navigation is locomotion, or themechanism used to get from here to there. A mechanismbuilt for this purpose, the Omni-Directional Treadmill(ODT), was at NPS for integration with NPSNET-IV andprovided the opportunity for William Cockayne, a DoDcivilian, to conduct a study that uncovered a method forevaluating devices and techniques based on their adherenceto human abilities. LT Steve Norris, USN, is working with ProfessorDarken to develop a cognitive model of ship handling tasksfor a larger project for the Surface Warfare Officer School(SWOS) at Newport, Rhode Island. A real-time simulationof an LPD-17 and amphibious vehicle constructed by aprevious student, LT Didier LeGoff , USN, is being usedalong with other surface-ship simulators to model the taskto develop a training system using simulations that addressthe primary training needs at the necessary fidelity level.�

MOVES, continued from page 16

Computer simulation of the inside of the LPD-17 withan amphibious vehicle

1 Committee on Virtual Reality Research and Development, National Research

Council, Virtual Reality: Scientific and Technological Challenges, N. Durlachand A. Mavor, eds., National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington, DC, 1995.2 Modeling and Simulation: Linking Entertainment and Defense, M. Zyda and J.

Sheehan, eds., National Academy Press, Washington, DC, September 1997.


The National Oceanographic Partner-ship Program (NOPP) was initiatedwith the signing of the Fiscal year1997 Defense Authorization byPresident Clinton. The primaryobjectives of NOPP are to promote thenational goals of assuring nationalsecurity, advancing economic develop-ment, protecting quality of life, andstrengthening science education andcommunication through improvedknowledge of the oceans. For FY98,approximately $10M is available fornew NOPP research efforts. TheNational Ocean Research Council(NORLC), chaired by the Secretary ofthe Navy and the Administrator of theNational Oceanographic and Atmo-spheric Administration (NOAA),grants final approval of proposalssubmitted to NOPP. Seventy-two (72) proposals weresubmitted for FY98 NOPP consider-ation nationally with only 12 success-ful awards. NPS oceanographers areinvolved in two. Associate ProfessorJeffrey Paduan, Department ofOceanography, in partnership with ateam comprised of NPS, the NavalResearch Laboratory, the University ofMichigan, the California State Univer-sity Monterey Bay, the University ofSouthern Mississippi, the MontereyBay Aquarium Research Institute,HOBI Labs of Watsonville, California,

and Codar Ocean Sensors, Ltd. of PaloAlto, California, was awarded a NOPPgrant to develop, “An InnovativeCoastal-Ocean Observing Network(ICON).” The project will build onthe existing network of oceanographicinstrumentation around Monterey Bay,including High Frequency radars,moored instruments, and the NPSOcean Acoustics Observatory at PointSur. To this data mix will be broughtnumerical modeling and ocean opticsexpertise. Funding at the level of $2.4M overtwo years will allow the implementa-tion of a coastal ocean forecast modelthat assimilates a unique complementof real-time data. Once in place, this“natural laboratory” built usingresources and expertise from aroundMonterey Bay, will be useful to otherocean scientists modeling primaryproductivity, chemical dispersal, andfisheries ecology, as well as opera-tional Naval commands seeking to testnew-generation sensors and modelsdeveloped for the littoral environment. Scientific investigators at NPSinvolved with the project along withProfessor Paduan include ResearchAssociate Professor Leslie Rosenfeld,Research Professor Steve Ramp,Professor Ching-Sang Chiu, Profes-sor Curt Collins , and ResearchAssociate Professor Newell Garfield.

Professors Collins and Chiu are alsoparticipating in a successful NOPPproposal with partners from ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography, theApplied Physics Laboratory of theUniversity of Washington, andNOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmen-tal Laboratory. This partnershipproposal, “Ocean Acoustic Observa-tory Federation,” was submittedthrough Scripps as lead and is fundedat $4.2M for two years. The partner-ship aims to convert the disbandedNavy underwater acoustic surveillancesystems in the North Pacific intomarine research tools. The scientificstudies planned include earthquakeand volcano seismicity, marinemammal behavior, and eastern bound-ary ocean circulation, the latter beingNPS’ component in this ocean partner-ship. Both successful NOPP proposals useand leverage on the existing capabili-ties and expertise of the NPS OceanAcoustic Observatory (OAO) whichoperates a former SOSUS array forundersea research at Point Sur. TheOAO, developed and maintained bythe NPS Coastal Ocean AcousticCenter (COACt), owes it success tothe students, technical staff and formerNPS military instructor, LCDR JoshRovero. Professor Ching-Sang Chiuis the director of COACt. (See storyon COACt on page 13.)�

NPS OCEANOGRAPHERS AWARDED NOPP GRANTS

MONTEREY BAY CRESCENT OCEANRESEARCH CONSORTIUM (MBCORC)

Many institutions with responsibilities for graduateor professional education, research or operationalprograms related to air-ocean science, engineering,or policy rim Monterey Bay. A Memorandum ofUnderstanding was signed on 20 May 1998 estab-

lishing the Monterey Bay Crescent Ocean ResearchConsortium (MBCORC). MBCORC was proposedand established in order to provide a frameworkand mechanism for cooperative and collaborativeactivities of mutual interest in education, research,and operational ocean-related activities. The name“Monterey Bay Crescent” captures the spatial and


PROJECT NOTES


THE ABSOLUTE WEAPON REVISITEDAssociate Professor James WirtzDepartment of National Security Affairs

A project launched in 1995 has culminated in an editedvolume published by the University of Michigan. Thevolume, The Absolute Weapon Revisited: Nuclear Armsand the Emerging International Order, evaluates the roleof nuclear weapons in international politics following theend of the Cold War. Wirtz, along with co-editors T.V.Paul of McGill University and Richard Harknett of theUniversity of Cincinnati, assembled an internationalgroup of scholars to conduct this far reaching assessmentwhich follows in the footsteps of Bernard Brodie’sseminal work, The Absolute Weapon (1946). The volumeexplores traditional nuclear weapons issues: the relation-ship between nuclear deterrence and international stabil-ity; arms control; the optimal size of nuclear arsenals; andthe perils and potential benefits of nuclear proliferation.The volume also addresses issues—nuclear terrorism andthe relationship between nuclear weapons and the Revo-lution in Military Affairs—that are now emerging on thestrategic horizon. This multi-year project represents ahighly successful effort to combine scholarly and policymaking agendas. The project also benefited not onlyfrom joint, but international sponsorship. The NavyInternational Program Office, the U.S. Air Force Instituteof National Security Studies, the Canadian Departmentsof Foreign Affairs and National Defense, McGill Univer-sity, the University of Montreal and the Charles PhelpsTaft Memorial Fund all supported the project.�

HIGH FREQUENCY (HF) RADARS FORCOASTAL OCEANOGRAPHYAssociate Professor Jeffrey PaduanDepartment of Oceanography

A special volume of Oceanography, published 3-4 times ayear by the Oceanography Society, was dedicated to the useof HF radars in coastal oceanography. The volume, spon-sored by the Office of Naval Research and the U.S. ArmyEngineer Waterways Experiment Station, and co-edited byJeff Paduan and Dr. Hans C. Graber of the University ofMiami, introduces this new coastal ocean technology to awide audience within the oceanographic community. Thevolume contains 16 articles describing the history, theoryand successful uses of HF radar in oceanography. HF radaris a noninvasive measurement tool that can acquire vectorsurface current, wave, and wind information, and is capableof providing wide-area measurements that are difficult orimpossible to make any other way. HF radar measurements are of increasing interest to theNavy in its tactical decision making. Naval operations inthe littoral zone encounter numerous challenges in minecountermeasures and during amphibious landings. Im-proved knowledge of the local sea state is crucial for thedetection and defense of surface-skimming missiles. TheArmy’s interest is twofold. Militarily, logistics over theshore (LOTS) are critical to disembarkation of equipmentand the temporary maintenance of harbors. The Army’scivilian interest is centered around the Corps of Engineers’responsibility for the health and maintenance of our shore-l ines.�

ALPHA-CONTRACTINGAssistant Professor Mark NissenDepartment of Systems Management

An acquisition reform technique called “alphacontracting” extends the integrated product team(IPT) concept into the contracting process andcan produce quantum improvement in terms ofacquisition lead time, contracting cost andquality of contractual documentation. This

project, sponsored by the Naval Air WarfareCenter Weapons Division (PMA-201), focusedspecifically on the innovative alpha-contractingtechniques employed on the Joint Stand OffWeapon (JSOW) Program. Results from the field research project havebeen developed into an instructional case nowused in graduate course work at NPS and beingconsidered for instructional use elsewhere.�

PROJECT NOTES


PROJECT NOTES

PANSAT HEADS FOR LAUNCHProfessor Rudy Panholzer, Principal Investigator andProject Manager, Dan Sakoda, Jim Horning, RonPhelps and David Rigmaiden, Project Engineers, andGlenn Harrell, Model Maker,Space Systems Academic Group

The Petite Amateur Navy Satellite (PANSAT) left NPS inearly May bound for the NASA Goddard Space FlightCenter (GSFC) and successfully underwent functional andenvironmental testing in preparation for integration withthe International Extreme-ultraviolet Hitchhiker-3 (IEH-3)payload. The IEH-3 payload is a suite of six experimentsthat will fly aboard Discovery on the STS-95 Shuttlemission. The launch, scheduled for October 29, 1998, willplace PANSAT in a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with an altitudeof 300 nautical miles (345 mi. or 555 km) and an inclina-tion of at least 28.45 degrees. The 125 pound spacecraft was designed, built, and testedat NPS by students, faculty, and staff. The project marriesthe research goals of a proof-of-concept communicationssystem and the educational goals of training officers skilledin the highly interdisciplinary fields of space systems

engineering and space systems operations. Numeroustheses have been published to develop this system that willsupply store-and-forward, direct-sequence, spread-spectrum communication employing a small satellite. Theoperating center frequency is at 436.5 MHz with atransmission rate of 9,842 bits per second, and spread toabout 2.5 MHz of bandwidth. NPS and amateur radioground stations will be able to utilize PANSAT for store-and-forward communications. The spacecraft will also beused at NPS for various communications and spacecraftlaboratory classes. Direct-sequence, spread-spectrum modulation is atechnique that spreads a conventional narrow band signalby mixing it with a bit stream. The result is a dilution ofthe signal energy with respect to bandwidth. The spread-spectrum signal has the same energy per bit as the narrowband signal, but the power density at any one frequency issignificantly lower. The signal can be spread to such apoint that it is entirely below the noise level of a conven-tional receiver, making it difficult to detect or intercept.The spread spectrum receiver uses the same bit stream as akey for acquisition, tracking, and decoding of the spreadsignal. In the demodulation process, conventional (narrow

band) signals aresuppressed, making itresistant to interfer-ence and difficult tojam. The spacecraft ismade up by theelectrical powersubsystem (EPS),digital controlsubsystem (DCS), thecommunicationspayload, and themechanical structure.The spacecraft hasnine megabytes ofstorage for telemetrydata and usermessages. Solarpanels cover thespacecraft for energyconversion while two

“PANSAT” with the SSAG crew before shipping (from left to right, David Rigmaiden,Glenn Harrell, Jim Horning, Rudy Panholzer, Dan Sakoda, and Ron Phelps). -- continued on page 21


PROJECT NOTES

PANSAT, continued from page19

PANSAT has provided studentswith the opportunity to gainpractical education in SpaceSystems Engineering andOperations by way of theses,class projects, and directed studycourses. Topics included areassuch as mission operations,astrodynamics, mechanical andelectronic subsystem design,system integration, and environ-mental testing. Over fifty thesesby the students listed below arepart of PANSAT’s legacy.

LT David Alldridge, USNLT John Ashe, USNJens Bartschat (German Military Exchange Student)LT Steve Bible, USNLT Arnold Brown, USNLT Thomas Calvert, USNRLT Daniel Cuff, USNR

Nick Davinic (DoD Civ)LT David Dawson, USNLT Peter A. Eagle, USNCAPT Daniel Ellrick, USMCLT Michael P. Finnegan, USNLT Traci Ford, USNLT Thomas Fritz, USNLT Brian Gannon, USNOlaf Gericke (German Military Exchange Student)LT Russel Gottfried, USNLT Gregory Hand, USNMichael Hengst (German Military Exchange Student)LT James Hiser, USNJames A. Horning (DoD Civ)LT Robert Housee, USNRMAJ Stephen Huneke, USALT George Hunter, USA1LT Ercument Karapinar, Turkish ArmyLT Carl Lahti, USNLT Gregory Lawrence, USNLCDR David Leu, USN

LCDR Terrence Murray, USNLT Troy Nichols, USNLCDR Michael Noble, USNLT Stephanie O’Neal, USNLT Craig Oechsel, USNLCDR Paul Overstreet, USNLCDR Stephen Paluszek, USNLCDR Sheila Patterson, USNCPT Robert Payne, USALT Lanny Rasnick, USNLCDR Markham Rich, USNCAPT Robert Rowsey, USMCDaniel Sakoda (DoD Civ)LT Fred Severson, USNLT Irma Sityar, USNLCDR Gary Smilowitz, USNLT Travis Smith, USNLT Jeffrey Stewart, USNFrank Strewinsky (German Military Exchange Student)LT Steve Tackett, USNCPT Stephen Tobin, USALT Eric Victor, USNLT David Weiding, USN

Vice Admiral Lyle Bien,Deputy Commander-in-Chief and Chief of Staff ofthe US Space Command,checked out PANSAT’sprogress during a recentvisit. Pictured with VADMBien are (from left to right)Rudy Panholzer, RonPhelps, “Griz” Baldwin andDan Sakoda.

nickel-cadmium batteriesprovide energy storage foroperation while in eclipse.�


CONFERENCE

TECHNOLOGY AND THE MINE PROBLEM

The Third Symposium on Technology and the MineProblem was held 5-9 April 1998 at the Naval PostgraduateSchool. Six government sponsors and nineteen corporatesponsors/exhibitors made the event possible. About 400people were in attendance including representatives fromAustralia, Belgium, Cambodia, Canada, Croatia, England,France, Germany, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, andSingapore. LT GEN James Jones, Senior Military Assistant to theSecretary of Defense, addressed the Wednesday eveningbanquet about the efforts in the Office of the Secretary ofDefense to fully support mine warfare. These efforts aremore fully described in letters written by the Secretary ofDefense to the Secretary of the Navy. Fred Saalfeld, Deputy Chief of Naval Research, spoke ofhow we must transition from the needs of the war fightertoday through the new systems we acquire tomorrow tomake full use of science and technological developmentsfor the military after next. As noted elsewhere by LarryLynn of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA), “the mine problem is critical and needs newtechnologies and techniques.” MGEN Edward Hanlon, USMC, Director, ExpeditionaryWarfare, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, spoke ofN85’s areas of responsibility and the potential impact oftechnology. He reminded the audience of the high cost(many M$) of the damage that a few thousand dollar seamine has caused in recent conflicts. What if an aircraftcarrier were hit by a mine? He also noted the dramaticdifference between the MH-53 and the H-60: the fuel forthe one weighs as much as the other. Thus, for organicmine countermeasures (MCM) to become a reality, adramatic shrinkage of sensors and equipment may beneeded. LT GEN John Rhodes, USMC, Commanding General ofthe Marine Corps Combat Development Center, gave anoutstanding presentation focusing on the need to elevateMCM and spend sufficient funds on an annual basis toacquire the right systems. He noted that mines are in fact ashow-stopper, not a speed bump, and we need to dedicatemore than a lot of talk to solve the problem. A recent GAO report was quoted from, which reinforcedthe need for deployed systems. LT GEN Rhodes noted thatwe need our hearts, minds, and dollars committed to MCM.He went on to comment that we needed to better focus on

mine warfare in exercises—if we don’t play it for real foronce (and regularly), then we will never understand theimpact of mines in a real conflict. MG John Caldwell, USA, Assistant Chief of StaffRD&A, U.S. Army Materiel Command, discussed the JointCountermine Advanced Concept Demonstration—the valueadded and the potential payoffs. The systems whichparticipated in Demo I were mentioned--ORSMC(Off-Route Smart Mine Clearance-Army), CIMMD(Close-In Man-portable Mine Detector-Army), ASTAMIDS(Airborne Standoff Minefield Detection System-Army),COBRA (Coastal Battlefield Reconnaissance and Analysis-USMC), PB Power Blade (Congressionally directed),JAMC (Joint Amphibious Mine Countermeasures-MarineCorps), ENATD (Explosive Neutralization AdvancedTechnology Demonstration-Navy), MLA (Magic LanternAdaptation-Navy), LRS (Littoral Remote Sensing-Navy)--as well as specific system payoffs in C4I, airbornereconnaissance, and simulation. Demo II will take place6-19 June 1998 as part of a NATO Naval exercise. MG Roy Beauchamp, USA, Commanding General of theTank-Automotive and Armaments Command, focused oncountermine challenges and the need for a seamless sea toland countermine process. He noted, “the solution is withinour reach, but not within our grasp.” The Joint UXOCenter of Excellence was explained with its focus oncountermine, humanitarian demining, EOD, range clear-ance, and environmental remediation. MGBeauchamp noted that there are 750 mine types worldwidewith 2500 mine and fuse combinations. RADM Paul Tobin, Oceanographer of the Navy, notedthat the top four priorities of the Navy include mine war-fare! RADM Burnham McCaffree, USN (Ret.) commentedthat the USN currently has only 5000 moored and 11,500bottom mines in the inventory! MG Joseph Garrett, USA, spoke about the U.S.Demining 2010 initiative. The idea is to accelerate interna-tional efforts to end or reduce casualties from land minesby 2010. MAJ Colin King, British Army (ret.) spoke of the manyinternational efforts in humanitarian demining that shouldbe devoted to returning land to the civilian population andreducing or eliminating casualties from land mines andUXO. He noted that although many still don’t understandthe fundamental problems of demining, the S&T world andthe deminers are beginning to work together. The main



SHORT COURSES

SHORT COURSE OFFERED TO SWEDES

The Naval Postgraduate School’s Center for Joint ServicesElectronic Warfare conducted a three-week workshop toofficers from the Swedish National Defence College on“Warfare Technology for 2010.” Organized by AssociateProfessor Phillip Pace of the Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering, the course was well received bythe 25 officers attending. Sessions presented by NPSfaculty during the course included Tactical Operations,Operational Analysis of Weapons Systems, UnmannedAerial Vehicles, Weapons Effects, Advanced SignalConversion Techniques for Reconnaissance and ElectronicWarfare Receivers, Low Observables and MicrowaveWeapons, War Gaming, Systems Engineering, Ship SelfDefense and Missile Technology, Sensor Fusion Technol-ogy, Advanced C2 Communications, and new technologiesin Asynchronous Transfer Mode. The course also includedfield trips to the Electromagnetic Systems Division of TRWand Condor in the Silicon Valley. LTC Effe Ostman,Course Director in Military Technology from the SwedishNational Defence College, stated, “...the quality of teachingand research at this university [NPS] is second to none. Itis the best technical university in the world!” The successof the three-week course has made it an integral part of the2-year curriculum at the Swedish National DefenceCollege, and opened discussion about other collaborativeefforts including professor exchanges, joint researchprojects, and additional students forNPS’ degree granting programs.The next course is scheduled forearly next year.�

TECHNOLOGY REVIEW AND UPDATE

The 1998 Technology Review and Update for TechnicalPersonnel Short Course was attended by over 80 represen-tatives from government and industry. The five-day course,organized by Professor Rudolf Panholzer, Dean of Scienceand Engineering and Chair of the Space Systems AcademicGroup, covered several areas of interest to DoD and alsoprovided participants with a tour of selected NPS researchlabs. Vicente Garcia, Cryptologic Chair at NPS, openedthe week with an overview of Cryptology, Present andFuture. LCDR Steve Iatrou, an instructor in theInformation Warfare Academic Group, followed with apresentation on Information Warfare. Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems were explained by Professor RichardM. White of UC-Berkeley. James Lenz of Honeywell, Inc.,covered Optical Sensing Technology. Computers andNetworks were discussed by NPS Computer Sciencefaculty, Professors Debra Hensgen, Taylor Kidd ,Geoffrey Xie, and Cynthia Irvine . Dr. James Stuart, aprivate consultant, spoke on Satellite Communications andTrends. Peter Alfke, Director of Application Engineering,Xilinx, Inc., addressed Integrated Circuits. The weekended with Dr. Hamid Berenji, President and CEO ofIntelligent Inference Systems Corporation, on the topic ofComputer Intelligence. Feedback from participants wasexcellent and future courses will continue to respond to thechanges rapidly occurring in technology today.�

Students from the NationalDefense College with their NPSinstructors following the “WarfareTechnology for 2010” short courseconducted at the School.


AIRCRAFT COMBAT SURVIVABILITY SHORTCOURSE

Distinguished Professor Robert E. Ball of the Departmentof Aeronautics and Astronautics organized and taught aweek long short course titled, “Aircraft Combat Survivabil-ity,” 27 April-1 May 1998. The short course was firstpresented at NAVAIR in 1978 and at NPS in 1979. Sincethen, Dr. Ball has taught the course 14 times at NPS,NAVAIR and NAWC-Weapons Division with over 1300students attending. The 95 attendees included representatives from themilitary services and industry, as well as DoD civilians.The first four days contained the essential ingredients forthe study of the combat survivability of fixed-wing aircraft,rotary-wing aircraft, and guided missiles in a man-made,nonnuclear hostile environment. Major topics presentedincluded: an introduction to the fundamentals of thediscipline; the Tri-Service survivability organizations andthe survivability programs for several aircraft; the Live Fireand Joint Live Fire Test programs; the threats and theireffects; combat data; an overview of the assessmentmethodology; aircraft signatures; threat system detection

and tracking capabilities; electronic warfare; vulnerabilityand susceptibility; electronic warfare; vulnerability andsusceptibility reduction and aircraft battle damage repair.Along with Professor Ball, other experts who taught thesetopics were: Mr. James O’Bryon, Office of the Secretary ofDefense; Mr. Leo Budd, Mr. Hardy Tyson, and Mr. Charles E.Frankenberger, III, NAWC-Weapons Division; Mr. Martin L.Lentz and Mr. Donald W. Voyls, Air Force Research Lab: Mr.Kevin Crosthwaite, SURVIAC Director; Mr. Hugh Griffis,USAF Aeronautical Systems Center; Mr. Raymond R. Flores,JTCG/AS Central Office; Lt Col Phil Meteer, Air ForceMission Planning Systems, USAF Electronic Systems Center;Mr. Larry D. Johnston, SFAE-AV-AEC; Mr. Ken Goff, CDRDavid Dunaway, and Mr. Carl Wolf, NAWC-AircraftDivision; CAPT Dale Milton, NAVAIR; and Mr. Gene A.Birrocco, USA Aviation and Troop Command. The fifth day was devoted to a detailed presentation of themethodology and the computer programs currently used forvulnerability, susceptibility, and survivability assessment.These presentations were given by Mr. David Hall, ChiefAnalyst, Survivability and Lethality Division, NAWC-Weapons Division, and Chair of the JTCG/AS SurvivabilityMethodology Subgroup.�

SHORT COURSES

Distinguished Professor Robert E. Ball (left) with participants attending the Aircraft Combat Survivability ShortCourse held at the Naval Postgraduate School in May.


CHAIR PROFESSORSHIP IN PUBLICMANAGEMENT ESTABLISHED

A Memorandum of Understanding was recently enteredinto with the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Commandto establish the Admiral George F. A. Wagner Chair inPublic Management. The objective in establishing theChair Professorship is to further develop and enhance therelationship between NPS and SPAWAR in the areas ofpublic management. The Chair will provide research,analytical and other services devoted to resolving publicmanagement issues, including financial managementissues, of importance to SPAWAR, the Navy, DoD, and thepublic management community. The first chair incumbent, Lawrence R. Jones, willassume his duties on 1 October 1998. A tenured professorin the Department of Systems Management, ProfessorJones teaches and conducts research on public financialmanagement and public management issues. His under-graduate degree in political science was earned fromStanford University, followed by a master of arts in publicpolicy and Ph.D. in public budgeting and finance from theUniversity of California, Berkeley. Professor Jones is theauthor or co-author of more than seventy journal articles ontopics including management and budget control, publicfinancial management, government retrenchment andregulatory policy. He has published seven books, the mostrecent in 1997 titled, International Perspectives on the NewPublic Management. In 1995, he and co-author FredThomas received an award for best defense publication ofthe year from the American Society for Military Comptrol-lers for their book, Reinventing the Pentagon. ProfessorJones’ research has been supported by the Comptroller ofthe Navy, Commander, Naval Air Pacific Command, theNaval Sea Systems Command, and the Office of theComptroller, Secretary of Defense. The Chair honors the career accomplishments of RADMGeorge F. A. Wagner who served as the Commander of theSpace and Naval Warfare Command from 1995 until hisrecent retirement in April. As COMSPAWARSYSCOM,RADM Wagner directed the development, acquisition andlife cycle management of command, control, communica-tions, computers, intelligence surveillance and reconnais-sance (C4ISR) systems for the United States Navy andUnited States Marine Corps, and selected joint serviceprograms. Prior to assuming command of SPAWAR,RADM Wagner served as the Program Executive Officer of

Professor Lawrence Jones (standing) was awarded theAaron Wildavsky Book Award this year from thePolicy Studies Organization for authoring one of thebest books in the field of public policy and manage-ment in the past 20 years. The award was given forthe book, Mission Financing to Realign NationalDefense (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1992), which wascoauthored with LtCol Glenn C. Bixler, USMC, whenBixler was a student at NPS. The book is currentlyused as a text at NPS and other universities.

the Cruise Missile Projects and Unmanned Aerial VehiclesJoint Program; Director of Force Engineering at SPAWAR;Director of Material Professional Personnel Policy for theDeputy Chief of Naval Personnel (Manpower, Personneland Training); Deputy Chief of Naval Research; ProgramManager of the TOMAHAWK Cruise Missile Program,Assistant Technical Director of the Computer Aided ShipDesign and Construction Projects at the Naval Ship Engi-neering Center; Assistant for Fleet Introduction on the staffof the Deputy Commander for Surface Combatant Ships,Naval Sea Systems Command; and as an instructor at theSenior Officer Ship Material Readiness Course. Seaassignments included command of the USS JOHNRODGERS (DD983), First Executive Officer of the USSSPRUANCE (DD 963), Engineer Officer on the USSBELKNAP (CG26), Commander, Cruiser Destroyer Force,U.S. Atlantic Fleet, and Operations Officer and DamageControl Assistant on the USS RADFORD (DD446). In1997, RADM Wagner assumed the honorary title of theNavy’s “Old Salt” as the most senior Surface WarfareOfficer on continuous duty.�

RESEARCH CHAIR


SPAWAR SYSTEMS CENTER-SAN DIEGOSTUDENT FELLOWSHIPS AWARDED

Four NPS students were awarded Student Fellowship Awards bythe Space and Naval Warfare Systems Centers-San Diego (SSC-SD). The Fellowship provides a $10,000 stipend for the studentto assist in their thesis research and to provide travel for two on-site visits to SSC-SD. LT Cynthia M. Fulmer , USN, will be working with VicenteGarcia, Cryptology Chair at NPS, and LT Melody Kragh, SSC-SD Communication and Information Systems Department, andMr Robert Matthews, SSC-SD Intelligence Office. The ultimategoal of LT Fulmer’s research is to present the Fleet with criticalinformation on Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). Themain issue of WLANs is its vulnerability. Her research willfocus on connectivity, security and integration. A WLAN willbe built at NPS and placed in the Computer Network AttackLaboratory providing students with an instructional tool forunderstanding WLANs and their security issues. Lt Col John Gibson, USAF, working with Vicente Garcia andMike Harrison, of the SSC-SD Communication and InformationSystems Department, will provide an assessment of selectedpotential areas of vulnerability resulting from the current trendin the commercial sector to integrated voice, data, and videonetworks and the corresponding trend in the DoD under the C4Ifor the Warrior vision. Specific areas to be addressed includethe impact on signals intelligence capabilities of integratingmultiple media products over a single network, the maturationand fielding of the Asynchronous Transfer Method (ATM)protocol, and the need to develop collection techniques andprocedures, due to this protocol migration, to assure criticaldecision makers are provided with timely information. The goalof this effort is to establish an ATM simulation in the ComputerNetwork Attack Laboratory. Capt Darin Powers, USMC, will be working with ProfessorDan Boger, Dean of Computer Information Sciences andOperations, and Dr. Roy Axford of the SSC-SD Communica-tions and Information Systems Department, on a template toevaluate wideband satellite communication systems for Navalapplications. Given the dispersed nature of the future battle-field, it is clearly evident that an integrated and robust commu-nication architecture that meets the goals set forth in 21stcentury vision documents, such as Joint Vision 2010 and theNavy’s Operational Maneuver from the Sea, will rely on space-based communications (SATCOM). Furthermore, widebandSATCOM assets will be critical contributors to any DoD

NSAP FUNDS STUDENT THESISRESEARCH

The Office of Naval Research’s Navy Science Assis-tance Program (NSAP) supports areas of researchspecifically aimed at real-time problems of the opera-tional Navy. Two students were recently awardedNSAP funding to support their thesis research. LCDR James R. Townsend, USN, will be workingon a problem identified by the Commander, Subma-rine Force Pacific (COMSUBPAC). The drawdown ofsubmarine forces continues to restrict the ability ofCOMSUBPAC to meet the competing goals of for-ward presence, battle group support, required mainte-nance, and quality of life for submarine crews. Effi-cient scheduling of all operations and maintenanceperiods is necessary to ensure that critical missions aresupported while fulfilling as many lower priorityrequirements as possible. A long-range (>1 month)optimization based decision support tool should bedeveloped that will be useful to COMSUBPAC today,and can be extended or modified as necessary fortomorrow. LCDR Townsend’s thesis will expressCOMSUBPAC’s problem as a mixed integer-program-ming model that can be defined and prototypicallyimplemented in GAMS algebraic modeling system.The program should be capable of interacting withother scheduling systems such as VIPER, developedby SAIC and currently undergoing acceptance testing. The design, construction and demonstration of aprototype nonlethal weapon is the goal for Maj FranzGayl, USMC. The military, especially the U.S.Marine Corps, is engaged in Military OperationsOther than War (MOOTW). In these situations,nonlethal weapons (NLW) capability is essential tocomplete missions with a minimum potential forcasualties. The prototype acoustic weapon proposedby Maj Gayl will attempt to overcome known acousticweapons limitations by combining a completelyintegrated combined arms NLW design which includesa light source of weapons intensity with the combinedNLW being modularly adaptable to an operator’sfirearm. The purpose of such a design is to enable theoperator to rapidly transition between levels ofweapons effects.�

STUDENT RESEARCH



STUDENT RESEARCH

FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE OF SINGLE EVENTUPSETS IN GALLIUM ARSENIDE METAL SEMI-CONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORSMaj James E. Devers, USMCAdvisor: Assistant Professor Todd WeatherfordDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Single event upsets (SEUs) are the result of radiation particlespassing through transistors in integrated circuits, introducingerrors in logic and memory circuits. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MESFETS) aredesirable for future space systems due to their higher speeds ofoperation; however, they are also more prone to errors fromsingle event upsets. In addition, it has been noted that the rateat which errors occur increases more than linearly with theoperating frequency of the devices. The goal of this research was to explore the temporal aspectsof SEUs in GaAs MESFETs to determine the causes of vibra-tion in upset rates with frequency. By performing two-dimen-sional simulations of inverter circuits, the fundamental buildingblocks of digital logic circuits, a more accurate simulation ofSEUs was possible, providing greater insight into the mecha-nisms involved with SEUs in MESFET devices. This thesis develops doping profiles necessary to matchcurrent device characteristics for both conventional devices andradiation tolerant devices with Low Temperature grown GaAs(LT GaAs). Techniques were developed to incorporate multipledevices in 2-D simulations to more accurately replicate circuitresponses. Finally, it was shown that, as the operating fre-quency of the circuit increases, the susceptibility to upsetincreases at an even faster rate.(Maj Devers presented results from his thesis at NRL and UCBerkeley. Harry Dietrich, Head, Microwave Devices andMaterial Section, Electronics S&T Division, NRL, expressedhis appreciation for the work Maj Devers has done on thedigital GaAs Single Event Upset Suppression Program in aletter to Maj Devers’ advisor. Mr. Dietrich went on to say, “Inthe face of what I would have considered insurmountableobstacles, Major Devers has not only progressed but hasimposed order onto chaos and in so doing made a major contri-bution to the program....His contributions have been very usefuland quite impressive.” Eicke R. Weber, Professor of MaterialSciences at UC Berkeley, also wrote to say that, “The level ofhis [Maj Devers] understanding of point defects in GaAs isreally impressive. The results of his model simulations have adirect impact into the design of future device structures...”).�

goal should be a “safer, faster, and more capableprocess or system.” Outstanding technical presentations and techni-cal sessions covered environmental support,emerging technologies, autonomous systems,C4ISR, modeling and simulation, humanitariandemining, operational results, mine technology,UXO, organic Naval MCM, international minewarfare, and lessons learned.�

MINE CONFERENCE , continued from page 22

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS TO COMPAREA NEW HELICOPTER TRAINING PARA-DIGM TO THE STATUS QUOLT Terry Hoeft, USNAdvisor: LCDR Tim AndersonLecturer of Operations Research

This thesis work entails developing a cost-benefitanalysis for COMNAVAIRPAC to compare a newhelicopter training paradigm to the status quo. Thestatus quo training program calls for student Navalaviators training as helicopter pilots to completeprimary and advanced training in the TH-57B/C.Following designation as Naval aviators, pilots areordered to a Fleet Replacement Squadron (FRS) toundergo training in a Fleet aircraft. While trainingstudents in the TD-57 has been an efficient process inthe past, since the reduction in Navy helicopters to asingle model, the H-60, it may be prudent to changethe way training is done. The new paradigm calls for combining advancedundergraduate helicopter training with FRS familiar-ization training—eliminating an entire level of flighttraining. Pilots would report to an FRS followingcompletion of Primary Helicopter Flight Training.Familiarization training for all H-60 Type/Model/Series would be conducted at the FRS utilizing theCH-60. Upon completion of the FRS, student pilotswould have about 50 hours in model, an H-60 PQMqualification and would be designated as Navalaviators. The objective of this study is to determine whether achange in the training paradigm will generate savings.�


FACULTY RECOGNITION

ECE PROFESSOR SELECTED AS CHAIR OFN913 ASCM SIMULATOR VALIDATIONWORKING GROUP

Anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs) are a significant threatto U.S. Navy surface ships. OPNAV 91 directs theEffectiveness of Navy Electronic Warfare Systems(ENEWS) Program to develop ASCM hardware in the loopsimulators to support the research, development, test andevaluation of the most critical threats. The HIL missilesimulators utilize captured or production representativemissile hardware (seeker, guidance sections and telemetry)interfaced with high-performance computer modeling. Thesimulators are primarily used for test and evaluation ofshipboard electronic warfare systems. They are alsoutilized in the acceptance testing of shipboard self-protection equipment and provide a major vehicle forevaluating the effectiveness of electronic attack. To insure that the ASCM simulators (both IR and RF)accurately represent the threat missile, OPNAV 91 hasestablished the Navy’s unique ASCM Simulator ValidationWorking Group (SVWG). Associate Professor PhillipPace of the Department of Electrical and ComputerEngineering has been appointed Chair of the N91 SVWGto coordinate the validation process. The ASCM validation

process includesprocessing theASCM simulatorthrough a batteryof anechoicchamber tests inorder to determinethe simulator’sperformancerelative to theactual threatweapons system.The tests are runand the results arecollected in the Naval Research Laboratory’s TacticalElectronic Warfare Division’s Central Target Simulationfacility. The results are used to determine how well theASCM simulator performs compared to the actual threat.For example, the validation process guarantees that anExocet simulator performs like an actual Exocet. Thisinsures that the shipboard self protection systems caneffectively counter the incoming ASCM to force the missileto miss the ship.�

COMPUTER SCIENTISTAWARDED PATENT

Professor Yutaka Kanayamaof the Department of ComputerScience was recently awarded apatent for his invention titled,“A Method of Controlling aVehicle to Make a Combinationof Arbitrary Translational andRotational Motions” (U.S.Patent Number 5,719,762).

NPS honored theMenneken Research Awardrecipient, Dr. IndranathDutta, and recognizedfaculty for outstandingresearch achievements in1997 at the ResearchRecognition Evening on 14April. Pictured withRADM Robert C.Chaplin, Superintendent,and Distinguished Profes-sor David Netzer, Associ-ate Provost and Dean ofResearch, are the recipientspresent that evening.From left to right (firstrow): Associate Professor Indranath Dutta (MennekenResearch Award recipient), Assistant Professor I. MichaelRoss (Space Systems Academic Group), Professor Robert

RESEARCH RECOGNITION EVENING

Bourke (Undersea Warfare Academic Group), Distin-guished Professor David Schrady (Institute of Joint



FACULTY NEWS

AERONAUTICS ANDASTRONAUTICS Prof. S.K. Hebbar was recognizedin Marquis Who’s Who in Science &Engineering, 1998.

K.E. Jensen, F. Fahroo, and I.M.Ross, “Application of Periodic Opti-mal Control Theory to the OrbitReboost Problem,” 8th AAS/AIAASpace Flight Mechanics Meeting,Monterey, CA, 9-11 February 1998.

S.-Y. Park and I.M. Ross, “Gravita-tional Effects of Earth in OptimizingDelta-V for Deflecting Earth-CrossingAsteroids,” 8th AAS/AIAA SpaceFlight Mechanics Meeting, Monterey,CA, AAS Paper No. 98-186, 9-11February 1998.

M.D. Reyes, S.E. Matousek, andI.M. Ross, “Launch Period Analysisfor the Jupiter Gravity Assist Opportu-nities to Pluto,” 8th AAS/AIAA SpaceFlight Mechanics Meeting, Monterey,CA, 9-11 February 1998.

Prof. I.M. Ross was re-appointed(for a second term) as the BookReview Editor for the Journal ofGuidance, Control and Dynamics.

Prof. I.M. Ross chaired the sessionon Comet and Asteroid Missions at the8th AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechan-ics Meeting.

W. Sanz and M.F. Platzer, “On theNavier-Stokes Calculation of Separa-tion Bubbles with a New TransitionModel,” ASME Journal ofTurbomachinery, Vol. 120, pp. 36-42,January 1998.

Prof. R. Shreeve is spending thisquarter of his sabbatical with theHypersonics Group at the Universityof Queensland in Brisbane, Australia.He will go to Stockholm, Sweden, togive two papers at the ASME Interna-tional Gas Turbine and AeroengineConference and Exhibit before return-ing to NPS in June. The papers are

entitled, “Sweep in a Transonic FanRotor: Part 1. 3D Geometry Package,”by H.F.Abdelhamid and R.P. Shreeve,and “Sweep in a Transonic Fan Rotor:Part 2. CFD and Stress Analyses byH.F. Abdelhamid, R.P. Shreeve andG.V. Hobson. The papers resultedfrom Maj. Hazem Abdelhamid’s Ph.D.thesis research.

I.H. Tuncer, M.F. Platzer, and R.D.van Dyken, “Navier-Stokes Analysisof Subsonic Flowfields over a MissileConfiguration,” Journal of Spacecraft& Rockets, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 127-131, March-April 1998.

I.H. Tuncer, M.F. Platzer, and R.D.van Dyken, “Computational Investiga-tions of Subsonic High Angle ofAttack Missile Flows,” Paper No. 28,NATO-RTO Symposium on MissileAerodynamics, Sorrento, Italy, 11-15May 1998.

COMPUTER SCIENCEH. El-Rewini and T. Lewis, Distrib-

uted & Parallel Computing, PrenticeHall, p. 447, March 1998.

C. Irvine was chair of the secondWorkshop on Education in ComputerSecurity, Pacific Grove, CA, 19-21January 1998.

C. Irvine, “Exploitation of a CovertChannel,” Workshop on Education inComputer Security, Pacific Grove,CA, 19-21 January 1998.

C. Irvine was on the programcommittee of and chaired a session onaccess control at the IEEE Symposiumon Security and Privacy, Oakland, CA,4-6 May 1998.

Prof. T. Lewis received the “Certifi-cate for Appreciation” from the IEEEComputer Society for serving asEditor-in-Chief of IEEE Computermagazine for two years.

Prof. T. Lewis completed a study forDefense Technical Information Center,

Ft. Belvoir, titled, “Ahead of theCurve: An Architecture for DTIC intothe Next Millennium,” describing howDTIC can organize their computersystems and services to fit the de-mands of the next 10 years.

Luqi, V. Berzins, and M. Shing,“The Pacific Rim Software ProcessEngineering Research,” Proceedingsof International Conference of Soft-ware Engineering, Panel of SoftwareProcess, Japan, April 1998.

Luqi, V. Berzins, and M. Shing,“Autonomous Agents Design forDigital Network Maximization in JointC4I System,” Proceedings of Model-ing and Simulation of Microsystems,Semiconductors, Sensors and Actua-tors Conference, Santa Clara, CA, 6-8April 1998.

N.C. Rowe and B. Frew, “Auto-matic Caption Localization for Photo-graphs on World Wide Web Pages,”Information Processing and Manage-ment, 34, 1, 95-107, 1998.

Prof. M. Zyda gave an invitedpresentation at the Middle EastTechnical University, Ankara, Turkey,on the 31st of March followed by apresentation to the Turkish military atthe Turk Silahli Kuvvetleri (TSK)Modeling and Simulation Conference.The presentation at TSK was “Model-ing and Simulation: Linking Entertain-ment and Defense,” and on theNPSNET project. The Turkishmilitary is consulting with ProfessorZyda on the creation of a Modelingand Simulation Research Center, acenter being staffed with 16 NPSgraduates (6 Operations Researchgraduates, 10 Computer Sciencegraduates , of which 6 are from theNPSNET Research Group headed byProfessor Zyda).



FACULTY NEWSFACULTY NEWS

ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTERENGINEERING

J.B. Knorr, “Shipboard HFDFSystem Simulation,” Applied Compu-tational Electromagnetics SocietyJournal, pp. 25-42, March 1998.

R.J. Pieper and S. Michael, “UsingPSpice to Model the Cooling Perfor-mance of Convective Surfaces,”Thirtieth South Eastern Symposium onSystem Theory, pp. 85-89, March1998.

R.J. Pieper, “Observations onConvergence Problems of PipelineNetworks,” Thirtieth South EasternSymposium on System Theory, pp. 39-42, March 1998.

T.R. Weatherford, P.W. Marshall,C.J. Marshall, D.J. Fouts, B. Mathesand M. LaMacchia, “Effects of Low-Temperature Buffer-Layer Thicknessand Growth Temperature on the SEESensitivity of GaAs HIGFET Cir-cuits,” IEEE Transactions on NuclearScience, NS-45, December 1997.

T.R. Weatherford, R. Radice, J.Devers, D. Eskins, D.J. Fouts, P.W.Marshall, C.J. Marshall, H.Dietrich,M. Twigg, and R. Milano, “SEUDesign Considerations for MESFETson LT GaAs,” IEEE Transactions onNuclear Science, NS-45, December1997.

T.R. Weatherford, G. David, J.Whitaker, K. Jobe, T. Yun, M. Crites,S. Meyer, M. Bustamante, S. ThomasIII, K. Elliott, “Measurements of LaserInduced SEU Voltage Transients in InPLogic,” 11th Single Event EffectsSymposium, Manhattan Beach, CA,23 April 1998.

INFORMATION SYSTEMSACADEMIC GROUP

H.K. Bhargava and C.G.Tettelbach, “A Web-Based Decision

Support System for Waste Disposaland Recycling,” Computers, Environ-ment, and Urban Systems, Vol 21, No.1, pp. 47-65

A.P. Nikora, N.F. Schneidewind,and J.C. Munson, “IV & V Issues inAchieving High Reliability and Safetyin Critical Control Software, FinalReport, Volume 1 - Measuring andEvaluating the Software MaintenanceProcess and Metrics-Based SoftwareQuality Control, Volume 2 - Measur-ing Defect Insertion Rates and Risk ofExposure to Residual Defects inEvolving Software Systems, andVolume 3 - Appendices,” Jet Propul-sion Laboratory, National Aeronauticsand Space Administration, Pasadena,CA, 19 January 1998.

M. Nissen, “The TOPGUN Ap-proach to Software AcquisitionEducation,” Crosstalk: the Journal ofDefense Software Engineering,Special Issue on Software Educationand Training, 11:3, March 1998.

N.F. Schneidewind, “Integration ofSoftware Reliability Predictions, RiskAnalysis, and Testing Strategies,”Proceedings of the Tenth AnnualSoftware Technology Conference,(CD/ROM), Salt Lake City, UT, 20April 1998.

N.F. Schneidewind, Tutorial:“Measuring and Evaluating theDevelopment Process Using Reliabil-ity and Test Metrics,” Proceedings ofthe Tenth Annual Software TechnologyConference, (CD/ROM), Salt LakeCity, UT, 21 April 1998.

Prof. N. Schneidewind has beennamed to the IEEE Computer SocietyFellows Evaluation Committee. Thiscommittee evaluates and ranks candi-dates for election to the Grade of IEEEFellow.

Prof. N. Schneidewind, at theinvitation of the National Science

Foundation, served on the SoftwareEngineering and Languages Panel toreview research proposals in this area.

N.F. Schneidewind, “Measuringand Evaluating the Stability of Mainte-nance Processes,” Proceedings of theTwenty-Second Annual SoftwareEngineering Workshop, NASAGoddard, Greenbelt, MD, 3-4 Decem-ber 1997.

N.F. Schneidewind, “An IntegratedModel for Software Reliability andMaintainability in a DistributedSystem,” Computer Science andOperations Research: Recent Ad-vances in the Interface, Monterey, CA,9 January 1998.

K. Sengupta and M. Zviran, “Mea-suring User Satisfaction in anOutsourcing Environment,” IEEETransactions on Engineering Manage-ment, November 1997.

INFORMATION WARFAREACADEMIC GROUP

J. Arquilla and D. Ronfeldt, “Con-ceptual and Organizational Dimen-sions of Information-Age Conflict,”Information, Communication, andSociety (Winter 1998). J. Arquilla and E. Goldman, “To-ward a Theory and Practice of GrandStrategy,” a chapter in StrategicAdjustment, edited by Peter Trubowitz(New York: Columbia UniversityPress, 1988).

J. Arquilla, “The Great Cyberwar of2002,” a short story that appeared inthe magazine WIRED, February 1998

J. Arquilla, “Controlling theDiffusion of Advanced InformationTechnologies: The Case of ExportControls on High Performance Com-puters,” Conference on Diffusion ofInnovations, University of California,Davis, CA, 6-8 February 1998.


-- continued from page 29


J. Arquilla, “Toward an AmericanInformation Strategy,” NationalDefense Research Institute, May 1998.

J. Arquilla and D. Ronfeldt “TheZapatista Netwar in Mexico,” RAND.

MATHEMATICSProfessor Beny Neta was elected to

membership on the AIAA Astro-dynamics Technical Committee.

M.D. Weir, F. Giordano, and R.L.Finney, Calculus for Engineers andScientists, Preliminary Edition, Vol 2,Addison-Wesley-Longman Publishers,Reading, MA,. 372 pp., 1998.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGA. Fox and E.S.K. Menon, “Struc-

ture Factors and Bonding in NiAl,”Journal of Phase Equilbria, 509,1997.

A. Fox and E.S.K. Menon, “Debye-Waller Factors of Stoichiometric andA1- rich-TiA1 Alloys,” PhilosophicalMagazine A, 577.

A. Kumar and A.G. Fox, “HotCorrosion of a Calcium Aluminosili-cate Glass-Ceramic and a Si-C-OFiber-Reinforced Calcium Alumino-silicate Matrix Composite,” Journal ofthe American Ceramic Society, 613,1998.

T.R. McNelley and M.E. McMahon,“Recrystallization and Superplasticityin Aluminum Alloys,” Superplasticityand Superplastic Forming, (A.K.Ghosh and T.R. Bieler, eds.), TMS,Warrendale, PA, pp.75-87, 1998.

T.R. McNelley and M.E. McMahon,“Recrystallization and Superplasticityin Aluminum Alloys,” Symposium onSuperplasticity and SuperplasticForming, 1998 TMS Annual Meeting,San Antonio, TX, 16 February 1998.

M.T. Perez Prado, T.R. McNelley,O.A. Ruano and G. Gonzalez-Doncel,“Microtexture Evolution During

Annealing and Superplastic Defor-mation of Al - 5 Pct Ca - 5 Pct Zn,”Metallurgical and Materials Trans-actions A, Vol. 29A, pp. 485-492,February 1998.

M.T. Perez-Prado, T.R. McNelley,and M.E. McMahon, “A Model forTexture-Related Grain BoundaryMisorientations in a SuperplasticAluminum Alloy,” Modeling theMechanical Response of StructuralMaterials, (E.M. Taleff and R.K.Mahidhara, eds.) TMS, Warrendale,PA, pp. 181-190, 1998.

M.T. Perez-Prado, T.R. McNelley,and M.E. McMahon, “A Model forTexture-Related Grain Boundaries ina Superplastic Aluminum Alloy,”Symposium on Modeling theResponse of Structural Materials,1998 TMS Annual Meeting, SanAntonio, TX, 18 February 1998.

T. Sarpkaya, “Spray Generationand Drop Formation on BowSheets,” Annual Meeting of ONR,CalTech, Pasadena, CA, 26-28February 1998.

T. Sarpkaya, “Turbulent VortexBreakdown at High-Speed SwirlingFlows,” National Science Founda-tion, Washington, DC, March 1998.

T. Sarpkaya, “The Evolution of aNew Wake-Vortex-Decay Model inthe Atmosphere,” NASA-LangleyResearch Center, Hampton, VA,April 1998. .

M. S. Feyedelem and T.Sarpkaya, “Free-and-Near-Free-Surface Swirling Turbulent Jets,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp.359-364.

T. Sarkaya and F. Novak,“Turbulent Vortex Breakdown:Experiments in Tubes at HighReynolds Numbers,” Dynamics ofSlender Vortices, Kluwer Press,Berlin, Germany, pp. 287-296, April

1998.T. Sarpkaya and C.M. Merrill ,

“Spray Formation at the Free Surfaceof Liquid Wall Jets,” NAVSEA,Washington, DC, April 1998.

METEOROLOGYT. Murphree, “The Mechanisms of

Global Climate,” Climate ChangeColloquium, Moss Landing, CA,January 1998.

T. Murphree and F. Schwing,“Multi-Year Climate Change and theEvolution of the 1997-1998 El NinoEvent,” Ocean Sciences Meeting ofthe American Geophysical Union, SanDiego, CA, February 1998.

T. Murphree, F. Schwing, and H.van den Dool, “The Evolution andImpacts of the 1997-1998 El NinoEvent,” Pacific Climate Workshop,Santa Catalina Island, CA, April 1998.

NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRSJ.S. Breemer, “Natural and Neces-

sary Allies: The Anglo-AmericanPartnership at Sea,” Dimensions ofSea Power, University of Hull Press,1998.

OCEANOGRAPHYW.J. Cai and P.C. Chu, “Oceanic

Responses to Gradual Transitions ofEquator-to-Pole Temperature Gradi-ents,” Quarterly Journal of the RoyalMeteorological Society, in press.

W.J. Cai and P.C. Chu, “A ThermalOscillation Under a RestorativeForcing,” Quarterly Journal of theRoyal Meteorological Society, in press.

P.C. Chu, “High-Order DifferenceSchemes for Ocean Model,” SecondInternational Workshop on PrincetonOcean Model (POM), Princeton, 17-20 February 1998.

P.C. Chu, J. Veneziano, and M.

FACULTY NEWS



Carron, “Response of the South ChinaSea to the Tropical Storm Ernie 1996,”Second International Workshop onPrinceton Ocean Model (POM),Princeton, 17-20 February 1998.

P.C. Chu, “Meteorological andOceanographic (METOC) Support forDetermining Safe Current in MagneticSea Mine Sweeping,” The ThirdInternational Symposium on Technol-ogy and the Mine Problem, Monterey,CA , 6-9 April 1998.

P.C. Chu, S.H. Lu, and Y.C. Chen,“A Numerical Study of the East AsianMonsoon Onset,” InternationalConference on Monsoon and Hydro-logical Cycle, Kyungju, Korea, 22-25April 1998.

P.C. Chu and C.F. Fan, “A Three-Point Combined Compact DifferenceScheme,” Journal of ComputationalPhysics, 140, 1-30, 1998.

P.C. Chu, C.W. Fan, and W.J. Cai,“Evaluation of P-Vector Method UsingModular Ocean Model (MOM),”Journal of Oceanography, 54, 185-198, 1998.

P.C. Chu, Y.C. Chen, and S.H. Lu,“On Haney-Type Surface ThermalBoundary Conditions for OceanCirculation Models,” Journal ofPhysical Oceanography, 28, 890-901,1998.

P.C. Chu, Y.C. Chen, and S.H. Lu,“Temporal and Spatial Variabilities ofJapan Sea Surface Temperature andAtmospheric Forcings,” Journal ofOceanography, in press.

P.C. Chu and C. Fan, “TowardAccurate Coastal Prediction,” OceanSciences Meeting, American Geo-physical Union, San Diego, CA, 9-13February 1998.

E. Goncolves, P.C. Chu, and E.Campos, “Brazil Current SystemDetermined by the P-Vector Method,”

Ocean Sciences Meeting, AmericanGeophysical Union, San Diego, 9-13February 1998.

A.L. Gordon and J.L. McClean“Thermohaline Stratification of theIndonesian Seas-Model and Observa-tions,” Journal of Physical Oceanog-raphy, in press.

B.L. Lipphardt, A.D. Kirwan, C.E.Grosch, J.D. Lewis, and J.D. Paduan,“Mapping the Surface Velocity Fieldin Monterey Bay,” Transactions,American Geophysical Union, 79, 22,Ocean Sciences Meeting, San Diego,CA, February 1998.

L.N. Ly and P. Luong, “A Numeri-cal Simulation of Summer Circulationfor Monterey Bay. CoastalHydronamics Modeling,” HydraulicEngineering Software VII, edited byW.R. Blain, 1998.

L.N. Ly and P. Luong, “NumericalGrids Used in a Coastal Model withBreaking Wave Effects,” Applied andComputational Mathematics: Topics inPartial Differential Equations, editedby J. Castillo, Carlos de Moura, and V.Pereyra, 1998.

L.N. Ly, “A Numerical Study ofTurbulent Dissipation Rate UnderSurface Breaking Waves,” AmericanGeophysical Union, Ocean SciencesMeeting, San Diego, CA, February1998.

J.L. McClean and M.E. Maltrud,“Overturning and Interbasin Thermo-haline Circulation in the LANL POPModel,” Ocean Sciences Meeting, SanDiego, CA, 9-13 February 1998.

J.L. McClean and M.E. Maltrud,“Heat and Water Mass Transports inPOP,” World Ocean CirculationExperiment Conference, Halifax,Canada, 24-29 May 1998.

J.D. Paduan, D.M. Fernandez, C.C.Teague, J.F. Vesecky, and K. Laws,“Surface Currents Along the Continen-

tal Shelf South of Chesapeake Bayfrom HF Radar,” Transactions,American Geophysical Union, 79, 149,Ocean Sciences Meeting, San Diego,CA, February 1998.

R. Pinto, P.-M. Poulain, and P.C.Chu, “A P-Vector Approach forDetermining Absolute GeostrophicCirculation in the Strait of Otranto andthe Southern Adriatic,” Ocean Sci-ences Meeting, American GeophysicalUnion, San Diego, CA, 9-13 February1998.

C.C. Teague, J.F. Vesecky, J.D.Paduan, D.M. Fernandez, and R.G.Onstott, “Multi-Frequency and Codar-Type HF Radar Observations ofSurface Currents in Monterey Bay.”Transactions, American GeophysicalUnion, 79, 38, Ocean Sciences Meet-ing, San Diego, CA, February 1998.

T.P. Stanton participated for 3weeks in the NSF funded Surface HeatBalance of the Arctic (SHEBA)experiment deploying unique oceanflux sensors developed at NPS.

A.F.G. Faria, E.B. Thornton, T.P.Stanton, C.M.C.V. Soares, and T.Lippman, “Vertical Profiles ofLongshore Currents and Related BedShear Stress and Bottom Roughness,”Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(C2), 3217-3232, 1998.

E.B. Thornton, J.L. Swayne, andJ.R. Dingler, “Small-Scale Morphol-ogy Related to Waves and CurrentsAcross the Surf Zone,” MarineGeology, 145 (3-4), 173-196, 1998.

OPERATIONS RESEARCHW.K. Krebs, E.A. Essock, S.E.

Buttrey, and M.J. Sinai, “Chromaticoblique effect of contrast sensitivity,”Investigative Ophthalmology andVisual Science, (SUPPL) 39, 771, FT,Lauderdale, FL, 1998.

FACULTY NEWS


-- continued from page 31


W.K. Krebs, D.A. Scribner, G.M.Miller, J.S. Ogawa, and J.S. Schuler,“Beyond third generation: a sensorfusion targeting FLIR pod for the F/A-18,” Proceedings of the SPIE-SensorFusion: Architectures, Algorithms, andApplications II, 3376, 129-140, 1998.

PHYSICSJ. Luscombe, “Classical Heisenberg

Model of Magnetic Molecular RingClusters,” Journal of ChemicalPhysics, Vol. 108, p. 7266-73, 1998.

J. Luscombe, “Dynamical localiza-tion of Electrons in AperiodicSuperlattices,” Physical Review B,Vol. 57, p. 9043-49, 1998.

J. Luscombe, “Variational Tight-Binding Theory of Electrons inCompositionally Modified Semicon-ductor Superlattices,” Meeting of theAmerican Physical Society, LosAngeles, CA, 16-20 March 1998.

SYSTEMS MANAGEMENTR. Barrios-Choplin, “The Effect of

Communication Satisfaction onEmployee Turnover,” Annual Meetingof the Association for BusinessCommunication, Washington, D.C.,November 1997.

G. Fann-Thomas, “Research ThinkTank: Complexifying InternationalCommunications and CommunicationTechnology,” Business Communica-tion Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 105-111, 1998.

B. Frew and L.R. Jones, “Informa-tion Era Influences on the New PublicManagement,” International Perspec-tives on the New Public Management,L.R. Jones, K. Schedler, and S.W.Wade, editors, JAI Press, pp. 369-381,1997.

K. Gue received funding from theNaval Facilities Engineering ServicesCenter (NFESC) to assist in develop-

FACULTY NEWS

ment of a Maintenance DeploymentCommodity Planning Tool for theMarine Corps. The tool is a decisionsupport program that will help deploy-ing Marine units decide how much ofwhich items to take on an operation.NFESC is interested in establishing alab at NPS to work on a number oflogistics-and information-relatedprojects.

G. Hildebrandt. “The MilitaryProduction Function,” Defense andPeace Economics: The PoliticalEconomy of Defense Disarmamentand Peace, Vol. 10, No. 3.

L.R. Jones, K. Schedler, andStephen W. Wade, editors, “Advancesin International Comparative Manage-ment, Supplement 3,” InternationalPerspectives on the New PublicManagement, JAI Press, 1997.

L.R. Jones and K. Schedler, “Intro-duction: The Inaugural InternationalPublic Management Network Confer-ence,” International Perspectives onthe New Public Management, L.R.Jones, K. Schedler, and S.W. Wade,editors, JAI Press, pp. xiii-xxii, 1997.

L.R. Jones and Fred Thompson,‘The Five Rs of the New PublicManagement,” International Perspec-tives on the New Public Management,L.R. Jones, K. Schedler, and StephenW. Wade, editors, JAI Press, 1997, pp.15-45.

L.R. Jones and F. Thompson,“Strategic Implementation of the NewPublic Management,” AziendaPubblica, Italy, Vol. 10, Issue 6, 1998,pp. 567-586.

K. Kang and K. Gue, “Sea BasedLogistics: Distribution Problems forFuture Global Contingencies,” Pro-ceedings, 1997 Winter SimulationConference, 1997.

S.S. Liao, “Spreadsheet as a Teach-ing Tool for Managerial Accounting

and Decision Analysis,” TechnologyTools for Today’s Campus (CD ROM),J.L. Morrison (Ed.), Redmond, WA:Microsoft Corporation.

R. McCarty, R. Barrios-Choplinand D. Rozman, “The Impact of aNew Emotional Self-ManagementProgram on Stress, Emotions, HeartRate Variability, HFEA, and Cortisol,”Integrative Physiological and Behav-ioral Science, V. 332, April 1998.

R. McCraty, R. Barrios-Choplin,and M. Atkinson, “The Impact of aNew Emotional Self-ManagementProgram on Stress, Emotions, HeartRate Variability, DHEA, and Cortisol,”Journal of Integrative Physiologicaland Behavioral Science, 33:2, April1998.

R. McCraty, B. Barrios-Choplin,M. Atkinson, and D. Tomasino, “TheEffects of Different Types of Music onMood, Tension, and Mental Clarity,”Alternative Therapies in Health andMedicine, 4, 1 pp. 75-84, 1998.

J. Menker, “Compliance with theGovernment Performance ResultsAct—Strategy for Change in theContracting Organizations,” NationalContract Management AssociationWorld Congress, Huntsville, AL, 31March - 12 April 1998.

J. Menker, “Strategically Managingfor Change the Ways that LeadersThink, Know and Behave,” NationalContract Management AssociationWorld Congress, Huntsville, AL, 31March - 2 April 1998.

J.G. San Miguel and J.K. Shank,“Cost Analysis with a StrategicEmphasis: The Bridgewater CastingsCase,” Journal of Cost Management,Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 6-15, September/October 1997.

K.F. Snider, “Mary Parker Follettand the Struggle for the Hearts and



been developed that will allow the complete EM characterization of a mili-tary platform before weapons and EW systems are appended to the platform,for frequencies below radar bands. The act of adding an antenna to a struc-ture can greatly modify the platform’s “natural” or eigenmode EM character-istics. In 1996 the lab was funded to demonstrate the techniques to aidNAVAIR in evaluation of proposals for an EA6-B Low Band Transmitterupgrade for the ALQ-99 jammer. SEL modeling results clearly pointed toone of the proposals as the best match to the NAVAIR antenna requirements.In 1997, funding was provided by NAVAIR to assist the winning companywith final designs. The SEL computer models of the winning design accu-rately predicted frequencies where the airframe and its appendages controlledthe antenna performance, in spite of all the attempts by the design team toforce a different performance. The results of the numerical analysis alsoenabled the manufacturer to make specific design changes that improvedantenna performance over that from the original designs that won the con-tract. For the first ten years of the SEL lab, the NPS mainframe IBM computerwas the only computer system for numerical modeling. During those days,the amount of computer resources required to model a ship or aircraft forcedstaff to make use of the four NPS “academic vacation” weeks (the last twoweeks in June and December). During these 24-hour days of the “computingmonth,” 90% of the annual modeling was accomplished! Today, a typicalPentium PC can provide an order of magnitude more computation overnight.The most recent SEL efforts in antenna modeling software have resulted inthe acquisition of a Navy site license for a PC-based Windows version of theNumerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC), NEC-Win PRO.

Radiowave PropagationThe lab has provided numerical analysis and experimental research in supportof the Navy’s requirement to site VLF through UHF communication antennasystems and support equipment in non-ideal locations since 1987. Iono-spheric shortwave radiowave propagation characterization in the mid-latitudes is a mature applied science. For the regions of the earth wheretheoretical techniques fail due to, at present, unpredictable ionosphericanomalies, there are few tools for military communication planners. Theseregions are in the polar latitudes, where Doppler shift and spreading occur,affecting reception of digital signals, and in the equatorial latitudes whereionospheric scintillation affects satellite signals and geolocation accuracy. In the initial phase of the propagation research, the SEL staff evaluatedselected HF (shortwave) propagation-prediction codes and compared theiranswers to measured data for propagation paths in the polar regions. Also, aDoppler shift and spreading study was initiated to establish parameters thatwere needed for characterizing the polar ionosphere. The Naval Information Warfare Activity (NIWA) (formerly NSG Code GX)developed the Radio Frequency Mission Planner (RFMP). RFMP provides

FACULTY NEWS

Minds of Administrative Practitioners,”Proceedings of the Eleventh NationalConference of the Public AdministrationTheory Network, Colorado Springs, CO,March 1998.

J. Suchan and R. Dulek, “Using OpenSystems Theory to Understand Writing inOrganizations,” Annual Convention ofthe Association for Business Communi-cation, Boston, MA, 12 November 1997.

J. Suchan and R. Dulek, “From Text toContext: A Systems Approach to Re-search in Written Business Communica-tion,” Journal of Business Communica-tion, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 87-110, 1998.

K.L. Terawsawa and W.R. Gates,“Better Government vs. Less Govern-ment: Relationships Between Govern-ment Size and Economic Growth inJapan and Other Nations,” InternationalPerspectives on the New Public Manage-ment, L.R. Jones, K. Schedler, andStephen W. Wade, editors, JAI Press, pp.219-254, 1997.

K. Thomas, E. Jansen, R. Barrios-Choplin, and B. Thornburg, “WhatMakes Research Impactful? Traditionaland Non-Traditional Lessons from a HighImpact Project,” Annual Meeting of theWestern Region of the Academy ofManagement, Portland, OR, March 1998.

DEFENSE RESOURCESMANAGEMENT INSTITUTE

J. Felli and G. Hazen, “SensitivityAnalysis and the Expected Value ofPerfect Information,” Medical DecisionMaking, Vol. 18, No. 1, January - March1998.

F. Melese and D. Rose, “The Motherof All Guesses-A User Friendly Guide toStatistical Estimation,” Armed ForcesComptroller, Vol. 43, No. 1, Winter 1998.

F. Melese, “Pile on Microsoft,” TheFree Market, Vol. 16, No. 2, February1998.

-- continued from page 33 SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT LAB , continued from page 3



RESEARCH LAB

the warfighter an estimate of the probability of successfully receiving andtransmitting radio signals from 20 to 1500 MHz. The propagation modelspresently used in RFMP are tropospheric models only. But the ionospherewill also support propagation at 20 to 150 MHz in the equatorial and thepolar regions of the earth. Hence in the high- and low-latitude regions,RFMP will miss ionospheric paths and not predict some possible long-distance links. Visiting Instructor Ras Smith, a Ph.D. candidate, developeda rule-set to add to the RFMP tropospheric models for those conditionsunder which auroral E-layer (Polar) and transequatorial F-layer iono-spheric paths can exist. His rule-set is based on a four-year measurementcampaign of polar and equatorial propagation paths. From 1990 through1994, SEL staff, in conjunction with the SPAWAR Systems Center-SanDiego (formerly NRaD) and the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, installedand operated two polar transmitting sites, one at the Arctic Submarine Labat Cape Prince of Wales, AK, and the other at Kotzebu, AK. The equato-rial sites were located at Raratonga in the Cook Islands, at ChristmasIsland on the geomagnetic equator and at Hilo, Hawaii. In recent RFMP support, the SEL staff has conducted a littoral propaga-tion measurement experiment to provide measured data for comparison toRFMP propagation algorithms. The efforts involved the preparation of aradio-noise-quiet instrumentation van and the installation of an automatedRF signal collection system in the van. A companion 6-band automatedVHF-UHF transmitter system was installed onboard the US Coast GuardCutter Long Island for two measurement campaigns and onboard theresearch vessel Point Sur during the summer and fall 1997. Data wascollected along the coastal plains and in the coastal mountain range systemfrom Santa Cruz to below Big Sur, as well as several inland valleys in SanBenito, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Monterey counties. Data reductionand summary reports are in preparation.Special TasksThe Signal Enhancement Laboratory tackles other unusual problems. Anexample is a problem encountered by the Department of Oceanography atNPS. They purchased a variable-speed motor controller to control theposition of acoustic sensors in a large water tank. Electrical noise from thevariable-speed controller completely disrupted the operation of the datalinks and data processing system for the sensors. It also produced signifi-cant levels of radio noise. Requests for assistance from the manufacturerof the motor controller did not resolve the problem. Shielding and filteringtechniques in accordance with information in outdated handbooks did notsolve the problem. Staff members of the Signal Enhancement Laboratory examined theproblem and quickly devised effective and inexpensive mitigation actions.These actions were implemented and the system has been operatingwithout problems for several months. The same techniques are being usedto reduce electrical noise problems in receiving sites and data-processingcenters.�

RADIO FREQUENCY MISSIONPLANNER (RFMP)

RFMP is a tactical decision aid used toplace communications, intelligencecollection, and information warfare assetswithin the battlespace. Similarly, it assistsin determining the vulnerability offriendly RF emissions to hostile exploita-tion, and in battlespace frequency manage-ment and deconfliction. RFMP is operational at a growingnumber of U.S. Navy field sites as well asaboard aircraft carriers and flagships ondeployment. It is currently the onlytactical decision-aid (modeling tool) forthese purposes undergoing certificationunder the SECNAV review processconducted by CNMOC. RFMP is alsoundergoing certification to be the RFmodeling and planning tool for the GlobalCommand and Control System (GCCS) -Maritime. It will be available throughoutthe fleet via the GCCS (JMCIS) LAN. For virtually any area worldwide, RFMPprovides a highly visual and interactivedisplay of how signals from 100 kHz to 3GHz (with extensions through 30 GHz)propagate throughout the area of interest.It differs from other propagation tools inthat it selects from a catalog of modelsbased on frequency, the effects of terrain,weather (troposphere and space), andenvironment characteristics. RFMP alsoincorporates real transmitter/receiver/antenna parameters. For the first time for the USN decisionmaker, RFMP is then able to calculatecritical decision parameters, such as: - the probability of acquiring the signalof interest, - the probability of your signal beingdetected, and - the probability of maintaining aparticular signal-to-noise ratio.




participate in courses and engage in collaborative research.The program helps accelerate technology transfer betweenacademe and industry. Visiting professors participate inNPS CISR programs for periods from a month to a year.Invited Lectures. The Invited Lecture Series injectscommercial and military relevance into the NPS CISRactivities. Leading experts in the field of computer scienceand INFOSEC from government, academe, and industryaddress the students, staff, and faculty. A few of the invitedlecturers are: Dr. Roger Schell, Novell; Dr. Paul Karger,IBM; Dr. John McLean, Naval Research Laboratory; Dr.Thomas Berson, Anagram Laboratories; and Terry Benzel,Trusted Information Systems.Academic Outreach. Academic outreach permits other,non-CISR academic institutions to benefit from the educa-tion and research developments at NPS. For the past twoyears NPS CISR has sponsored the Workshop on Educationin Computer Security (WECS). Attended by participantsfrom Europe and North America, WECS has providededucators with an opportunity to hear from government andindustry, and discuss educational requirements, developstrategies for academic programs, and share pedagogicalmaterial. NPS CISR has prepared material for dissemina-

CISR, continued from page 5

RESEARCH CENTER

The NPS Ph.D. dissertation of CDR Gus Lott, currently an AssistantProfessor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,played an important role in the development of the RFMP. The heart ofthis new view into the RF space is the “Lott Plot.” Developed by CDRLott, this visualization technique displays the joint signal and noiseprobability density. The user can manipulate physical parameters to seehow the “probabilities” vary. After leaving NPS and serving as ChiefEngineer of the Naval Information Warfare Activity, CDR Lott took hisresearch into application development. RFMP is making the next step with the development of a more general-ized Electromagnetic Propagation Server (EMPS). Under this concept, alarge host of propagation models provides service on the GCCS LAN forany user application. Again, the “Lott Plot” becomes the fundamentalmethod for determining the decision-maker’s metric. RFMP is available at NPS on a local TAC-4 HP UNIX workstation. Formore information on RFMP, persons interested can see a demonstrationat: http://www.arlut.utexas.edu/~rfmpwww/public_page/rfmp_home/.

RADIO FREQUENCY PLANNER , continued from page 35

tion to those needing a jump-start into computer securityteaching. A CD with complete class notes has been verypopular as is the NPS CISR web site at http://cisr.nps.navy.mil/. The invited lecture series is video tapedfor later distribution.Graduates. An effort to insure that NPS graduates in-volved in NPS CISR courses and research are recognizedso that their expertise can be applied to the wide variety ofINFOSEC challenges in DoD and the U.S. Government isbest achieved by making appropriate organizations awareof the growing talent pool of computer security savvystudents and graduates emerging from NPS CISR. Cur-rently, the expertise of our students is being used at DISA,Fleet Information Warfare Center, SPAWAR, NSA, andmany other commands.Research. DoD has long been involved in the developmentof secure systems and NPS was active in computer securityresearch as early as 1978, well before the topic becamehighly visible.The rapid evolution of networking withinDoD and DoN has lead to the connection of most computersystems to LANs and the use of WANs for data transport.Security mechanisms have lagged efforts at interconnectionand now leave these systems vulnerable to exploitation byadversaries attempting either to compromise informationwithin the systems or deny access to the systems them-

selves. Security for systems that mustprocess both classified and unclassifiedinformation is an underlying theme ofthe diverse NPS CISR research. Students from many NPS curriculaincluding: Information TechnologyManagement, C4I, and InformationWarfare, join those in Computer Scienceto conduct thesis research with NPSCISR faculty. Research has included thefollowing information assurance andcomputer and network security topics:protocols and mechanisms to improvethe security of Internet Protocol (IP)over Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM) networks; utilization of systemmechanisms to provide security forapplications in heterogeneous distributedenvironments; issues associated with



RESEARCH CENTER

security and quality of service; examination of signatureidentification mechanisms for malicious software, such asviruses; network intrusion detection and response; highassurance techniques for the creation of execution domains;utilization of existing high assurance multilevel products innear-term architectures to achieve operational multilevelsecure network solutions; analysis of products which couldbe used to enhance the protection of sensitive but unclassi-fied information; and the development of DoD-relevantstrategies for the analysis of software security products. A problem for DoD systems includes not only the provi-sion of control of access to and movement of data based onfixed sensitivity levels, but the preservation of compatibil-ity with commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) applicationsoftware as well. When compatibility with COTS applica-tions takes precedence, often each access class is relegatedto an independent system-high enclave and sharing isachieved through: manual, “sneaker-net” techniques;automated guards for which no notion of sufficiency orcompleteness with respect to security policy enforcementcan be demonstrated; or replication systems relying onphysical separation. All can be costly in terms of space,equipment and administration. NPS CISR faculty, staff, andstudents are constructing a COTS-driven Local AreaNetwork that will provide multilevel secure (MLS) servicesto users while permitting them to employ standard officeproductivity tools on standard workstations. The ongoingdevelopment centers on the provision of multilevel mailand messaging to the desktop. Increasingly, ATM is being used in DoN networks andtechniques to move IP traffic over ATM networks are beingexplored. Unfortunately, current proposed standards for thetransport of IP packets over ATM networks are silent

CISR, continued from page 36 regarding packet security. Faculty and students are examin-ing techniques to provide security for IP traffic in ATMnetworks. Two areas are being investigated: the design of anetwork access controller to support IP over ATMseamlessly while preventing the flow of unauthorizedinformation from a secure enclave; and investigation of asecurity protocol and mechanism for fast IP packet for-warding at the data link layer. Defense in Depth, the DoN approach to network security,will use network intrusion detection tools. The concept ofan intrusion detection system based upon the use of autono-mous agents has been proposed. Deployable in heteroge-neous environments, agents would be configurable to theirexecution environment. Participating in a project that has as a goal quality ofservice for end-to-end applications in a highly dynamicenvironment, NPS CISR faculty, staff, and students areexamining techniques to provide security for core servicesas well as for applications. A layered application architec-ture has been developed that builds upon notions of leastprivilege and separation of duty. A second aspect of thiswork is to treat processing for security as a factor in overallquality of service delivered by the system. This work willhelp to parameterize security choices. NPS CISR research is funded by the National SecurityAgency, the Naval Security Group, SPAWAR, and DARPA.The NPS CISR members include Assistant ProfessorCynthia Irvine , Associate Professor Bert Lundy , VisitingAssociate Professor Bret Michael, Associate ProfessorNeil Rowe, Associate Professor Tim Shimeall, AssociateProfessor Dennis Volpano, Lecturer Daniel Warren, andAssistant Professor Geoff Xie of the Department of Com-puter Science, and Professor Hal Fredricksen, of theDepartment of Mathematics.�

programmatic relationship. “Crescent” evokes thearc of the Monterey Bay rim as well as the growingand emerging character of the institutions. Initial signatories to the agreement were theCalifornia State University, Monterey Bay,Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey Bay AquariumResearch Institute, Monterey Institute of Interna-

tional Studies, Moss Landing Laboratories, Univer-sity of California, Santa Cruz, University of Cali-fornia, MBEST Center, and the Naval PostgraduateSchool. Future parties to the agreement, in officialor ex-officio status, include NOAA, the NavalResearch Laboratory-Monterey, Fleet NumericalMeteorology and Oceanography Center, and theMonterey Advanced Technology Education Centerof Monterey Peninsula College.�

MBCORC , continued from page 18


SATCOM architecture. The high cost of these spacesystems requires a rigorous evaluation of proposedconcepts before system acquisition is begun. The cost vs.capability decision should be a negotiated trade betweenwar fighter needs and SATCOM systems costs. Accu-rately defining and articulating user needs and perfor-mance measures that reflect these needs are criticalcomponents of this decision process. The focus of thisresearch is the development of a wideband systemevaluation template using an industry-accepted methodfor the identification and development of appropriatemeasures of performance and effectiveness. It is antici-pated that the recently established Naval CommercialSATCOM Integrated Product Team (COMMERIPT) willbe one of the users of this template. Gary Stone, a Ph.D. candidate from the NationalSecurity Agency, working with Associate Professor BertLundy of the Department of Computer Science and Mr.

Mike Harrison of SSC-SD Communications andInformation Systems Department, proposes to develop atool that will characterize unknown computer communi-cations, storing these characteristics so that if seenagain on the network, the protocol can be recognized.Today there are protocol analyzers that can recognizethe identity of captured computer protocol stacks. Thisis done by exploiting the information given in protocolspecifications or the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) beingused. This research will: 1) analyze captured networkPDS so that common protocol fields can be identifiedand/or repeated fields can be recognized; 2) create aProtocol Description Language (PDL) that can repre-sent the identified PDU in a format that the computercan use for recognition; 3) create a user friendly inter-face that will aid an analyst in building a protocolprofile; and 4) create a procedure to process this un-known protocol. This procedure can be automatedenough such that little, if any, human intervention isnecessary.�

SPAWAR FELLOWSHIPS , continued from page 26

RESEARCH RECOGNITION

CONGRATULATIONS TO NPS FACULTY

Congratulations are extended to the following faculty fortheir promotion and/or tenure this year. Robert Ashton,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Isaac Kaminer, Department of Aeronautics andAstronautics, Knox Millsaps, Department of MechanicalEngineering, Glenn Robinson, Department of NationalSecurity Affairs, I. Michael Ross, Department ofAeronautics and Astronautics, and Natalie Webb,Defense Resource Management Institute have beenpromoted to Associate Professor with tenure. Peter Chu,Department of Oceanography, Joshua Gordis, Depart-ment of Mechanical Engineering, Gordon McCormick ,SOLIC Academic Committee, and David Pratt havebeen awarded tenure. Faculty promoted to Professorinclude Tony Ciavarelli of the School of Aviation Safety,Ching-Sang Chiu of the Department of Oceanography,and R. Kevin Wood of the Department of OperationsResearch. Pat Harr of the Department of Meteorologyand Leslie Rosenfeld, Department of Oceanography,were promoted to Research Associate Professor. SteveHurst and Larry Vaughan from the Defense ResourceManagement Institute have been promoted to SeniorLecturer.�

Warfare Analysis), Assistant Professor Todd Weatherford(Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering),Professor Brij Agrawal (Department of Aeronautics andAstronautics), RADM Chaplin, Assistant Professor FaribaFahroo (Department of Mathematics), Assistant ProfessorCynthia Irvine (Information Warfare Academic Group),Professor Patricia Jacobs and Distinguished ProfessorDonald Gaver (Department of Operations Research),Assistant Professor Andres Larraza (Department ofPhysics). From left to right, second row: DistinguishedProfessor David Netzer, Professor Ken Thomas (Depart-ment of Systems Management), Assistant Professor GlennRobinson (Department of National Security Affairs),Associate Professor Douglas Fouts (Department of Electri-cal and Computer Engineering), Professor Larry Jones(Department of Systems Management), Associate ProfessorJoshua Gordis (Department of Mechanical Engineering),Associate Professor John J. Arquilla (Command, Controland Communications Academic Group), and ProfessorRobert Haney (Department of Meteorology). Alsorecognized, but not pictured are Professor Michael Zyda(Department of Computer Science) and Professor JamesWilson (Undersea Warfare Academic Group).�

RESEARCH RECOGNITION , continued from page 28


Conferences/Meetings at the Naval Postgraduate School

Date Title Sponsor17-22 May 98 Review of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Air Force Office of Scientific

(AFOSR) Research Programs in Molecular Dynamics and ResearchHigh Energy Density Matter

01-04 Jun 98 11th Multinational Conference on Theater Missile AIAA with Ballistic Missile Defense (SECRET) Defense Organization

11-12 Jun 98 Year-of-the-Ocean Conference Oceanographer of the Navy andthe National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration.

22-26 Jun 98 Military Operations Research Society (MORS) Office of the Chief ofSymposium (SECRET) Naval Operations

29 Jun-2 Jul 98 Command and Control Research and Technology National Defense University forSymposium (UNCLAS) the Deputy Assistant Secretary

for Defense (C3I)

27-30 Jul 98 12th Annual Ada Software Engineering Education Team Defense Information Systems(ASEET Symmposium (SECRET) Agency

17-20 Aug 98 Low Observable and Countermeasures Complementary Air Force Research LaboratoryCapabilities for Aircraft Survivability (SECRET)

17-19 Nov 98 1998 AIAA Missile Sciences Conference (SECRET) AIAA with Office of theUndersecretary of Defense(Acquisition and Technology)

8-11 Feb 99 4th National Turbine Engineer HCF Conference (UNCLAS) Naval Air Systems Command,Co-sponsors: Navy, Air Force, andUniversal Tech Corp of Dayton

CONFERENCES

For additional information, please contact the NPS Conference Coordinator,Elaine Christian, at (408) 656-2426 or e-mail [email protected]

Division of Computer Information Sciences and Opera-tions

Computer Science: Associate Professor Neil RoweAcademic Groups: Professor James Eagle

Division of Science and EngineeringAeronautics and Astronautics: Professor Oscar BiblarzElectrical and Computer Engineering:

Professor Jeffrey KnorrMathematics: Associate Professor Carlos Borges

Mechanical Engineering: Professor Young ShinMeteorology: Professor Ken DavidsonOceanography: Professor Edward Thornton

Division of Operational and Policy SciencesNational Security Affairs: vacantOperations Research: Professor Gerald BrownPhysics: Associate Professor David ClearySystems Management: Associate Professor

Mark Eitelberg

ASSOCIATE CHAIRS FOR RESEARCH


Associate Provost and Dean of Research David W. Netzer Code: 09 Phone: 3241 Mail: [email protected] of Technology Transfer F. Kevin Owen Code: 09T Phone: 2098 Mail: [email protected] of Research Administration Danielle Kuska Code: 91 Phone: 2099

Mail: [email protected]@nps.navy.mil

Administrative Support Assistant Dolores Jackson

Code: 91DJ Phone: 2098Mail: [email protected]

Conference CoordinatorElaine ChristianCode: 92 Phone: 2426Mail: [email protected]

Research PublicationsAlice RobersonCode: 91AR Phone: 2272Mail: [email protected]

Research Support Services Teri Jay Code: 91TJ Phone: 1044 Mail: [email protected] Research Financial Analyst (Reimbursable Programs)

Laura Ann SmallCode: 91LS Phone: 2271Mail: [email protected]

Research Administration Assistant(Direct Funded Research, PageCharges, Technical Reports)

Nenita ManiegoCode: 91NM Phone: 2273Mail: [email protected]

Thesis ProcessorSandra DayCode: 91SD Phone: 2762Mail: [email protected]

Assistant Thesis ProcessorMarietta "Dee" HenryCode: 91MH Phone: 3050Mail: [email protected]

RESEARCH CENTERSCenter for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Research

Professor Anthony Healey, DirectorCenter for Civil Military Relations

Associate Professor Paul Stockton, DirectorCenter for Diversity Analysis

Professor George Thomas, DirectorCenter for INFOSEC (Information Systems Security) Studies and Research

Assistant Professor Cynthia IrvineCenter for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS)

Robert Bluth, DirectorCenter for Joint Services Electronic Warfare Simulation and Modeling

Associate Professor Phillip Pace, DirectorCenter for Material Sciences and Engineering

Professor Alan Fox, DirectorCenter for Northeast Asian Security Studies (Japan/Korea)

Professor Edward Olsen, DirectorCenter for Reconnaissance Research

Professor John P. Powers, DirectorCenter for Signal Processing

Professor Charles Therrien, DirectorCenter for Visual Science and Advanced Display

Assistant Professor William Krebs, DirectorCoastal Ocean-Acoustic Center (COACt)

Professor Ching-Sang Chiu, DirectorDecision and Information Systems Center

Associate Professor Hemant Bhargava, DirectorInstitute for Joint Warfare Analysis (IJWA)

Professor Gordon Schacher, Acting DirectorJoint Center for International and Security Studies (JCISS)

Associate Professor Jan Breemer, DirectorNavy-NASA Joint Institute of Aeronautics

Distinguished Professor Max Platzer, DirectorResearch Center for Military Applications of Space

Alan Ross, Navy TENCAP Chair and DirectorSoftware Metrics Center

Professor Norman Schneidewind, DirectorSpacecraft Research and Design Center

Professor Brij Agrawal, DirectorSurvivability and Lethality Assessment Center (SLAC)

Distinguished Professor Robert Ball, DirectorVertical Flight Technology Center

Professor E. Roberts Wood, Director

RESEARCH DIRECTORIES

Comments/inquires regarding Research News can beaddressed via e-mail to: [email protected].

RESEARCH OFFICE

r e s e a r c h - nps publicationsedocs.nps.edu/npspubs/.../nps_research/1998/june98.pdf · of...

Documents