NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DURGAPURDEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Curriculum & Syllabi for B. Tech. course

Sl. No Sub. Code Subject L-T-P Credits1 PHC01 Physics 3-0-0 32 PHS01 Physics Laboratory 0-0-2 13 PH331 Semiconductor Physics (for CSE) 3-0-0 34 PH381 Semiconductor Physics Laboratory (for CSE) 0-0-3 25 PH332 Physics of Semiconductor Devices (for ECE) 3-0-0 36 PH382 Semiconductor Devices Laboratory (for ECE)

0-0-3 2

7 PH333 Quantum Physics (for IT) 3-0-0 38 PH383 Advanced Physics Laboratory (for IT) 0-0-3 2

Open Electives

PH541 Nuclear Reactor Technology 3-0-0 3PH542 Strong Materials and Composites 3-0-0 3PH543 Thin-Film Technology 3-0-0 3PH841 Fiber-Optics Communication 3-0-0 3PH842 High Energy Particle Technology 3-0-0 3

PH843 Phase Locked Loops: Theory, Design and Applications 3-0-0 3

SUMMARY OF COURSES

Sub Discipline: LABORATORY & SESSIONAL COURSES

Sub. Code Subject L-T-P Credits

PHS01

Physics Laboratory 0-0-2 1

PH381 Semiconductor Physics Laboratory (for CSE) 0-0-3 2PH382 Semiconductor Devices Laboratory (for ECE)

0-0-3 2

PH383 Advanced Physics Laboratory (for IT) 0-0-3 2

PHC01 Physics 3 credits [2-1-0]

Sub. Code Subject L-T-P Credits Name of the developer

PHC01

Physics

3-0-0 3

Prof. A. K. MeikapProf. P. Kumbhakar

Dr. A. K. ChakrabortyDr. S. Sahoo

Dr. M. K. MandalDr. S. Basu

Dr. H. ChaudhuriDr. A. Mondal

PH331 Semiconductor Physics (for CSE) 3-0-0 3 Dr. S. Sahoo

Dr. M. K. MandalPH332 Physics of

Semiconductor Devices (for ECE)

3-0-0 3Dr. H. Chaudhuri

Dr. A. Mondal

PH333 Quantum Physics (for IT) 3-0-0 3 Dr. S. Sahoo

Dr. A. Mondal

PH541 Nuclear Reactor Technology 3-0-0 3

Dr. A. K. ChakrabortyDr. A. Mondal

PH542 Strong Materials and Composites 3-0-0 3 Dr. S. Basu

Dr. A. K. ChakrabortyPH543 Thin-Film Technology 3-0-0 3 Prof. A. K. Meikap

PH841 Fiber-Optics Communication 3-0-0 3

Dr. M. K. MandalDr. A. Mondal

PH842 High Energy Particle Technology 3-0-0 3 Dr. S. Sahoo

PH843Phase Locked Loops: Theory, Design and Applications

3-0-0 3Dr. M. K. Mandal

Harmonic Oscillations: Linear superposition principle, superposition of two perpendicular oscillations having same and different frequencies and phases, Free, damped and forced vibrations, Equation of motion, amplitude resonance, velocity resonance, quality factor, sharpness of resonance, etc. some examples. [5]

Wave Motion: Wave equation, longitudinal waves, transverse waves, electro-magnetic waves. [3]

Introductory Quantum Mechanics: Inadequacy of classical mechanics, Blackbody radiation, Planck’s quantum hypothesis, de Broglie’s hypothesis, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and applications, Schro dinger’s wave equation and applications to simple problems: particle in a one-dimensional box, simple harmonic oscillator,Tunneling effectetc. [5]

Interference & Diffraction: Huygens’ principle, Young’s experiment, Superposition of waves, Conditions of sustained Interference, Concepts of coherent sources, Interference by division of wavefront, Interference by division of amplitude with examples, The Michelson interferometer and some problems; Fraunhoffer diffraction, single slit, multiple slits, Resolving power of grating.

[9]

Polarisation: Polarisation, Qualitative discussion on Plane, Circularly and Elliptically polarized light, Malus law, Brewster’s law, Double refraction (birefringence) - Ordinary and Extra-ordinary rays, optic axis etc.; Polaroid, Nicol prism, Retardation plates and analysis of polarized lights.

[4]

Laser and Optical Fiber: Spontaneous and Stimulated emission of radiation, Population inversion, Einstein’s A & B co-efficient, Optical resonator and Pumping methods, He-Ne Laser. Optical Fibre – Core and cladding, Total internal reflection, Calculation of Numerical aperture and Acceptance angle, applications. [4]

TEXT BOOKS:

1. The Physics of Vibrations and Waves, H. John Pain, Willy and sons2. Vibrations and Waves in Physics  Iain G. Main  ,Cambridge University Press3. Engineering Physics , H. K. Malik and A. K. Singh, McGraw-Hill.

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. Quantum Physics by R. Eisberg and R. Resnick, John Wiley and Sons2. Fundamental of Optics, Jankins and White, McGraw-Hill3. Optics, A K Ghatak, Tata McGraw-Hill 4. Waves and Oscillations, N.K. Bajaj, Tata McGraw-Hill5. Lasers and Non-linear Optics  B.B. Laud , New Age International Pvt Ltd

CO:1. To equip the students in basic physics and its applications in engineering science.

PHS01 PHYSICS LABORATORY 1 credits [0-0-2]

List of experiments:

1. Find the refractive index of a liquid by a Travelling Microscope.2. Determine the refractive index of the material of Prism using Spectrometer.3. Determination of amplitude and frequency of electrical signals by oscilloscope.4. To study the characteristics of RC circuits.5. To study Brewster’s law/Malus’ law using laser light.6. To study the diffraction of light by a grating.7. To study the interference of light by Newton’s ring apparatus.8. To determine Numerical Aperture of optical fiber.9. Determination Planck constant.

Text book

1. A text book on practical physics – K. G. Majumdar2. Practical Physics – Worsnop and Flint

PH331 (For CSE) Semiconductor Physics 3 credits [3-0-0]

Semiconducting Materials and Transport Phenomena: Energy Bands of Semiconductors. Variation of Energy Band with Alloy Composition. Carrier Effective masses in Semiconductor. Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function, Density of States. Carrier Concentrations at Equilibrium. Effects of Temperature on Carrier Concentrations. Mobility and Conductivity, Effects of Temperature and Doping on Mobility. Electrical Properties of Ge and Si. High field Effects. Hall Effect. [9]Junction-diode & Optoelectronic Devices: PN Junction, Contact Potential. Band diagram. Electroluminescent devices, Photodetector, Solar cell, Light-Emitting Diodes, Semiconductor Lasers.

[6]

JFET and MOSFET: Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFET), Operation, I-V Characteristics, Amplification etc., Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET), MOSFET as a Capacitor, MOSFET as a Resistor. CMOS Technology, CMOS Inverter, VTC characteristic and Propagation Delay of a CMOS Inverter. CMOS Logic Gates (NAND, NOR, AND, OR, XOR/XNOR). [12]Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits: Basic components of memory devices, 2D addressing and memory expansion. Random Access Memory (RAM), Read-Write Memory Cells, Bipolar RAM Cell, Charge Coupled Devices (CCD).

[5]Superconductivity: Occurrence of Superconductivity, Properties of Superconducting Elements, Zero Resistance, Meissner Effect, AC Resistance, Entropy, Specific Heat. Type-I and Type-II Superconductors. BCS Theory (Qualitative), Cooper pair.

[3] TEXT BOOKS:

1. Physics of Semiconductor Devices, S M SZE.2. Integrated Electronics, Millman-Halkias3. Digital Integrated Circuits, Thomas A. DeMassa & Zack Ciccone

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. Solid State Electronic Devices, Ben G Streetman2. Elementary Solid State Physics, M. Ali Omar3. Electronic Properties of Materials, R. E. Hummel

PH381 (for CSE) Semiconductor Physics Laboratory 2 credits [0-0-3]

1. Study of p-n junction diode characteristics.2. Study of Zener diode characteristics and voltage regulator.3. Study the dependence of hall coefficient on temperature.4. Determination of Stefan’s Constant.5. Determination of Planck’s Constant by using Photo electric cell.6. To determine the value of e/m of an electron by using a cathode ray tube and a pair of bar

magnet (Thomson’s Method).7. To study the variation of thermo-emf of a thermo-couple with temperature and determine its

thermo electric power.8. To study the quantization of energy (Frank Hertz exp.).9. Resistivity of Semiconductors by four probe method at different temperatures.10. To determine the energy bandgap of a semiconductor.

PH332 (For ECE) Physics of Semiconductor Devices 3 credits [3-0-0]

Crystal Growth and Semiconductor Devices Fabrication: Crystal Growth- Czochralski and Epitaxial Growth, Fabrication process of Bipolar transistor, Field Effect Transistor.

[4]Semiconducting Materials: Energy Bands of Semiconductors, Variation of Energy Band with Alloy Composition. Carrier Effective masses in Semiconductor, Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function, Density of States, Carrier Concentrations at Equilibrium, Effects of Temperature on Carrier Concentrations, High field Effects, Hall Effect.

[6]Junction-Diode & Optoelectronic Devices: PN Junction, Contact Potential, Band diagram Degenerate Semiconductors, Tunnel Diode, Electroluminescent devices, Photodetector, Solar cell, Light-Emitting Diodes, Semiconductor Lasers, Population Inversion at a Junction, Emission Spectra for PN Junction Lasers, Material for Semiconductor Lasers.

[8]JFET and MOSFET: Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFET), Operation, I-V Characteristics etc., Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET), MOSFET as a Capacitor, MOSFET as a Resistor. CMOS Technology, CMOS Inverter.

[6]Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits: Basic components of memory devices, 2D addressing and memory expansion. Random Access Memory (RAM), Read-Write Memory Cells, Bipolar RAM Cell, Charge Coupled Devices (CCD).

[5]Negative Conductance Microwave Devices: The Gunn Effect and Related Devices, The Transferred Electron Mechanism, Transit Time Devices, The IMPATT Diode, The TRAPATT Diode. [6] TEXT BOOKS:

1. Physics of Semiconductor Devices, S M SZE.2. Integrated Electronics, Millman-Halkias3. Microwave Solid-State Devices, S Y Liao

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. Solid State Electronic Devices, Ben G Streetman2. Digital Integrated Circuits, Thomas A. DeMassa & Zack Ciccone3. Electronic Properties of Materials, R. E. Hummel

PH382 (for ECE) Semiconductor Devices Laboratory 2 credits [0-0-3]

1. Study of energy Bandgap and Diffusion potential of p-n junction.2. Study of Hall effect of a given semiconductor material.3. Study of e/m of electron.4. Study of laser beam intensity distribution.5. Draw a graph showing the variation of resistance with temperature and hence determine the

Temp-Coefficient of Resistance by Callender and Grifith’s Bridge.6. To study different filter circuits: low pass, high pass, band pass, band stop.7. To study digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion.8. To study the characteristics of CE transistor amplifier.9. Study of Astable and Monostable multivibrators using IC-555/transistors.10. Study the characteristics of microwave diode.

PH333 (for IT) Quantum Physics 3 credits [3-0-0]

Need for Quantum Physics: Inadequacy of classical physics, old quantum theory and new quantum theory-historical overviews.

[2]Particle aspects of Radiation: Black body radiation, Planck’s quantum hypothesis, photoelectric effect, Compton effect and pair production.

[4]Wave aspects of Particles: Matter wave, relation between group velocity and phase velocity, de Broglie’s hypothesis, group velocity and phase velocity of de Broglie’s wave.

[2]Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: Statement, elementary proof, physical interpretation and applications.

[2]Schrodinger’s Wave Equation: Wave function, probability density, superposition principle, operators, expectation values, orthogonality and normalization, Schro dinger’s time dependent and time independent wave equation. Application of wave mechanics to simple problems: particle in a box, Reflection and transmission through potential barriers, linear harmonic oscillator etc. [10]Operator Methods in Quantum Mechanics: Ket and bra vectors. Scalar product of vectors and their properties. Linear operators, Adjoint operarors, Unitary operators, Hermitian operators, Eigen values and eigenvectors, Degeneracy, Expansion theorem. Completeness and Closure property of the basis set. Representation of ket and bra vectors and operators in the matrix form. Unitary transformations of basis vectors and operators.

[8]Rotation and Orbital Angular Momentum: Angular momentum operators as the generators of rotation, rotation matrix. Lx, Ly, Lz, and L2 and their commutation relations. Raising and lowering operators. Lx, Ly, Lz, and L2 in spherical polar co-ordinates. [5]

Spin Angular Momentum: Spin ½ particles, Pauli spin matrices and their properties. Eigen values and Eigen functions. Spinor transformation under rotation.

[2]

TEXT BOOKS:1. S Gasiorowicz, Quantum Physics 2. D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. L. I. Shiff, Quantum Mechanics2. J. L. Powell and B. Craseman, Quantum Mechanics3. M. Fayngold and V. Fayngold, Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Information

PH383 (for IT) Advanced Physics Laboratory 2 credits [0-0-3]

1. Determination of Stefan’s Constant.2. Determination of Planck’s Constant by using Photo electric cell.3. To determine the value of e/m of an electron by using a cathode ray tube and a pair of bar

magnet (Thomson’s Method).4. To determine the value of Lande g factor by electron spin resonance (ESR)5. To study the quantization of energy (Frank Hertz exp.).6. Study of Hall voltage and Hall coefficient of a given material.7. Measurement of electrical conductivity of a semiconductor.8. To determine the energy bandgap of a semiconductor.9. To study the variation of thermo emf of a thermo-couple with temperature and determine its

thermo electric power.10. To determine the value of numerical aperture and attenuation loss of a given optical fiber.

PH541Nuclear Reactor Technology 3 credits [3-0-0]

General Nuclear Properties: Nuclear size, shape, density, mass, mass defects, binding energy, charge distribution, spin, parity, nuclear models, liquid drop model, semi-empirical mass formula, single particle shell model and its validity and limitation, explanation of magic nuclei.

[8]Nuclear reaction: Types of nuclear reaction, cross section of a nuclear reaction, neutron induced reactions, nuclear fission, separation energy and fissionability, fission cross section for slow and fast neutrons, energy release in fission, fission fragments and energy distribution, nuclear fusion and thermo-nuclear reaction.

[6]Chain reaction & Fuel cycle: Criticality factor, moderating ratio, four-factor formula, reactor kinetics, reactor poisons, nuclear fuel cycle, enrichment of uranium, back end of fuel cycle.

[6]Neutron Physics and Diffusion Theory: Properties of neutron, neutron sources, slowing down of neutrons, moderating ratio, diffusion of thermal neutrons, diffusion equation, slowing down without absorption, slowing down and diffusion, Critical size of reactors slabs, cubical, spherical and cylindrical reactors.

[8]

General Features of a Nuclear Reactor: Classification of reactors, basic components. Outlines of BWR, PWR and FBR with their basic features and characteristics.

[4]Nuclear Reactor Materials: Fuel fabrication, moderators, heavy water production, control elements, structural materials.

[4]

TEXT BOOKS:1. Nuclear Reactor Engineering – Glasstone & Sesonske2. Atomic & Nuclear Physics- S. N. Ghoshal

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. Nuclear Reactor Theory - Lamarsh2. Nuclear Physics – I. Kaplan3. Nuclear Energy- David Bodansky

PH542Strong Materials and Composites 3 credits [3-0-0]

Theoretical and Experimental Strength of Solids: Strong solid materials, theoretical cleavage stress, more exact calculations, recent calculations with semi-empirical and quantum-mechanical interatomic potential models. Experimental observations on strength of solids. Disparity between theoretical and experimental strength. Elasticity and Plasticity of solids, Plastic flow.

[9]Dislocations: Types of dislocations, Burgers circuit and Burgers vector, role of dislocations in mechanical behaviour of solids. Generation and propagation of dislocations, Frank Read mechanism. Dislocation motion: glide and climb, Strengthening mechanism.

[10]Fibre Reinforcement & Composite Materials: Transfer of stress to a fibre and the metallic matrix, Plastically deformable matrix, Polymer matrix, strength of composites, Continuous and

discontinuous fibres. Critical aspect ratio, orientation effect, strength of fibres and matrices. [8]

Classification of Composites: Polymer – matrix composites, metal – matrix composites, Ceramic – matrix composites and Carbon – carbon composites. Properties of fibres, Graphite fibres, Ceramic ( Al2 O3 ∧ SiC ) fibres.

[8]

TEXT BOOKS:1. A Kelly, Strong Solids.2. A K. Kaw, Mechanics of Composite Materials.

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. D. D. L. Chung, Applied Materials Science.2. Surganaragana, Testing of Metallic Materials.

PH543 Thin-Film Technology 3 credits [3-0-0]

Introduction: Nature of Thin Film, Kinetic theory of Gas and Emission condition, Distribution of deposit.

[3]Deposition Technique: Thermal Evaporation: Resistive heating, Flash evaporation, Arc evaporation, Laser evaporation, rf heating, Electron bombardment heating, Sputtering: Glow discharge sputtering, Low pressure sputtering, Reactive sputtering, rf sputtering, Chemical

Methods: Electro-deposition, Electrolytic deposition, Chemical Vapour deposition. Vacuum systems. Thickness measurement techniques.

[7]Nucleation, film growth and structure: Thermodynamics of Nucleation, Nucleation theory: Capillarity Model and Statistical Model, Comparison of two models, Film growth: Island structure stage, Coalescence stage, Channel stage and Continuous Film stage, Incorporation of defects, impurities etc. in film, Deposition parameters and Grain size. Thin film structure: Substrate effect, Epitaxial deposit, Twinning and Multitwinning, Dissociations, Phase Transition, Film thickness effect.

[7] Electrical Conduction: Metallic film, Conduction in Continuous metal film, Scattering of electron, Effects of Post Deposition Treatment of Film, Temperature coefficient of resistance, thermoelectric effect, Hall effect, Magneto resistance, Conduction in discontinuous metal film, Schottkey Emission, Activated charged carrier and Tunnelling process, Conduction in Semiconductor and Insulator film (Briefly).

[7] Dielectric properties of thin films: Introduction, Complex permittivity and loss factor, ac conductivity, Relaxation and Debye equations, Polarisation and Polarisability, Breakdown Voltage and Filed strength, Temperature coefficient of capacitance, Effect of Thickness, Frequency and Temperature.

[7] Applications: Applications of different thin films in modern technology. [4]

TEXT BOOKS:1. Thin Film Fundamentals, A. Goswami2. Thin Film Phenomena, K. L. Chopra

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. An Introduction to Physics and Technology of Thin Films, Part – I & II, A. Wagendristel &

Y. Wang.

PH841 Fiber-Optics Communication 3 credits [3-0-0]

Introduction to Optical Fiber Communications: Transmission speed, Evolution of Fiber Optic Systems, Elements of an Optical Fiber Transmission Link.

[2]Optical Fibers: Structures, Waveguide and Fabrication: Ray propagation through SI and GI fiber, Pulse broadening- multipath dispersion and material dispersion, Maxwell’s Equations, TE and TM mode wave equations. Wave propagation in rectangular slab and circular waveguides, Propagation Modes, Power Flow in rectangular slab waveguide, Single-mode fibers; Mode-Field Diameter. Fiber Fabrication; overview of different methods of fabrication.

[12]Signal Degradation in Optical Fibers: Signal attenuation, absorption, Scattering Losses, Bending Losses, Core and Cladding Losses, coupling loss. Group Velocity Dispersion, Material Dispersion, Waveguide Dispersion, Polarization-Mode dispersion, Intermodal Distortion.

[5]Optical Sources and Detectors: Review of semiconductor Physics. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs); structure, materials, Quantum Efficiency and LED Power, Modulation of an LED. Laser Diodes; threshold conditions, rate equations, Quantum efficiency, resonant frequencies, structure and radiation patterns, single-mode lasers, modulation, effects of temperature. Optical detectors- p-n junction, pin, APD, phototransistor, PMT detectors. [12]Power launching and coupling: Source-to-Fiber power launching lensing schemes for coupling improvement, fiber splicing, optical fiber connectors and optical devices, etc.

[4]

TEXT BOOKS:1. Fiber Optics and Optoelectronics-R. P. Khare- Oxford University Press 2. Optical Fiber Communications (3rd Ed.)- Gerd Keiser- McGraw-Hill

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. Introduction to Fiber Optics, Ajoy Ghatak & K Thyagarajan- Cambridge University Press2. Fiber-Optic Communications Technology- D K. Mynbaev & L L Scheiner- Pearson

Education

PH842 High Energy Particle Technology 3 credits [3-0-0]

The Standard Model: Fundamental forces and their unification, Electroweak unification, Electroweak theory of leptons, Weak quark mixing, Quantum electrodynamics, Quantum chromodynamics; Standard model, Defects of the standard model.

[6]Elementary Particles: Classification of elementary particles, Parameters of elementary particles : mass, particle – antiparticle, quantum numbers, strangeness, hypercharge; Parity (P), Charge conjugation (C), Time reversal (T), Conservation laws and their validity, CPT theorem and its consequences, Gell-Mann – Nishijima formula, Quark model, Baryon octect, Meson octect. [11]Particle Accelerators: Linear accelerator, Cyclotron, Betatron, Van de Graaff generator, Modern accelerators ; SLAC, CERN, LHC and Tevatron at Fermilab. [6]Particle Detectors: Ionisation chamber, Proportional counter, Geiger–Muller counter, Cloud chamber, Bubble chamber, Scintillation counter, Semiconductor detector, Cerenkov detectors etc. [6]Recent Developments: Introduction to grand unified theories, Couplings for the conventional interactions, beyond the GUT model, Elementary idea about Supersymmetry and String theory. [6]

TEXT BOOKS:1. Introduction to High Energy Physics – Donald H. Perkins.2. Introduction to Elementary Particles – David Griffiths.

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. Introduction to Particle Physics – M. P. Khana.2. Frontiers : Twentieth-Century Physics – Steve Adams.3. Nuclear Physics : Principles and Applications – J. S. Lilley4. Elements of Nuclear Physics – M. L. Pandya and R. P. S. Yadav

PH843 Phase Locked Loops: Theory, Design and Applications 3 credits [3-0-0]

Introduction: Functional block diagram of PLL, Operating principle, Classification of PLL types. [4

]Linear PLL: Building blocks, Order of the system, Locked state performance, Unlocked state performance, Key parameters, Noise and Design techniques.

[8]Digital PLL: Building blocks, Dynamic performance, Noise performance and Design techniques. Elementary idea about All-Digital PLL.

[8]Measurement of PLL parameters: Center frequency, VCO gain, Phase detector gain, Hold range, Pull in range, Natural frequency, Damping factor, Phase transfer function and 3-dB bandwidth.

[6]Applications: Phase locked modulator and demodulator, Locked oscillators and synthesizers, Data synchronizers.

[5]Software PLL: Hardware-Software trade-off, An LPLL-like SPLL and A DPLL-like SPLL.

[4]

TEXT BOOKS:1. F M Gardner, Phaselock Techniques, 2ndEd. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1979.2. A J Viterbi, Principles of Coherent Communication, McGraw-Hill, New York 1966

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. V F Kroupa; Phase lock loops and frequency synthesis, John Wiley, 2003.2. W C Lindsey and M K Simon, Phase locked Loops and Their Application, IEEE Press, New

York