quick quiz on sampling methods!
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Quick quiz on sampling methods!. Name one advantage of volunteer sampling. A study took place in a street where passers-by were instructed to pick up litter by either a man in a security guard’s uniform, a man in a milkman’s uniform or a man in no uniform. Which sort of sampling did they use?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Quick quiz on sampling methods!
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Name one advantage of volunteer sampling
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A study took place in a street where passers-by were
instructed to pick up litter by either a man in a security
guard’s uniform, a man in a milkman’s uniform or a man in
no uniform. Which sort of sampling did they use?
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Here is a famous advert asking for participants:
Which type of sampling is it?
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Which sampling method attempts to give an equal representation?
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Which of these is random?
A – a researcher selects every tenth person on a computer database (in alphabetical order)
B – a researcher puts all the names of the people into a hat and pulls out 20
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Which sampling technique is biased as participants are likely to have a reason for wanting to do the expt?
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This is an example of which technique:
Each participant is given a number and then participants are selected using a chance
number generator.
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Give one advantage of using an opportunity sample.
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This type of sample ensures that every member of the target
population has an equal chance of being picked
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You go to the common room and put up a notice asking for people to take part in a memory expt in the Library where you go and wait. What sort of
sampling is this?
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Learning Objectives
To describe naturalistic observations and controlled observations
To describe the difference between participant and non-participant observation
To identify strengths and weaknesses of different observational techniques
To identify behavioural categories in given experiments
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Observational ResearchNatural vs. controlled:Natural: Here spontaneous behaviour is recorded in a natural setting.
Controlled: behaviour is observed under controlled laboratory conditions
Participant vs. non-participant:Participant observation is where observers become actively involved in the behaviour of those being studied – the real p’s may or may not be aware who the observer is.
Non-participant observation is where researchers observe from a distance.
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What type of observation is this?Rosenhan (1973)Pretended to hear voices to be admitted to
a mental hospitalOnce admitted, he observed the behaviour
of staff towards patients
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What type of observation is this?Goodall (1960)Observed Chimpanzees in the jungle and
found that they use a grass stem as a tool for removing termites from a termite mound
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What type of observation is this?Bandura (1961)Bobo doll experiment – researchers
observed children’s behaviour towards the doll through one-way glass
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What type of observation is this?
A research observes a participant on a treadmill and prevents them from drinking any water to see how their behaviour changes and how long they can exercise for
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Need to be able to evaluate controlled and natural observations
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Natural or Controlled?
High in ecological validity – real-life setting so can be generalised to other settings
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Natural or Controlled?There is control over extraneous variables –
more sure that the IV is causing the DV
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Natural or Controlled?Little control over extraneous variables –
not necessarily the IV causing the DV
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Natural or Controlled?Low ecological validity - Observed
behaviour may not be a true reflection of what occurs and may be down to participants behaving in a way they think the experimenter wants them to
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Behavioural Categories
Needed so that the observer can count the number of times a particular behaviour occurs
E.g. observing children's aggressive behaviour
Categories might be:- Angry shouting at another child- Provoked hitting of another child- Unprovoked hitting of another child
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Designing an observational study
For the exam you need to know how to design behavioural categories for an
observational study
So we’re going to have a go!
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Let’s have a go…There will be a difference in the number of
intimate behaviours between dates in the light and dates in the dark
Behavioural categories?
Condition 1:Date in the
Light
Condition 2:Date in the
Dark
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Summary questions
What is a natural observation?What is a controlled observation?What is participant observation?What is non-participant observation?What do we mean by behavioural
categories?Give an example of a behaviour category
when observing “sociability”