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Quantification of Sediment Yield and Potential Sources of Erosion/Deposition in the Upper Citarum Basin, Indonesia Using
A Distributed Rainfall-Runoff-Sediment Model
International Training Workshop on Integrated Sediment Management In River Basin
November 5-10, 2018, Ziyu Hotel, Beijing, China
ApipResearch Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
River Basin Condition
Number of watersheds in Indonesia : 17.088 watersheds/ DAS (SK Menhut NO.511/Menhut-V/2011)
108 watershedshave Integrated
WatershedManagement Plan/
IWMP(Rencana
Pengelolaan DAS Terpadu/RPDAST)
108 RPDAST/IWMP 15 priority
watersheds /Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS)
will be restored
NATIONAL MID TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2014-2019
1) DAS Citarum2) DAS Ciliwung3) DAS Serayu4) DAS Solo5) DAS Brantas6) DAS Cisadane7) DAS Kapuas8) DAS Siak9) DAS Musi10) DAS Asahan Toba11) DAS Jeneberang12) DAS Saddang13) DAS Moyo14) DAS Way
Sekampung15) DAS Limboto
Leading Sector : Ministry of Environment and Forestry
Leading Sector : Ministry ofPublic Works & Housing
NATIONAL MID TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2015-2019: WATER SECURITY
Priority Project: Erosion & Sediment Control at the Watersheds & Reservoirs/Dams
Citarum River Basin Restoration Program (2017 - 2024)
CITARUM RIVER BASIN
Total Area: 7295.86 km2
The Upper Area: 2329.86 km2
JAKARTA
Bandung
FORESTRY AREA:
1993 27 %
2003 14 %
Flood & Sediment
Transportation
Soild Waste at
the Inlet of
Saguling Dam
Sedimentation
Drought
Climate Change & Anthoropogenic
Activity
High Erosion Rate
Water Quality
Degradation
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
1974
1975
1976
1977
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Time (yyyy)
Total Sediment Yield (ton/year)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Number of Landslides
Sediment Yield
Mean Sediment Yield
Total Landslide Event
Trendline of Sediment Yield
Mean Annual Sediment Yield
(2.874.993,7 ton/year)
Total Amount & Increasing Trend of Annual Sediment Load into Main Inlet Saguling Dam (1974 - 2008) and Landslide Occurrence (1978 - 2008) at the Upper Citarum River basin
0
2,940,229
1,583,463
3,992,651
3,269,853
3,019,621
4,234,036
4,076,992
4,205,095
4,139,966
4,226,388
4,035,755
4,521,803
4,315,593
4,131,027
4,296,268
4,197,152
4,195,995
4,090,927
4,171,461
4,235,007
4,315,404
4,414,032
4,484,360
4,711,579
4,415,286
4,205,592
0500000100000015000002000000250000030000003500000400000045000005000000550000060000006500000
DES ' 85
DES ' 87
DES ' 88
DES ' 89
DES ' 90
DES ' 91
DES ' 92
DES ' 93
DES ' 94
DES ' 95
DES ' 96
DES ' 97
DES ' 98
DES ' 99
DES ' 00
DES ' 01
DES ' 02
DES ' 03
DES ' 04
DES ' 05
DES ' 06
DES ' 07
DES ' 08
DES ' 09
DES ' 10
DES ' 11
DES ' 12
Vo
lum
e o
f D
ep
osit
ed
Mate
rial
Sed
imen
t at
Reserv
oir
( m
3)
Year
Total Amount & Increasing Trend of the Deposited Material Sediment Volume in Saguling Dam (1985 - 2012)
Volume at +643 m Elevation
Planning inYear 1986 Year 2004
881 million m3 730,5 million m3
8,36 million m3 /yearSedimentation
Saguling Dam
Condition
Oct, 2018
Oct, 2018
605
610
615
620
625
630
635
640
645
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Volume (Million m 3)
TM
A (
m)
605
610
615
620
625
630
635
640
645
05101520253035404550
Area (Km 2)
TM
A (
m)
Planning Area
M inimum Operational
Spillway level643 643
623 623
Planning Volume
Volume Th 2004 AreaTh. 2004
Wat
er
Leve
l (m
ab
s)
Wat
er
Leve
l (m
ab
s)
Saguling Dam
Condition
2. To reduce the impact of land-use and climate changes in theUpper Citarum River basin which have caused the increasingsedimentation rate along the river and the reducing thelifetime and storage capacity of the Saguling Dam
1. Contribute to the Citarum River Basin Restoration Program(2017 - 2024) in Terms of Overlandflow (Runoff), Erosionand Sediment Transportion Controls
Ministry of Public Works and Housing
Ministry of Environment & Forestry
Development a Tool (Modeling System) for Design Strategy of Erosion and Sediment Control Plan
Prediction
Process Understanding
Scenario-based
Management (Planning)
Distributed +
Process-based
Model Type?
PHYSICALLY-BASED DISTRIBUTED MODEL
MO
DEL
ING
PR
OC
EDU
RE
Sediment
Discharge Model
River Sediment
Dyanamic Model
Seashore
Sediment
Dynamic Model
Upper Citarum River
Basin
Sources: 1. Soil Erosion;2. Shallow Landslide
1-D PHYSICALLY-BASED DISTRIBUTED RAINFALL-RUNOFF-SEDIMENT MODEL
Hillslope Area
Upper Citarum River Area
MODEL COMPONENT:
1. Soil Erosion & Transportation Process: Erosion and transportation occurs when particles are detached from the surface of the soil matrix and transported across some boundary
Detachment Transport Deposition
Loose detached particle
bo
un
dar
y
Sediment Transportation Capacity (TC) of surface flow at a particular grid:
Erosion : TC > Sed. Concentration of Inflow (upper grid)Deposit : TC < Sed. Concentration of Inflow (upper grid)
2. Dam Operation Rule & Erosion-Sediment Control Function (
3. Runoff Generation & Shallow Landlisde
Riv
er E
lem
ent
Mo
del
Hil
lslo
pe
Ele
men
t M
od
el
Sub-Basin 1
Sub-Basin 2
Sub-Basin 3
Dam Operation Rules or Uncontrolled
Soil Property
Geological Data
Administrative
Information
Land-use Type
Meteorological
Data
DEM
Flow Direction
Flow
Accumulation
Slope Dimension
River Segment
Dam Locations
Sub-Basin Outlet
Positions
A. Raster Geo-Data
Processing
Outputs
Inp
uts
Inputs
Inp
uts
Inputs
Outputs
Inp
uts
B. Rainfall-Runoff Modeling System
Ou
tpu
ts
River Element Model
Hillslope Element Model
River Element Model
Hillslope Element Model
Dam Element Model
Inp
uts
Scale of Model Application
Grid-Cell Sub-Basin Basin Multi Basin & National Sacle
(A) Only overland flow(no infiltration loss, no
subsurface flow)
Surface / subsurface flow conditions
(B) Vertical infiltration + Infiltration excess
overland flow
(C) Saturated subsurface+ Saturation excess overland
flow
Bedrock G.W.
in Mountainous Catchments
Three Conditions of Surface / Subsurface Flow (H-Q):
Cont. Eq.:
Momentum
Eq.:
Routing Process 1-D Kinematic Wave
Sub Surface & Surface Flow & Runoff Generation
Soil Depth
Soil Erosion/Deposition & Sediment Transport Processes
txe
x
cq
t
ch ss ,
Continuity Equation for Runoff-Sediment:
DFDRtxe ,
Soil Detachment by Raindrop
(DR)
Soil Detachment by Overland Flow (DF)
Empiracal models were selected: First, the models retaina strong physical base, but easy to understand andrequire few parameters.
Soil Detachment by Raindrop (DR)
Micro Rain Radar (MRR), is 1-D Doppler Radar for raindrop size observations
sisi hb
i
hb
i rkeKEkDR**
e 48.56
k is the soil detachability (kg/J); KE is the totalkinetic energy of the net rainfall (J/m2); hs is theoverland flow depth; and b is an exponent to betuned
Rainfall Intensity predicted from raindrop sizedistribution has very strong linear correlation (0.98) withimpact energy work which calculated by integrating theraindrop energy per unit area per unit time.
Dampening soil detachment rate by overland flow
Soil Detachment by Overland Flow (DF)
)1000/( is
iii hCTCDF
[Morgan et al., 1998]:
TC is the transport capacity of overland flow; is thedetachment/deposition efficiency factor shows a soilerodibility parameter, C is the sediment concentration
Concept of Transport Capacity and Unit Stream Power [Yang, 1996] :
)/)log((log ivviJICTC criticalt
)/log( 457.0)/ log( 286.0435.5 50 UNUDI
)/log( 314.0)/ log( 409.0799.1 50 UNUDJ
NU
w
sNU
w
s Dg
Dg
2
50
2
50
10001
36
10001
36
3
2
in which:
Rainfall-Runoff-Sediment Model Main Structure
Demosite/Plot Scale
Field monitoring of runoff, erosion and sediment transport processes
Groundwater, soil moisture, stream water level, soil depths, soil properties, rainfall
Runoff, erosion and sediment transportation controls
River Basin Scale (Upper Area)Rainfall-Runoff-Sediment Process Modeling
Updating the model for tropical river basins
Assessment of erosion and sediment control function in response to environmental changes (climate & landuse)
Regional/global Scale
Climate change projections by MRI-AGCM
Regional downscaling with NHRCM
Utilizing GSMaP reanalysis rainfall product
Approach
Riv
SK-1
SK-2
SK-3
5.57 m
5.91 m
2.57 m
4.5 m
3.0 m
1.5 m
Soil
Saprolite / weathered bedrock
Well Depths.
Cibitung River
Catchment (35,53 km2),
one of tributaries in the
Upper Citarum River
basin with the Saguling
Dam as the outlet point
was decided as a
demosite/plot scale
location
Phytotechnology Ponds
Real Time Monitoring System Devices
Erosion Control & Monitoring
Demosite/Plot Scale
Runoff Generation Monitoring
Basin/Global ScaleRecent Advances in Satellite-based Precipitation
Observation Technology and Increasing Availability of Its Product In High-resolution are Providing Opportunities to
be used at the poorly gauging river basins
Global Satellite Mapping on Precipitation (GSMaP) Reanalysis Product (Hourly)
Lack of Hourly Rainfall Data
GSMaP Grid Nodes for the Upper Citarum River
Basin (154 Grids)
Rainfall (mm)
Citarum River
December-January-February (DJF) March-April-May (MAM)
June-July-August (JJA) September-October-November (SON)
Distribution of Mean Seasonal Rainfall
Distribution in the Upper Citarum Basin from GSMaP
Data (2003 - 2017)
Rainy Season
Dry Season
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
1
24
47
70
93
11
6
13
9
16
2
18
5
20
8
23
1
25
4
27
7
30
0
32
3
34
6
Cu
mu
lati
ve D
aily
Wat
er
Vo
lum
e (
m3)
Observed Simulated
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1
24
47
70
93
11
6
13
9
16
2
18
5
20
8
23
1
25
4
27
7
30
0
32
3
34
6
Cu
mu
lati
ve D
aily
Se
dim
en
t Y
iled
(x
10
to
n)
Observed Simulated
Sediment Yield
Water Yield
Range of Relative Error: 1-10%
Comparison of Model Results and Observations in 2010 using GSMaP Rainfall Data
Potential Source
Range of Relative Error: 1-5%
Comparison of Model Results and Observations During Flood Event in 2014 using Observed Hourly Rainfall Data
DAM Control Element Model
(Larry W. Mays :Water Resources Engineering)
Sj: Water Volume (V)
Ij : Inflow Discharge (Qi)
Qj: Outflow Discharge (Qo)
Sj+1-Sj = Ij+I
j+1
2𝜟t−
Qj+Q
j+1
2𝜟t (3.1)
Basic equation of dam's flood & sediment control rules are based on stage (H)-storage (V) and stage (H)-release (Q) relationships, operation rules, and trapping efficiency for sediment information.
Routing Process:
Stage (H) - Storage (V) Relationship
Stage (H) - Release (Q & Qs) Relationship
Dam and Its Hydraulic Structures Dimension
Operation Rules
Minimum Data Necessary
Model Performance for Dam Function (Case Study Anegawa Dam)
EVENT 1 EVENT 2
Inflow
Outflow
Inflow
Outflow
Identification of Priority Locations, Selection & Technical
Design of Ecotechnology/Bio-Engineering
Flow Regimes Erosion Hotspots Deposition Hotspots
Rainfall-Runoff -Sediment Model Application
Total Eroded Soil (m3) Total Deposited Soil (m3)River Discharge (m3/s)
Richness of Microzoobenthos
Ecohydrology-Based Control Measures for Controlling Soil Erosion &
Trapping Sediment
Erosion Hotspots
Total Eroded Soil (m3)
Alley Cropping (Budidaya Sistem Lorong) with Akar Wangi (Vitiveria zizanioides (L,)
“Rorak” Farming System
Terrace Farming System
Control Function:
Efficiency Value
Empirical Equation
Physical Model
Phytotechnology Ponds & Aqua Culture
Percentage Change on the Average of Total Erosion (May to Oct) in Comparison to the Present Condition
Using GCM3.2 20-km Using RCM 5-km
IncreasedDecreased Small Change IncreasedDecreased Small Change
Apip et al, 2013
UTM & USM Malaysia K-Water & KOICA Korea
Durham Univ., UK Kyoto Univ
THANK YOU
Terima Kasih
Embung Sontoi, NTT, Indonesia
THANK YOU
Water Resources
Problems: Extremely surplus & deficit,Decreasing inland waters ecosystem services
Disaster exists if there is a
risk/damage
1. Rapid Onset Type Disasters (flood, drought)2. Slow Onset Type Disasters (environmental problems)
Flood & Sediment
Disasters
Droughts
Eco-disasters
Water Resources
Total Event
Dominant Type
Source: BNPB (National Agency for Disaster Management), 2010
NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT POLICY
Lake Rawa Pening, Central Java
National Development Planning Agency,
Indonesia
WA
TER
SEC
UR
ITY
: A
SIA
-PA
CIF
IC R
EG
ION
&
GLO
BA
L
NA
TIO
NA
L M
ID T
ER
M D
EV
ELO
PM
EN
T P
LA
N
20
15
-20
19
: W
AT
ER
SEC
UR
ITY
UNESCO International Hydrological Programme
WATER RESOURCES (includes Sediment) MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
An integral part of the river and the river branches to store the water that originated from the rainfall into the body (lands) of watershed as a natural reservoir
An integrated water resources management area in one or more watersheds and/or small islands
Leading Sector : Ministry of Environment and Forestry Leading Sector : Ministry of Public Works and Housing
a. Ecosystem Perspective: Ecological Engineering
b. Infrastructure Perspective: Civil Engineering
1) RIVER BASIN TERRITORY APPROACH
NO CONDITION OF
RIVER BASIN
TERRITORITY (WS)
TOTAL BASED
ON PERMEN
PUPR
4/PRT/M/2015
1 Cross Country WS 5
2 Cross Province WS 31
3 National Strategic WS 28
4 Cross City/Regency
WS
52
5 City/Regency WS 12
Total 128
Source : Ministerial Decree of Public Works andHousing No. 04/PRT/M/2015
Leading Sector : Ministry of Public Works and Housing