quality assurance of paddy & rice by grain cooling/grain ......page 1 granifrigor™ grain cooling...

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GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain Cooling

Quality Assurance of Paddy & Rice byGrain Cooling/Grain Chilling

FrigorTec LPJohannes Karcher

Houston [email protected]


GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain CoolingCooling process• Suctioned ambient air will be

cooled down and de-hydrated• HYGROTHERM™ heats up the

cold and wet air a little again, sothe relative humidity decreases.

• Conditioned air is pressedthrough the grain in storage

• Cold air takes energy (moistureand temperature) from the Grainand move it to the Exhaust

Cold dehydrated air

Heater

HYGOTHERM™

Air cooler

Condesation

Fan

Dust filter

Ambient air

Uncooled grain zone

Cooling zone rising in

air flow direction

Cooled grain zone

Independent of weather conditions!Te

mpe

ratu

re

Ambient air: 100 °F / 80 % r.H.

Ambient air: 75 °F / 50 % r.H.

Chilled Air:45 °F / 100 % r.H.

Cooling Heating

Reheated air52 °F / 65 % r.H.



Guidelines for grain cooling!The storage time andtreatment measures depend on the results of continuous controls.

Storage time for grain (days)

Grain moisture (%)

2322

2120

191817

1615

1413

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

Grain temp. (°F)

approx. 3 weeks

9084

8075

70646055

50

4440



Losses through respirationThe grain respiration – total formula of the chemical process:

C12H22O11 + 12 O2 → 12 CO2 + 11 H2O + 1.567 x 10-3 kWhcarbohydrates + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + heat

Grain lives, it breathes and produces heat ! Dependent on product moisture content and -temperature


GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain CoolingHeat generation of Rice (acc. to Jouin)

41 56 77 95 133°F



Data

Calculation of respiration / Substance lossesData

Grain type Rice Weight = 49 bu/tGrain moisture 14,5%Grain temperature 25 °C 77 °FGrain price 320 US$/t (US$6.5/Bu)Storage time 120 daysStorage quantity 10.000 t 490,000 Bu

Formula

Grain loss [t] =Heat generation [MJ/t, day] x Storage time [day] x Storage quantity [t]

15.000 [MJ/t]Result

Grain losses [t] Losses [US$]Grain stored at 25°C / 77°F 60,0 (2.940 Bu) 19,200Grain stored at 20°C / 68°F 37,0 (1.813 Bu) 11,840Grain stored at 12°C / 55°F negligible (< 1) -


GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain CoolingSlowly reheating of cold stored grain, Paddy and ricebecause of:• Only point contact of grain Low convection of air between the grain

advantages:

Grain stays cool for 4 - 6 months

Slow reheating as result of reduced respiration

Also in tropical areaOne cooling cycle requiredConsidering energy savings to ventilation



Lesser grain borer

Tribolium castaneum

Insects

maize weevilSitophilus zeamais

granary weevil

Sitophilus granarius

rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae


GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain CoolingDevelopment of damaging insects

104

86

68

50

21

14

°F



0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Juni Juli August SeptemberSeason

Num

ber o

f gra

in w

eevi

lsDevelopment of rice weevil

Diagramm1

Juni

Juli

August

September

Season

Number of grain weevils

1

25

325

4000

Tabelle1

JuniJuliAugustSeptember

1253254000

Tabelle1

Jahreszeit

Anzahl Kornkäfer

Entwicklung Kornkäfer

Tabelle2

Tabelle2

Juni

Juli

August

September

Jahreszeit

Anzahl Kornkäfer

Entwicklung Kornkäfer

1

25

325

4000

Tabelle3


GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain CoolingDevelopment of various mould fungi

Fusarium culmorum 400 x

Aspergillus glaucus

32 50 68 86 104 122 140 °F



0

10

20

30

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%rel. air humidity (%)

wat

er c

onte

nt (%

)

barley 25°C

wheat 25°C

corn 20°C

oats 25°C

70%

rape 20°C

rice 20°C

Moi

stur

e co

nten

t of g

rain

(%)

Sorption isotherm of grains at ≈ 70 °F



Grain temperature:

75°F

1. Night

Grain temperature:

75 °F

65°F

Starting with Grain temperature of 75 °F

Ventilation with Ambient Air

First night ventilation with 65 °F

High risk of condensation and spoiling after stopping the aeration fans

Never blow warm or humid air to the Grain to prevent spoiling

GRAIN COOLING

After starting the GRANIFRIGOR the Grain Cooler handle the humidity and temperature and is running 24/7 until the Silo is completely cooled.

No risk of condensation inside the Silo!



Grain moisture Drying effect> 17 % > 1,5 %

14% – 17% ~ 0,5% - 1,5 %

Drying Effect


GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain CoolingCombination drying - cooling

86 °F

95 °F

95 °F

95 °F

59 °F



95 °F

59 °F95 °F

59 °F


GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain CoolingEconomical Feasibility (Flexibility)

Barley, Canadian no.1 Western Barley, spot price, US$ per metric tonApr 2009 - Mar 2010: 36,02 (32.44 %)

Source: International Monetary Fund

US$

per

met

ric to

n



• Ambient air humidity and -temperature• Grain moisture and - temperature• Adjusted cold-air humidity and -temperature

Energy consumption during coolingdepending on:

Practical values:8.0 – 10.0 kWh/t per ton Rice (tropical zones) 0.1 – 0.2 kWh/Bu per Bushel Rice (tropical zones)

4.0 – 6.0 kWh/t per ton Rice (moderate zones) 0.08 – 0.12 kWh/Bu per Bushel Rice (moderate zones)



• Individual economic feasibility calculation

• Fast ROI



• Risk-free long-term storage without quality loss

• Conservation of harvest freshness for outstanding taste of rice / grain

• Minimizing respiration losses

• Protection from insects and their damage

• Avoiding expensive and unecological chemical treatment

• Protection of organic grain, paddy and rice

• Protection from fungi and their mycotoxins

• Reduction from drying costs and energy consumption

• No yellow discoloration of rice because of over drying and low storage quality

• Higher head rice recovery because of less fissures and cracks

Advantages of grain conservation by cooling (Part 1)



• Higher milling performance and efficiency

• No aggressive rice polishing

• Faster parboiling with brighter whiteness of rice (moisture content)

• Simplification of storage management

• No breakage of Rice by circulation

• Conservation of germinating quality for fast grow and high yield

• Independent operation of weather conditions

• Increase of revenue and improving of market position

• Short amortization period

Advantages of grain conservation by cooling (Part 2)


GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain CoolingGrain Cooling

in SilosGRANIFRIGOR™

KK 145 TY


GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain CoolingGrain cooling with flexibleair hoseGRANIFRIGOR™

KK 220


GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain CoolingGrain cooling

in SilosGRANIFRIGOR™

KK 280 TY


GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain CoolingGrain Cooling in Warehouses

GRANIFRIGOR™KK 280 TY



Cooling unit with sunroofGRANIFRIGOR™KK 220 Tropic


GRANIFRIGOR™ Grain CoolingGrain Coolingin Large SilosGRANIFRIGOR™

KK 400 TY



• (Buck)wheat• (Malting) barley• Maize• Millet• Oats • Rye• Sorghum• Rice, paddy• Rapeseed / Oil seeds• Sunflower seed

ApplicationIn general: all kind of grains and (oil) seeds

• Hops • Soybeans• Peanuts• Peas• Grass seeds• Potatoes• Nuts• Pellets• Coffee• Cacao beans



Thank you for your attention!

Johannes Karcher

e-mail: [email protected]

phone: 832 730 1894

Houston, TX77007

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quality assurance of paddy & rice by grain cooling/grain ......page 1 granifrigor™ grain cooling...

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