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Southeast Asia - Southeast Asia - Northwest of Northwest of Australia, Australia,

East of Vietnam, East of Vietnam, and southwest of and southwest of Japan. Japan.

Bordered by the Bordered by the Philippine Sea, Philippine Sea, and the South and the South China SeaChina Sea

The Philippines are The Philippines are unusually unusually susceptible to susceptible to natural hazardsnatural hazards

-- the junction of -- the junction of several tectonic several tectonic plate boundariesplate boundaries

-- frequent tropical -- frequent tropical cyclonescyclones

Hazard event Number KilledDamage

(USD millions)

Typhoon 28812 5653

Earthquake 9572 517

Volcano 6331 228

Flood 2545 431

15°13' N, 120°35' E 15°13' N, 120°35' E (Island of Luzon)(Island of Luzon)• intersection of the intersection of the

borders of the borders of the provinces of provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga. and Pampanga.

Elevation: 5248ft Elevation: 5248ft (1600m)-9/24/2001(1600m)-9/24/2001• 1,745 meters before 1,745 meters before

the June 15, 1991 the June 15, 1991 eruption and 1,485 eruption and 1,485 meters after meters after (caldera rim high (caldera rim high point)point)

The Philippines lie near the The Philippines lie near the convergence of several convergence of several tectonic plates, the Indo-tectonic plates, the Indo-Australian, Philippine, and the Australian, Philippine, and the Pacific plates.Pacific plates.

Oceanic to oceanic plate Oceanic to oceanic plate convergence creates Island Arc convergence creates Island Arc formations of volcanic islands. formations of volcanic islands.

Composite VolcanoComposite Volcano Andesitic Magma with high water Andesitic Magma with high water

contentcontent

The subduction volcano is formed by the Eurasian plate sliding under the Philippine Plate along the Manila Trench.

3rd August 19903rd August 1990 Loud rumbling heard, a landslide near the summit, Loud rumbling heard, a landslide near the summit, and steaming ground. First volcanic activity in 500 and steaming ground. First volcanic activity in 500 years. years.

August 1990August 1990 Five earthquakes near Pinatubo. Five earthquakes near Pinatubo.

2nd April 1991 2nd April 1991 Steam and ash exploded from a 1.5 km long fissure Steam and ash exploded from a 1.5 km long fissure high on the northern slopes of Pinatubo. Smell of high on the northern slopes of Pinatubo. Smell of sulfur and ash fell 10 km away. sulfur and ash fell 10 km away.

3rd April 19913rd April 1991 200 small earthquakes registered at the volcano. 200 small earthquakes registered at the volcano.

23rd April 199123rd April 1991 US Geological Survey arrived with monitoring US Geological Survey arrived with monitoring equipment. equipment.

26th April 199126th April 1991 Monitoring station set up at Clark Air Base 25 km to Monitoring station set up at Clark Air Base 25 km to the east of the volcano.the east of the volcano.

Fig. 7-48, p.179

A series of small steam-blast explosions in A series of small steam-blast explosions in early April, 1991, prompts scientists from early April, 1991, prompts scientists from PHIVOLCS to begin on-site monitoring and PHIVOLCS to begin on-site monitoring and declare a 10-kilometer (6-mile) danger zone declare a 10-kilometer (6-mile) danger zone around the volcano. around the volcano.

USGS scientists from the Volcano Disaster USGS scientists from the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program, bring specially designed, Assistance Program, bring specially designed, portable instruments to set up monitoring portable instruments to set up monitoring networks.networks.

The USGS studies the volcano's past eruptive The USGS studies the volcano's past eruptive history. Data indicates a huge eruption is history. Data indicates a huge eruption is imminent.imminent.

Warnings were issued enabling civil and Warnings were issued enabling civil and military authorities to arrange the evacuation.military authorities to arrange the evacuation.

Daily alerts issued stating the alert Daily alerts issued stating the alert level and associated danger area.level and associated danger area.

Information announced in major Information announced in major national and local newspapers, radio national and local newspapers, radio and television stations, and television stations, nongovernmental organizations nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and directly to nearby (NGOs), and directly to nearby inhabitants. inhabitants.

Formal evacuations were ordered on 7 Formal evacuations were ordered on 7 April. April.

Over 200,000 evacuated to lowlandsOver 200,000 evacuated to lowlands Population temporarily relocated to Population temporarily relocated to

Manila and Quezon City, with some Manila and Quezon City, with some 30,000 using the Amoranto Stadium in 30,000 using the Amoranto Stadium in Quezon City as a refugee camp. Quezon City as a refugee camp.

3:39 pm the main eruption begins. 3:39 pm the main eruption begins. Columns of ash, gas and steam rise 34km Columns of ash, gas and steam rise 34km

high and traveled 400km. high and traveled 400km. Evacuation area increased to 40km radius.Evacuation area increased to 40km radius. 90 percent of the total material for the 90 percent of the total material for the

eruption was expelled from the volcano in 9 eruption was expelled from the volcano in 9 hours. hours.

Typhoon Diding passes 100km northeast of Typhoon Diding passes 100km northeast of Pinatubo, bringing heavy rainfall.Pinatubo, bringing heavy rainfall.

Lahars raged down the mountain at 30 Lahars raged down the mountain at 30 km/hr. km/hr.

At 4:30 pm the summit of Pinatubo begins At 4:30 pm the summit of Pinatubo begins to sink. to sink.

Eruption stops at 10:340 pm. Eruption stops at 10:340 pm.

Fig. 6-37, p.144

Fig. 6-38, p.144

Fig. 6-32, p.142

Fig. 6-19, p.137

More than 700 people killed.More than 700 people killed. 8,000 houses destroyed and 75,000 houses damaged. 8,000 houses destroyed and 75,000 houses damaged. Damage estimated at $450 million dollars. Damage estimated at $450 million dollars. Fallout affected a total area of 340,000 kmFallout affected a total area of 340,000 km22

Rice paddies and sugar cane fields buriedRice paddies and sugar cane fields buried Forests buried under 50-200m deep ash and pumice. Forests buried under 50-200m deep ash and pumice. Ash and 20 mil tons of SOAsh and 20 mil tons of SO22 gas entered the gas entered the

stratosphere and circled the earth within 12 months, stratosphere and circled the earth within 12 months, reducing global temperatures by 0.5°C. reducing global temperatures by 0.5°C.

Over 2 million people were affected by the eruption. Over 2 million people were affected by the eruption. Summit of the volcano reduce by 260m. Summit of the volcano reduce by 260m. A huge caldera formed 2.5 km across.A huge caldera formed 2.5 km across. In spite of damage and lives lost, the biggest volcanic In spite of damage and lives lost, the biggest volcanic

disaster of the 20th century was minimized due to disaster of the 20th century was minimized due to good communication and monitoring. good communication and monitoring.

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

Families Persons

Bataan

Pampanga

Angeles City

TarlacZambales

Olongapo City

Nueva Ecija

Table 1. The distribution of families and persons affected by ash Table 1. The distribution of families and persons affected by ash fall (Pardo de Tavera, 1992)-fall (Pardo de Tavera, 1992)-

Total 215,971 families and 1,020,193 personsTotal 215,971 families and 1,020,193 persons

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

Families Population

Pampanga

Tarlac

Zambales

Table 2. Lahars-devastated barangays that were virtually Table 2. Lahars-devastated barangays that were virtually abandoned in October 1992.abandoned in October 1992.

Total 9,829 families and 53,435 personsTotal 9,829 families and 53,435 persons

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1991 1992

Bataan

Bulacan

Nueva Ecija

Pampanga

Tarlac

Zambales

Since the 1991 eruption, lahars Since the 1991 eruption, lahars have destroyed the homes of have destroyed the homes of more than 100,000 people. more than 100,000 people.

One lake on the volcano's east One lake on the volcano's east flank, has formed and broken out flank, has formed and broken out three times (1991, 1992, and three times (1991, 1992, and 1994), creating lahars that have 1994), creating lahars that have killed dozens of people.killed dozens of people.

New towns have now been built New towns have now been built on high ground.on high ground.

The powerful eruption injected a significant amount of aerosol and dust into the stratosphere.

The results:• Reduction in sunlight

reaching the earth’s atmosphere by 5%

• N. Hemisphere’s average temperature was decreased by .9-1.1F

• The absorption of radiation by aerosol increased the stratosphere’s temperature.

• The material lasted in the clouds for 3 years.

• Significant effect of ozone deterioration rate.

U.S.G.S. forecast resulted in the saving U.S.G.S. forecast resulted in the saving of at least 5,000 lives and at least $250 of at least 5,000 lives and at least $250 million in property.million in property.

A least another $50 to $100 million in A least another $50 to $100 million in damage to aircraft saved by avoiding damage to aircraft saved by avoiding ash clouds.ash clouds.

PHIVOLCS and USGS scientists spent PHIVOLCS and USGS scientists spent less than $1.5 million responding and less than $1.5 million responding and forecasting the eruption.forecasting the eruption.

Philippine, U.S., and nongovernmental Philippine, U.S., and nongovernmental organizations spent about $40 million organizations spent about $40 million to evacuate, house, and feed local to evacuate, house, and feed local residents and American military residents and American military personnel personnel

Since June 1991 lahar monitoring Since June 1991 lahar monitoring systems have been in operation. systems have been in operation. • Radio-telemetric rain gauges.Radio-telemetric rain gauges.• Acoustic flow monitors on stream Acoustic flow monitors on stream

banks detect ground vibration as banks detect ground vibration as lahars pass. lahars pass.

• Manned lookout stations to confirm Manned lookout stations to confirm lahars flows. lahars flows.

• System has enabled warnings to be System has enabled warnings to be sounded for most lahars, saving sounded for most lahars, saving hundreds of lives.hundreds of lives.

The disaster management system is based The disaster management system is based on a government decree that has not been on a government decree that has not been updated in 20 years.updated in 20 years.

Frequent natural disasters have hindered Frequent natural disasters have hindered the Government’s efforts to reduce the the Government’s efforts to reduce the incidence of poverty and reduce the number incidence of poverty and reduce the number of people and assets vulnerable.of people and assets vulnerable.

Disaster management systems mostly rely Disaster management systems mostly rely on a response or reactive approach, in on a response or reactive approach, in contrast to a more effective proactive contrast to a more effective proactive approach, in which disasters are avoided, by approach, in which disasters are avoided, by appropriate land-use planning, construction appropriate land-use planning, construction and other pre-event measures which avoid and other pre-event measures which avoid the creation of disaster-prone conditions.the creation of disaster-prone conditions.

Risk Identification: High quality, comprehensive Risk Identification: High quality, comprehensive hazard and vulnerability maps for major natural hazard and vulnerability maps for major natural hazards need to be produced or updated. hazards need to be produced or updated. Improved knowledge base and understanding of Improved knowledge base and understanding of the scale of impact and forms of vulnerability.the scale of impact and forms of vulnerability.

Risk Reduction: Measures need to be taken to Risk Reduction: Measures need to be taken to prevent, mitigate and reduce the inherent risks.prevent, mitigate and reduce the inherent risks.

Risk Sharing/Financing: The Government of the Risk Sharing/Financing: The Government of the Philippines and individual households currently Philippines and individual households currently bear the majority of costs. More effective bear the majority of costs. More effective options for financing disaster risk and relieving options for financing disaster risk and relieving the burden of disasters should come from the the burden of disasters should come from the public sector, including the idea of a catastrophe public sector, including the idea of a catastrophe insurance pool, and/or contingent credit insurance pool, and/or contingent credit facilities.facilities.

Natural Disaster Risk Management In The Philippines: Enhancing Poverty Alleviation Through Disaster Reduction The World Bank National Disaster Coordinating Council East Asia and Pacific

Region Republic of the Philippines Rural Development Benefits of Volcano Monitoring Far Outweigh Costs–The Case of

Mount Pinatubo Chris Newhall, James W. Hendley II, and Peter H. Stauffer U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 115-97Online Version 1.1 http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs115-97/

The Mount Pinatubo Disaster and the People of Central Luzon By Cynthia Banzon Bautista, Department of Sociology and Center for Integrative and Development Studies, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.http://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/cbautist/

Socioeconomic Impacts of the Mount Pinatubo Eruption By Remigio A. Mercado,1 Jay Bertram T. Lacsamana,1 and Greg L. Pineda11 National Economic and Development Authority, Region III, San Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines. http://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/mercado/

U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 114-97 Online Version 1.1 Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs114-97/

Mt. Pinatubo Milton J. Sweet http://www.utdallas.edu/~msweet/e&v1.html

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