pvsp final

Photovoltaic Solar Power plants(PVSP)(Renewable Energy)

Imran Hussain

“Project”

B Tech(Pass) Electrical, 6th Semester (Spring-2015)

Distance Learning,Reg#10E2-214011

Preston University(Islamabad Campus)

Imran Hussain,R#10E2-214011

Brief CntentsPage

Chapter 1: Introduction to Photvoltaic Solar Plant and simple layout (1 to 8)

Chapter 2 : Photvoltaic Solar Plant different Parameters and Advantages (9 to 11)

Chapter 3: Glossary of Solar (12 to `17)

Chapter 4: Overview of Quaid-Azam Solar Park (18 to 19)


Chapter:1 Introduction to Photvoltaic Solar Plant (PVSP)

• The sun delivers its energy to us in two main forms: heat and light.

• There are two main types of solar power systems:

Solar thermal systems

Solar PV systems

1.1 Types of solar PV systems

• Grid-connected solar PV systems

• Off-grid solar PV systems

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (“BIPV”)


Off-grid solar PV systems

1.2 Solar PV Technology and Comparison

• Crystalline cells :Ultra-pure silicon raw material such as those used in semiconductor chips.150-200 microns thick.

• Thin film : made by depositing layers of semiconductor material barely 0.3 to 2 micrometers thick onto glass or stainless steel substrates.The semiconductor layers are so thin, the costs of raw material are much lower than the capital equipment and processing costs.


1.3 Conversion Efficiency


Policrystalline silicon

Amorphous silicon

Cadmium telluride

CHRISTALINETECHNOLOGY

THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY

1.4 Standard Test Condition (STC)

1,000W/m2 Irradiance

25 ˚C cell temperature

Spectrum at air mass of 1.5

1.5 Factors affecting the PV performance

Irradiance : PV cell performance increases with irradiance

Temperature : PV cell performance declines as cell temperature rises.

• The loss in power output at 70˚C , for example measured as (70 - 25) x temperature coefficient.


1.6 Negative Temperature Coefficient

• Most thin film technologies have a lower negative temperature coefficient compared to crystalline technologies.

• They tend to lose less of their rated capacity as temperature rises. Hence, thin film technologies will generate 5-10% more electricity per year.

1.7 PV PLANT Simple layout

1.8 DC to AC invertorImran Hussain,R#10E2-214011

1.9 Inverter Operating Modes

1.10 Major Parts/Equipments of a PVSP


Electrical and Control Building (ECB)

Major electrical equipment :

1. Medium Voltage Switchgear

2. Low Voltage Switchgear

3. Station Battery

4. Unit Auxiliary Transformers

Inverter Buildings Each inverter building is divided into three rooms :1. The low voltage switchgear room2. the transformer room 3. The Ring Main Unit (RMU) room. The following major components are within the inverter building: • Two Inverters • Medium Voltage Step Up Transformer • Inverter Building UPS • RMU Switchgear • Detectors and instrumentation.

DC System:

The DC system consists of the following major components:

• PV Modules and Arrays

• DC Junction Boxes

• DC Breaker Panels

PV modules and Arrays

• Advanced thin film Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) solar panel .

• Individual PV modules are connected in series to create a string,Tabels and Arrays.

• The efficiency of the module ~11.88% .

• DC Breaker Panel


The positive leads of all individual DC Junction Boxes feed a single inverter DC Breaker Panel with internal breakers.

The negative leads are routed through the DC Breaker Panel but are not connected to a circuit breaker.

Chapter 2: Photvoltaic Solar Plant different Parameters and Advantages

2.1 Example-Annual Generated PowerImran Hussain,R#10E2-214011

2.2 Solar PV Output Profile

2.3 Solar PV System

• Cell - Module - String - Table - Array

• Tilt angle


2.4 Solar PV system warranty

Two main components to a PV module warranty:

A workmanship warranty : offers to repair, replace or refund the purchase in case of defects.

Power warranty : Most manufacturers warrant at least 90% of the minimum rated output for 10 years, and 80% of the minimum rated output for 20-25 years.

2.5 Advantages of Photovoltaic Solar Plant

A solar photovoltaic system has a number of advantages in addition to its reliance on a clean and inexhaustible resource. It has no moving parts, so that a solar power station can be virtually maintenance-free - a phenomenon that has been demonstrated in remotely operated lighthouses, telecommunication relay stations and space vehicles. Solar cells can easily be mass-produced, as transistors and semiconductor integrated circuits are. In an expanding market this attribute can be expected to bring about cost reductions resulting from economies of scale. Solar arrays consist of a number of solar-cell modules and allow a wide range of application sizes and types with the same conversion efficiency and technology. A plant of megawatt size can be built in less than a year, in sharp contrast to conventional power plants and particularly to nuclear plants. As a result power companies can have more flexibility in planning for projected changes in the demand for electricity In the light of all those considerations one can expect that the era of economically feasible photovoltaics will arrive in the near future, sooner than anyone would have supposed a decade ago. The achievement will require sustained research and development work, international cooperation and perhaps some initial subsidies by individual governments. Given the right conditions, the photovoltaic industry could eventually rival the electronic industry in size.


2.6 Example- CO 2 Reduction

2.7 Example– Cost Comparison

Chapter 3: Glossary of Solar Terms

Air Mass (sometimes called air mass ratio):Equal to the cosine of the zenith angle or that angle from directly overhead to a line intersecting the sun. The air mass is an indication of the length of the path solar radiation travels through the atmosphere.An air mass of 1.0 means the sun is directly overhead and the radiation


Travels through one atmosphere(thickness).

Amorphous Silicon: A thin‐film, silicon photovoltaic cell having no crystallinestructure manufactured by depositing layers of doped silicon on a substrate

Angle of Incidence:The angle between the direct radiation on a surface and the normal to that surface.

Anti-Reflection Coating(ARC): A thin coating of material applied to a solar cellsurface that reducesthe light reflection and increases light transmission.

Array: Any number of electrically connected photovoltaic (PV) modules/ tableproviding a single electrical output.

Band Gap Energy (Eg): The amount of energy (in electron volts) required to free an outer shell electron from its orbit about the nucleus to a free state, and thus promote it from thevalence to the conduction level.

BIPV (Building‐Integrated Photovoltaic):A term for the design and integration of photovoltaic (PV) technology into the building envelope, typically replacing conventional building materials. This integration may be in vertical facades,replacing view glass, spandrel glass, or other facade material; into semitransparentskylight systems; into roofing systems,replacing traditional roofing materials; intoshading "eyebrows" over windows; or other building envelope systems.

Blocking Diode:A semiconductor connected in series with a solar cell or cells and a storage battery to keep the battery from discharging through the cell when there is no output, or low output, from the solar cell. It can be thought of as a one‐way valve that allows electrons to flow forwards, but not backwards.

Bypass Diode: A diode connected across one or more solar cells in a photovoltaic module such that the diode will conduct if the cell(s) become reverse biased. It protects these solar cells from thermal destruction in case of total or partial shading of individual solar cells while other cells are exposed to full light.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP):Solar energy conversion technologies that convert solar energy to electricity using mirror or lenses, by heating a working fluid to power a turbine that drives a generator(four common forms :Parabolic trough,Fresnel reflector, Solar tower and dish stirling).

Contact Area: That area of ohmic contact provided on either the p or n surface of a solar cell for electric circuit connections.


Crystalline Silicon: A type of photovoltaic cell made from a slice of single‐crystalsilicon or polycrystalline silicon.

Declination: The angular position of the sun at solar noon(when the sun is on thelocal meridian) with respect to the plane of the equator, north positive.

Diffuse radiation: The solar radiationreceived from the sun after its direction hasbeen changed by scattering by the atmosphere

Direct Radiation: The solar radiation received from the sun without having been scattered by the atmosphere (Directradiation is often referred to beam radiation).

Fill Factor:The ratio of a photovoltaic cell's actual power to its power if bothcurrent and voltage are at their maxima, a key characteristic in evaluating cellperformance.

Fixed Tilt Array: A photovoltaic array set in at a fixed angle with respect toHorizontal.

Flat‐Plate Photovoltaic (PV): A PV array or module that consists of non-concentrating elements.Flat‐plate arrays and modules use direct and diffusesunlight, but if the array is fixed in position, some portion of the direct sunlight islost because of oblique sun‐angles in relation to the array

Fresnel lens:An optical device that focuses light like a magnifying glass,concentric rings are faced at slightly different angles so that light falling on any ring is focused to the same point.

Full Sun: The amount of power density in sunlight received at the earth's surface at noon on a clear day (about1,000 Watts/square meter).

Irradiance, W/m2: Therate at which radiant energy is incident on a surface, per unit area of surface. Irradiance multiplied by time equals insolation.

I‐V Curve: A graphical presentation of the current versus the voltage from aPhotovoltaic device as the load is increased from the short circuit (no load)condition to the open circuit(maximum voltage) condition. The shape of the curvecharacterizes cell performance.

Junction Box: A photovoltaic (PV) generator junction box is an enclosure on theModule where PV strings are electrically connected and where protection devicescan be located, if necessary.


Latitude: The angular location north or south of equator, north positive Line‐ Commutated.

Inverter: An inverter that is tied to a power grid or line. The commutation of power (conversion from direct current to alternating current) is controlled by the power line, so that, if there is a failure in the power grid, the photovoltaic system cannot feed power into the line.

Maximum Power Point (MPP):The point on the current‐voltage (I‐V) curve of aModule under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum.

Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT): Means ofa power‐conditioni ng unit that automatically operates the photovoltaic generator at its maximum power point under allconditions

Multicrystalline: A semiconductor (photovoltaic) material composed of variouslyoriented, small, individual crystals. Sometimes referred to as polycrystalline or semi-crystalline.

Orientation: A term used to describe the direction that the surface of a solar module faces. The two components of orientation are the tilt angle (the angle ofinclination a module makes from the horizontal)and the azimuth (based on truesouth, not magnetic North/South).

Photocurrent: An electric current induced by radiant energy.

Photon: A particle of light that acts as an individual unit of energy.

Photovoltaic(s) (PV): The word “photovoltaic” combines two terms“photo”means light and “voltaic” means voltage, pertaining to the direct conversion of light into electricity

Photovoltaic (PV) Array:An interconnected system of PV mo dules that function as a single electricity‐producing unit. The modules are assembled as a discrete structure, with common support or mounting. In smaller systems, an array can consist of a single module.

Photovoltaic (PV) Cell: The smallest semiconductor element within a PV module to perform the immediate conversion of light into electrical energy (direct current voltage and current). Also called a solar cell.

Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion Efficiency:The ratio of the electric power produced by a photovoltaic device to the power of the sunlight incident on the device.


Photovoltaic (PV) Effect: The phenomenon that occurs when photons, the "particles" in a beam of light, knock electrons loose from the atoms they strike. When this property of light is combined with the properties of semiconductors,electronsflow in one direction across a junction, setting up a voltage. With theaddition of circuitry,current will flow and electric power will be available.

Photovoltaic (PV) Module: The smallest environmentallyprotected, essentiallyplanar,assembly of solar cells and ancillary parts, such as interconnections, terminals, (and protective devices such as diodes) intended to generate directcurrent power under un-concentrated sunlight. The structural (load carrying)member of a module can either be the top layer (superstrate) or the back layer(substrate).

Photovoltaic (PV) Panel: Often used interchangeably with PV module (especially in onemodule systems), butmore accurately used to refer to a physically connectedCollection of modules (i.e., a laminate string of modules used to achieve a requiredvoltage and current).

Photovoltaic‐Thermal (PV/T) System:A photovoltaic system that, in addition toconverting sun light into electricity, collects the residual heat energy and deliversboth heatand electricity in usable form. Also called a total energy system

POA : Plane of Array Irradiance ( the irradiance when the measuring equipment orthe panel with tilt angle , e.g., 20 ̊), different than horizontal irradiance

Power Purchase Agreements (PPA): A contract to purchase energy. PPAs areusually established between a power plant and a purchaser of electrical energy, such as a utility.A PPA may be a contract written between a building owner thatwants to use solar energy and a third-party developer who will install, maintain andown the PV system used to generate the electricity on the building’s structure,and then sell the solar energy produced by the system to the buildingowner at a pre-determined rate.

Pyranometer: An instrument used for measuring global solar irradiance.

Pyrheliometer:An instrument used for measuring direct beam solar irradiance

Silicon (Si): A semi‐metallic chemical element that makes an excellent semiconductor material for photovoltaic devices. It crystallizes in face‐centered cubic lattice like a diamond.It's commonly found in sand and quartz (as the oxide)


Solar Constant: The average amount of solar radiation that reaches the earth's upper atmosphere on a surface perpendicular to the sun's rays; equal to 1367 Wattsper square meter.

Solar Energy: Electromagnetic energy transmitted from the sun (solar radiation). The amount that reaches the earth is equal to one billionth of total solar energygenerated, or the equivalent of about 420 trillion kilowatt‐hours.

Solar‐Grade Silicon: Intermediate‐grade silicon used in the manufacture of solarcells. Less expensive than electronic‐grade silicon.

Solar Noon: The time of the day, at a specific location, when the sun reaches itshighest,apparent point in the sky.

Solar Spectrum: The totaldistribution of electromagnetic radiation emanating from the sun, the different regions of the solar spectrum is described by their wavelength range. Thevisible region extends from about 390 to 780 nanometers (a nanometer is one billionth of one meter).

Stand‐Alone System: An autonomous or hybrid photovoltaic system not connected to a grid. May or may not have storage, but most stand‐alone systems require batteries or some other form of storage.

String: A number of photovoltaic modules or panels interconnected electrically inseries toproduce the operating voltage required by the load.

Temperature Factors: It is common for three elements in photovoltaic system sizing to have distinct temperature corrections: a factor used to decrease battery capacity( if battery exist)at cold temperatures; a factor used to decrease PV module voltage at high temperatures; and a factor used to decrease the current carrying capability of wire at high temperatures.

Thin‐Film Photovoltaic Module: A photovoltaic module constructed with sequential layers of thin‐film semiconductor materials.

Tilt Angle: The angle at which a photovoltaic array is set to face the sun relative to ahorizontal position. The tilt angle can be set or adjusted to maximize seasonal orAnnual energy collection.

Total Solar Radiation: The sum of the direct and the diffuse solar radiation on asurface, often referred as Global radiation.

Tracking Array: A photovoltaic (PV) array that follows the path of the sun to maximize the solar radiationincident on the PV surface, the two most common


orientations are: (1) one axis where the array tracks the sun east to west; and (2)two‐axis tracking where the array points directly at the sun at all times. Trackingarrays use both the direct and diffuse sunlight. Two‐axis tracking arrays capture themaximum possible daily energy.

Wafer: A thin sheet of semiconductor (photovoltaic material) made by cutting from a single crystal or ingot.

Zenith Angle: The angle between the direction of interest(the sun, for example) and the zenith (directly overhead).

Chapter 4: Overview of Quaid-Azam Solar Park

4.1 Introduction

The Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park is a 1,000-megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station in Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. The first 100-megawatt (MW) went operational in May 2015. Imran Hussain,R#10E2-214011

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt

The renewable energy power project fueled by solar energy is named after Quaid-e-Azam, the founder of Pakistan. It is the first ever utility scale solar power plant in the country. Once completed, it will be Pakistan's largest and one of the largest in the world.

Once fully completed by the end of 2016 it will have the capacity to generate 1,000 MW. Tebian Electric Apparatus was awarded the contract for the first phase of the project which was completed in May 2015 for a cost $131 million.

4.2 Plant Overview

4.3 Project Detail and Future Extension

The first 100MW project is owned 100% by the government of Punjab, Bank of Punjab. The turnkey contractor for the project is Tebian Electric Apparatus (TBEA) Xinjiang SunOasis Co. Ltd. [1][2] The installation of the plant was completed within a record time of 3 months (Nov 2014 to Jan 2015), and it is currently under testing and commissioning.

The 100MW solar power plant comprises of the PV area and a 100MVA substation. The electrical output is being connected to a 132kV transmission line that runs through the Solar Park. Currently the transmission line has a capacity of up to 400MW and the utility company is in the process of upgrading its capacity to 1000MW. The project started generating 100 MW of power in April 2015 & 1,000 MW by the end of 2016. The project comprises 400,000 solar panels and was built for a cost of about $ 131 Million. Once completed, the project will generate more than the current 550 MW installed capacity in the Topaz Solar Farm and the Desert Sunlight Solar Farm in California. The project's expected completion in 2016 would made it the largest photovoltaic power station.

The government has invited investors to invest here for the balance 900 megawatts, in which several local and international companies will establish projects.Several domestic and


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Sunlight_Solar_Farm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaz_Solar_Farm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Punjab

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebian_Electric_Apparatus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations#World.27s_largest_photovoltaic_power_stations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy

international investors have been granted LOIs to start the process of establishment of solar plants on IPP (independent power producer) basis.

The Government of Pakistan announced a new upfront feed in tariff for solar power plants in January 2015, where the investors will be able to sell electricity to the national grid at between 14 to 15 US cents per kWh. The announcement of this tariff and the completion of the first 100MW at Bahawalpur has caused a great interest on the part of investors.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur

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