pv system presentation

8/10/2019 PV System Presentation

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Photovoltaic

Power System

INDIA 2011-14

SOLAR RADIATION:

SOURCE OF LIGHT ENERGY

FOR DIRECT CONVERSIONTO ELECTRIC POWER

SOLAR CELL: TO CONVERT

SUNLIGHT DIRECTLY TO

ELECTRICITY

TYPES OF PV MODULESBALANCE OF SYSTEM:

Inverter, Controller, Battery

etc.

PV SYSTEMCOMPONENTSAND FUNCTIONS OF

COMPONENTS

APPLICATIONS


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SOLAR RADIATIONSOURCE OF LIGHT ENERGY

FORCONVERSION TO ELECTRICITY

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Insolation in India: An Energy Resource

Solar radiation is perennial,environment-friendly and well suited

for decentralized applications.

Most parts of India receive 47 kWh

(kilowatt-hour) of solar radiation per

square metre per day.

There are 250300 sunny days in a

year.The highest annual radiation energy is

received in western Rajasthan.


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SOLAR CELLSUNLIGHT CONVERSION TO ELECTRICITY

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TYPES OF PV CELLS

AND

MODULES


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Module

Every single photovoltaic cell has small

dimensions and generally produces a

power between 1 and 3 watts and 0,5Volts,

at the standard test conditions (STC) of1000W/m.

To get a bigger power and voltage, it is

necessary to connect several cells among

themselves to create bigger units calledmodules

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The modules in a PV array are usually first

connected in series to obtain the desired voltage;

the individual strings are then connected in

parallel to allow the system to produce morecurrent. They are then protected by

encapsulation between glass and a tough metal,

plastic or fiberglass back. This is held together by

a stainless steel or aluminum frame to form a

module.


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These modules, usually comprised of about 30

PV cells, form the basic building block of a solar

array. Modules may be connected in series or

parallel to increase the voltage and current, and

thus achieve the required solar array

characteristics that will match the load. Typical

module size is 50Wp and produces direct current

electricity at 12V (for battery charging for

example).


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PV SYSTEM COMPONENTS


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The photovoltaic system structures

Systems with fixed inclination - (fixedsupporting structure)

Systems with active tracking - single/double

axis tracking systems (characterized by step bystep motors and control electronics)

Self contained systems or stand alone

Network connected systems or gridconnected


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Applications of Solar PV Systems

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Solar Lantern The solar lantern is a portable lighting system. Being

light in weight, it is easy to carry around and thereforeideal for both indoor and outdoor usage.

A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wpto 10 Wp capacity, a sealed maintenance-free battery of

12 V, 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity, and a compactfluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating. A solarlantern is usually meant to provide light for three tofour hours daily, and designed to have a three-day

autonomy, that is, to function in this manner forthree days without sunlight.


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Solar home system -1

A solar home system (SHS) provides a

comfortable level of illumination in one or

more rooms of a house. There are several

SHS models featuring one, two, or four

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL). It is also

possible to run a small DC fan or a 12-V DC

television with the system.

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Solar home system - 2

The SHS consists of a PV module of 18, 37 or74 Wp (Watt peak) capacity; a sealed,

maintenance-free, or flooded leadacid

battery of 12 V and 20, 40 or 75 AH capacity;

and CFLs of 9 W or 11 W rating.

The system is designed to provide service

for three to four hours daily, with an

autonomy of three days, that is, the systemcan function for three cloudy days.

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Operation


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Operation

A PV module is usually mounted on the roof of the

house so that it is exposed to direct solar radiationthroughout the day, avoiding any

shadow.

The module converts incident radiation into

electricity, which, in turn, charges the battery,which is placed inside the house.

The battery provides power to the CFLs, and to thetelevision and/or fan as required. A change

controller prevents overcharging and deepdischarge of the battery.

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Solar street lightingsystem

A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is anoutdoor lighting unit used to illuminate

a street or an open area usually in

villages. A CFL is fixed

inside a luminaire which is mounted on

a pole.

The PV module is placed at the top of

the pole, and a battery is placed in a

box at the base of the pole. The

module is mounted facing south, sothat it receives solar radiation

throughout the day, without any

shadow falling on it.

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A typical street-lighting system consists of a PVmodule of 74 Wp capacity, a flooded leadacid

battery of 12 V, 75 AH capacity, and a CFL of 11 Wrating. This system is designed to operate from duskto dawn (that is, throughout the night). The CFLautomatically lights up when the surroundingsbecome dark and switches off around

sunrise time.The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000. Variations in thecost are possible on account of local taxes,additional transportation costs, etc.

The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Sourcesprovides financial assistance for the promotion ofsome of the above solar lighting systems amongeligible categories of users.

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SPV Pumping System

An SPV water pump is a DC or AC, surface-mounted or submersible or floating pump thatruns on power from an SPV array.

The array is mounted on a suitable structure and

placed in a shadow free open space with itsmodules facing south and inclined at locallatitude.

A typical SPV water-pumping system consists ofan SPV array of 2003000 Wp capacity,mounted on a tracking/non-tracking type ofstructure.

The array is connected to a DC or AC motorconnected to pump of matching capacity.

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The array is connected to a DC or AC motorconnected pump of matching capacity that can be

of s u r f a c e - m o u n t e d , submersible, orfloating type. Interconnecting cables andelectronics make up the rest of the system.

SPV water pumps are used to draw water for

irrigation as well as for drinking. The normal pumpingheads are in the range of 10 metres (m) forirrigation, and 30 m for drinking water. It is possibleto use pumps with even greater head, especially fordrinking water supply. The SPV array convertssunlight into electricity and delivers it to run themotor and pump up water. The water can be storedin tanks for use during non-sunny hours, if necessary.

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The SPV array converts sunlight into electricity anddelivers it to run the motor and pump up water. The

water can be stored in tanks for use during non-sunny hours, if necessary. For maximum poweroutput from the SPV array, the structure on which it ismounted should track the sun. Electronic devices are

used to do this in some models, thereby enabling thesystems to operate at maximum power output. Thepower from the SPV array is directly delivered to thepump in the case of DC pumps. In the case of ACpumps, however, an inverter is used to convert the

DC output of the array into AC. No storage batteries

are used in an SPV pump.

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An SPV pump based on a one-horsepower motor

can irrigate about 1

1.5 hectares of land under avariety of crops except paddy and sugar cane

(assuming a 10-m water table). Using the same

pump along with drip irrigation, it is possible to

irrigate up to 6 hectares of land for certain crops. A

two-horsepower SPV pump could irrigate about 23

hectares of land under many crops except paddy

and sugar cane (again assuming a 10-m water

table).

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SPV P i S t


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SPV Pumping System

The cost of an SPVpump depends on thecapacity and type ofpump. For example, aDC surface pump with

a 900 W array may costabout Rs 150 000; asimilar pump of 1800 Wmay cost about Rs 300

000; and an 1800 W ACsubmersible pump maycost about Rs 422 000.

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Sagar Island - Solar Island

Sagar Island is in the southwestern corner of theGanges Delta, in India. The West Bengal RenewableEnergy Development Agency (WBREDA) has beenworking on Sagar Island since 1996 to address the

problem of energy supply. Since then it has set up atotal of 11 small solar PV power plants, on SagarIsland and its neighbour Maushuni Island. Each planthas its own mini-grid system that distributes electricpower to the surrounding villages. The grids areswitched on for six hours a day, from 6pm tomidnight, and are managed by cooperativesocieties formed by the villagers that use the power.

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Sagar Island - Solar Island

The 11 power plants in operation supplying stable and

reliable 400 / 230V, 3 phase, 50Hz power for six to

seven hours a day through local distribution lines. The

combined capacity of the plants is 400Kw and

WBREDA estimates that a further 400Kw is needed in

order to electrify all the villages in the two islands.

Source: Ashden Trust Awards for Sustainable Energy


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SOLAR CELL & MODULE MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA

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Solar PV Projects News

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Solar PV Projects News

PV Technologies India (a subsidiary ofMoser Baer), Titan Energy Systems,

Reliance Industries Ltd, Tata BP Solar Power

are among the 12 Solar Photo Voltaic

projects filed under Special IncentivePackage Scheme (SIPS), which have

received in-principle clearance from the

Government.

Together, these 12 projects would entail aninvestment of Rs 76,500 crore over a 10-

year period.

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Indian Perspective-2010

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION

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The Energy & Resources Institute, [TERI]

New Delhi

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New Delhi

FROM SUNLIGHT TO ELECTRICITYA practical handbook on solar photovoltaic

applications

(Second Edition), 2010

ISBN 978-81-7993-156-1TERI Press

TERI, Darbari Seth Block,

IHC Complex, Lodhi Road,

New Delhi 110 003

www.teriin.org

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SOLAR ELECTRICITY

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SOLAR ELECTRICITY,(second Edition),Editedby Tomas Markvart, University ofSouthampton, UK, John Wiley & sons, 2000

Contents

1 Electricity from the Sun

2 Solar Radiation

3 Solar Cells

4 Photo voltaic Engineering

5 Applications6 Environmental Impacts of Photovoltaics

7 Advanced and Specialised Topics

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Reference books


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S. Roberts: Solar Electricity A practical guide to

designing and installing photovoltaic

systems. Prentice Hall, 1991.

G. Foley: Photovoltaic Applications in Rural Areas of

the Developing World. World Bank, 1995.

International Energy Agency Photovoltaic

Power Systems Programme

www.iea-pvps.org/

Useful websites

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Use u ebs es

http://www.pvpower.com/

Contains a wealth ofinformation includingPV glossary,bibliography, system

design software, PVstandards, units andconversion factors,and environmental

safety and health

information

http://www.iea-pvps.org/

Web site of the PhotovoltaicPower Systems Programmeof the International EnergyAgency.

Awealth of information andIEA reports: many can be

downloaded from the site.Newsletter of the IEA PVPS

programme can be found

at

http://www.oja-services.nl/iea-

pvps/pvpower/home.htm

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http://www.pvpower.com/http://www.pvpower.com/http://www.pvpower.com/http://www.pvpower.com/http://www.pvpower.com/


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Solar electricity

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Volume 6 of UNESCO energy

engineering series UNESCO energy engineering

series: Energy engineeringlearning package

Author T. Markvart

Editor T. Markvart

Edition 2, illustrated

Publisher John Wiley andSons, 2000

ISBN 0471988529,9780471988526

Length 280 pages

Designing with solar power: a source book for

building integrated photovoltaics (BiPV)

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building integrated photovoltaics (BiPV)

Designing with Solar Power is the resultof international collaborative researchand development work carried outwithin the remit of the InternationalEnergy Agency's Photovoltaic PowerSystems Programme (IEA PVPS), where

world-wide and interdisciplinary

expert experience on building-

integrated photovoltaics has been

brought together .

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Eastern Economy Edition books


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1. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS, Chetan Singh Solanki

Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications,

Second Edition, 2011

2. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS, Analysis and Design

A.K. Mukerjee and Nivedita Thakur, 2011

Published by: PHI Learning pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 110001

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