puthiya jananayagam april 2014

5/24/2018 Puthiya Jananayagam April 2014

1/36

H 2014 v |P 1


2/36

2 v |P H 2014uha] 35&B UP...

""PUP vozxAz x P ^ smh ~P uPzu'' G AT uPuP[S a&8 P vzuPh iz ux |U m ] PA s P k uo.

C , |h A[ PUTmhz v Px Psk E Gzu u, "" ||s P S P Pn P x, | B GJ S k h ux Bn vU Pzu { u ''A kzv@uk, Pzv sP vU S@ a]Pz ux u Azvxm i mk, C Gvz x @ kxo s P @s k Azv.

C u z uhx @] ... mha u E, ""PUPa P, u P n PkEUS sP Cnx mhzu ku sP u[Px kua vUPi'' GU Smh.

] u x.\sP, ""sP# mk P A[RPUP, sP mi _ u CuP BsP Tu'' Cizxzx, sP x ukUPk _sh

Emh Azx uUSuP Gvzx iUPsk sP u AP Aovsk G AT.

snizuzvPvP @h @siu @u y PP Enzv En m i x,A[Q Pm ]US UPmiu K Q K[P.

va]Pv Pm & u| RUPh Sv .P.C.P. U PUS m]P P{Pa] h xU Tmh |h x. Cv E@u m, ux Sv BvUP zv Px mi P P Gvzx @i Azu; u A zv u...P. uUS Gvzx i Azu Smk @] @u k, "" CU S Gvzx @kxo m] P A] u [Q x '' G.

] u

E xP zv {J[Qn u , |k x v ,uzv sP JkUP k u , s P PP FhP[P ]zuui, i[P sPx voUPk BnvUP USP mimk CUPvPh s k AT.


3/36

H 2014 v |P 3

E v U P x, P Pm h mh G _z uzu P CUP s k h k Pm k k P PU Tz uPi u , J u u x u u Av PPvUS Pmk kP Pk i P P U Tzu Q Q .

i Ps P oU SU P, U S h P & Gz uuAvPP B \ u , P a \u P |hzv Pk i P zw U Q Cx Gu Km kU Pm] A ] v , A Pxn ]U P. P, \ m h S \ua \ i u \u .35 Cm \z v 8.25 Cm \zu \ _m iUPsh P x | x. Cg\ F Fz v U SCzuP Av P U Pz u \ Ps k u, u Av PPU Pm iU P u u Av P P n m k h z

ukUP u Pa \v k Q P.H Pk Chzu u u u Bnz v |hzu vP \ U

P \ Q u, { z u u Bn s S uuAvP P B Pm ] P P C[ Q u |h.G U S P, u _ ] u P _zx \m h & J[S i... , u x K A u u h { , A u \U Psk uPz v U P z u u | P |hzu G u z u u Bn h v..P. Pkzx v Cx |h iUP Hx .

u u \mh v P i Csk BskP US us h P J uS v Th m ih i u { , h] FU Q ] }v z u sk ]z us h vU P mh u, 2001& C |hu \m h z u u C s zx

|S uSv P mi h uU P # u. U P@uu AvPP u i # mh. G, Csk uS vP @m i h @m uU P # x mk, A uUP # G # U S v A zx @ Csk u S v P @m i h #u S z v P P A x SUS uh U @Pzv u u Bn z v v..P. P Pkz x, US ukz xv C |h iUP GkU P h Cz u iU P mk Qx.

u P m k, |k x uu |hzu v P uPAa \ P Emk Km kU S n Pkz u x J U PP USv , u u iu A A i Qh hkQ . CuPP us iU Pk u, u U Pku |hv . C i u u Bn zv |hzu v P PU PQ u Qmh { , Hu \vU P u PU PmiU P |U Pz x h,

|h z u u mi k Pm ] P uP U P PUS{QUP . 5 B Pi n _ m PU P P Phzv uP uu Bn US CP ]z uP x u PUT, yz xU Si x Pz xUS u P P uhx 3 |m P U Szuk u mh G P U Tzu Ai m h uz x h A[ Pu u AvP P m i.

Km kUPm ] PU Q h PP kP C mhu , U P uz u [ P Hx A] ui i P U P U Pmk u, |h | Pz vx Km kUPm ] P x Av v | UP U P h Q x. Cu Av vUS iP m i, |h |Pzv x C A ] x |UPHkzx |UPz xh u u Bn Cz u P `zu [P h\iU Psi U Qx. AuS EkUP iz xU Psi U Q

B UP Fh P[ P.


4/36

4 v |P H 2014

C v | P G U Pk Cu A\, Es uSu zx & {z x \vP G , Cu APmkAu hz v J v | PA\ { sk G| T Q . U P Cz u P u A] Szx vUP G

v, {Q Cu A\ x ux u A[P P | UP C v UQP. C uz u u A ] UP Pmk Dkk Gx, Cu A\ x AP PsiUS| UPU P A . P,QUPm Bmhzv ]P Pmk Dkm kU S U P u u DkmkUS AvP iGu Es .

Cu A \ u hx

m h x. P u P[Q_ A_ umhx G GvUPm ] P T Cx J ;P[ Q _, ..P. E mh GKmkU Pm ] P A [ P[ P ,{P, _, Cq, }vzxAh[Q A_ Gv Eh[QCu A\ umhx G| TQ. Cu UP vU Q P C , BUP v U Q x. u[ P zu \m h[ P, u[ P T u

u A] P, |P BQ

z u[Px zuPu, P mk vu UP, UP, { kzu i B UPuk Qx. Ca ^ v z x uP P Cmh \mh[P uz uQ.

x A_, AvPzx \mh P, PPP Chzv Pa ]z vmh[ P,

A] Qu, G[S }UP {vUSF, _ A P[ P, }vzx FP, Av Pzx u u Q S [ P, \ P x P... G zu A\, \P y|UPi ]UQ |[Qa \x Qx Gu, u ] P U S Au m kUPkzx {zui Gu B UPAzx Q. zuzv BuPuSv Cx mhx C v B UP.

G, Bk UPQ EUS UP J A ] \U v P Gx B U Pzu z xuSz uP C G J Pnz v, \USUS UP si Cu A\ , | P Az u mh nzu z uhx A n}iUQx. |P G AUP k Cu A\ u CxP uS Pshu Eu, Cug] A], \P A zvu, G Cu UP uz u B UP Azx CuSzuzx UP QP. Cu A\ uJ U P uz u G { u, AuP u A] Pm ]P GUP P x mk, AU Pm]P \u u, u, F u C| Pq Azxa ^PUS Pn G vUQP.

Cu Csk |UP[P B UP {U PQx. uuP, P[Q_, ..P., v..P.,A.v . .P., B Bz G uU Pm ] A [ PCu Cmh, B UP | xPUSi iUPmk C[QU PsiUQ & AvPUP, _, Cq, }vzx, FhP[P, \P s

mk {[P BQ Ah[Q A\, Au


5/36

H 2014 v |P 5

u uvP UP PsPx U Qx.

CshuP, USU Pn Pm]

Pu G xUPzu kzvi, P P UPmi, i xoa \ { Pzv, P |Cu |U P i x |m hU Pk G sk skQx. G, Cu PxUP ku | uoP CUQ x.

B UP uhx mhxG | Tu , EUS UP Q m h U P Au z u P iz x

mhx G u. P, _s k u S Bu S EPu P B U P u izvUS A\, AUS x G |mk UP A h si G Ax zx\mh[P, P BQU PyPU PvB UPzv A Q, vUPa #Q GQ. Cu A\P v Qmhuz u[ Ph |h iU PP AP { UQ G TQ.

Cu A\ Gu Pmka u,

B UP ux u JU P UQx. 1991&C P&|] Tmhov uU PPP AvPPA kzuz uh[ Q | u C ,FP G AU Pk AUP, {UP , Bu, P z, G.I.].Emh PP Cu |k PkzvUS zv v .73 Cm\Pi GQx J .

CuU P G x | u ] P P |hz u mh \[ Q , A. mk { [ P, uS u

P, I.H.G. u .H.K. Av

P UP, Aa\, _ & Cq Av

P P, \mh |P, E }v & Ea\ }v }v v P, Fh Pz x , Q L SP Ah[ Q CUPP Azv \umiUQx.

G , , P i ]A] vP, AvPP m kS PP Pm k u zuA ^ Pmkh A[P C[ P P ] S Pmk CuP J u EUPkQx. Psi }vzx | # Av P P n Psh

zvPP |mk | AUP Psh A]vP Cu CzuP PUPkzx Aa ^vzvh iG a #Q B UP Azx. B, PP A[P C[P C . A u A [ P, AvPU P, _, }vz x, FhP[ P E mhG z x P }UP {vU Q;Au Bm] zxQ Gu Es.

P Aa \ Gkz xUP. Aa \ z w vuh[Q Aq\Uv JuzxUS ..P. a \U

Pmkx Azv AUP A_ |i[ P uUQU Akzvx. uS uPiu Aa\ P { |h uxG u i h P U P nu.{U P F U Q UPm h h Bz \, \a] mk

Pvz u x z v


6/36

6 v |P H 2014

#U SU Psizu. Pu G { n P z v P[ Q _..P. mi mkU Psk AUSU P zx [ Q . _[P u P z

uUSUSuP _a` Aa\Pzu Au \mh[P P ][ Q[PPa i.

C[ V U P v { v P G na]@ C, Pm u P uPPP , k P P Aa \PTa@ |hx PQP, Cx vUP {P G , C . \Pz vS { S Av P P G U P[PUS x |mhP uPm iU Ps i u A _, P UPPPP A Pz uh[ Q P u,

u UPzv PP hPu C PmiU Pz uh[Qmhx.UPh { uU Pmi, u zu Dx mk u P h | Dmkx A_P |UPQ mhx.

Gu U P B u P { A [ P Q u, Au P, |\P, P, [Si UP,u P Ai h EU S UP u U P kzxuP vmh[P P[Q_, ..P., A.v..P.,v..P. Emh Gu A[P Sv.P, P m u UPzv PCzu |UPPU Psk wmhmk Ba P u u vm h[PUPP UPh u[P zxUPkxu k A_ GuP A[PCm\ nQ U Q x.

G BP, _[P { [ P, PUP P, us p P, Ghm L UP US {, Pk, , }{P Emh xazxP UP h

|a]P ]U Px Pkx, Gvzxi mi x, ua u .H.K. UP AvPUP , _ B a ] o

P, \mh J[S P Cx Qx. CP A u, u U P P P A U S PP m k, Au P BuhQ[SuPP CUQ. |PzvCu ys P }vz x Fh P[ P ThCuS v UP.

u &u G x u U PP m k ; Ax Pm huzxa hUS EPu A], ]zuua \Pzv EUSx mk,}vzx Emh Azx P ux |U Pzu { U P uS H {Q Cu A\ zx UQx. Cu PnP \m hP\P Q . G ua \m h[ P vzx |hU Psk G UP AzukQP,A ua \m h[ P u m kU P Ch P(bottlenecks)G u P {PUQP.Eh Au Ch P \m h u AvPUPzu APkQ; i \mh u |h iUP A \mh UPkQ. vP|P A[RP iU PhP Pmhmhx, \mh

u AU Pm i h[ P A \ a \m h[ P \m h U P m h x v U P{P A ; \mh u P U Pu H# P G \ [P |hx x Cx u.

H P \ Am h, va u,Kmk| E , Ph a m k, nu UP \mh E PUP {n #x `z xU Ps iU SAvP U Pz v Cg \ ]US u U


7/36

H 2014 v |P 7

PP v mhUPk Pz vxmiUQx Gu Es.

A ] v P F h P

x Av P U Pz v F.H, C P U P U S vU Ph mh P A G u P \ mh J m i S k Q .AvP UP, _, Cq, }vzx Emh A_ Gv B UPaU P P iU P mh x. APUS mk Phmhx. PUPU PPP AvP UPzv Cuu z x _ \z xUS mi UQ. u U PP ]zu uz uU P, Cu A\

^ S x ukzv Au zuP v v UPa #vUQx; Auu mhzuUQUQx.

u P \ \ u Pz xUSA m h P CUP s h ? GP G Ea\ }vzv, }vvP {zv Aimh AP kzu i v k GUT G|P i ]m h P v.APz }vzv uuP }vvP AvUP, u P U R PP Cx US

|hzv nz uU SU Q P. Ea\ }vzv u }v vP 8 F PG S mkQ USb v s.uU S G Phkzumh J | Cy |P \_ }vvP {U P kQ . i U S P U Sz yUS us h vU Q x }v; B AUP w P }vvP[S, u u xzu SamkEv , u EU P\ ux P UQ. u u F UP20 Bsk P Cz u izu u U S, A A_ UR }vv Azvzusk G T wUQx Ea\ }v . Au|, [ Si U P USU S Pkzu zx U u\zxP Sz xU PP B ush vUPkQ.

] UQu zu . , , ]m sk\i, B mh, P, uP, TUSU P G Q S |h iU P P G P kz x Q x_. U SUQ Px

#mhsi xP hh G

u i.I.. 15 Bs kPU S Pz uP CU Q . u P CU SH.P. G Tku i... izxz u PUS zx m \ \ A z vUQx ]..I.

[Sa \uU PsPouP x]..I. n, u _ P\ x ]..I n, I.. x ]..I. nG G U Ps Po A P ]..I.n z xU S x Ps i U P,]..I. AvP P PkP x? Gx hU P Pz u[ QUPs iU Qx.

Cv AvP UPu B]@ P\ Av P U P (A u x [ P u \,Q u, B P u |kP UPmi \ x) G iP AskGP U U P \ h] G { \zv v m i U Q x. C i Av P UPzv \v ]zx mh v ,I.H.G, I..G., AvPP x US uhuS A v u A P hPU P Qx zv A_. AU

P , Bu, {U P E mh FUSP Auuz x AvPP uUP ]UQ u, A P S[P u P u Ts i PQP. u Ts i h s i G u PnUSz uoU PAUP u, u | P P UQx.

|Pz v | Px ys G Pzx P G ]QUPk FhPzx P m uP ThPAQ {Qx. zvP P AvPz

u[P A] uPPP x i


8/36

8 v |P H 2014

kQP. 2009 uux J P hPA kz u mhP_US #v (paid news)

G Pzu, uxz v P E Q uuP A[RP m h x.

^ x C uzx u m hx G }mh i sn\ Pz v G U PqUP x ^ i Q x.|UPzv PmiPP A k u S P UQ[P US

PmkQP. E PUSzxP GkE P z v kPP P P ikQP. P {[PPU Th[PPzuCU S Gx \PzuJUPmk, AA_ A[ R P PU T h[ PPCUP s k G xmk PU

PP Gg]UQx. | Pzv Gv v, | P E xUPmk, JkUPmh UP |P EP UQx.

PUP smk a] PsP a ` kQx. u| P io sP xP |P zxUSz uhz uUQP. hmhP Q [Px ux |PU PzuiPP EQP. uUP i u P A[ P u P #x PQP. hmh CP, uPm k [S P hzu mkm k Q x. us p g \ U SUSU Pmi TQx. nP,UP, uspU PPz ukUS\P En Si U P, Av P U PzvJzx h L S P m hiU PkQP.

A ] , \ P, s mk { [ PAzx uUS | PU P mkvzx , uU S | P S { [ PPa `umh k v P

mk Cu |mi Gg]UQ. A\

G E P|[ Qa \x { , U P xJ[P {|m ku

P A ] Ss h uimk ux PP\ x PkUP {Qx.

a ] hzv ux h[ P , } { P , { [ P , PPkUPa \vUPu UP |h[ S Gvz x k Q P. Km kU

Pm ] P Az u JxUQ {z v U SCu mh[P { kz x u S,}z x P u S P BU P uhx ]UQ x.

u &uU PPPA UP \Pzv Hkz v U S

, Avv \UPmi, B UPzxUS Bk UP[PUS Chs mh A v kz u , v xu Cu A \ a ^ v zui G |UPmi, UP zv CuA\ { xUP, HPvzvz usk {[P |hzukB Bz Pm] A] Pzv CU P mi UQ x.

P UP P P P P AU Pz v PP x xiz xUPsiUS mk {[P uSuP v{v |v i, a] ]u A ]P B UPzu {zukQ. |P iA \ kz v ] \zu {|mk P S z v vz x zvUS i, Au Cv US QUS #UPPU PzvUQ.

u |[ Qa \x Ps iU SCu A ] \P A , ux C va\h[SP |hzv UP s i m ] P mh U Pz v P Gv z xUPzvUQx.


9/36

H 2014 v |P 9

" " | Pz v Ai h PC x u u P u; u u P uukUP k UP v{ v P u |mh B Q P;|h U P A P v{vzxkzx Eu{ '' G u u P,|h |UP u z x Fh P[ P A z x

x U P h E UQz x . Km kU Pm ] P QQx; Kmka mk A] xa\zuU PiuP Gu P, uP x; G[ S Cg \,F, AvPPkP zxx G Cu AAQ uU Pq UP,C u u u P, Km kU Pm ] P,|h Emh A_ AP x |UP Cx {

, u u P, |h Emh Cu A mh C GCP a\ \x Q.

| h z u u A ] ^x uS KmkUPm]P,Au u P, u mh AvPP BQ x m kmk, Cu A U SAUPkPUS Gu \uQhx G CP vkQP.KmkUS n [P, Pm]P

, \v & ua\ C, |

P z u u kz u |h | P U P U Sa\ \U Ti A Gx Qh x G C P Eu]U Q P. F, AvP P k P E mh Pk PAzu u P vz vUP P ( U ) C v |h A U S PmiU Qh

u PU T C P UP US | UPmkQP.

""|h Gx uzx UPzv Bm]i US va '' G US Gv P, ""UP | \u a ] P G v |h Eu A i S. G ,Cv |h hQ , Cv |PzvP BzuP i'' G Ga\UQ, Cv PmPm]a \u |h E Su u Su.

A\ g] _]!"" sk '' G Ai h U P uPU

T izu |kzu U Pz vT h, u u P JPm]US vP C Pm] u Azv x k G zu Pzu |h | P A x z x.

U P u u kUP k G.., G.G.H.UPu|mh B u PU T k u J i Pm i .|hzvSa \mh AvPu Esh u,Au |h kz x AvP |h z vSA uzx C[Q AvP UPzvSzu Esk., |hzv Ck \mh[P CuAv P U P u i z xz u Q x. Cu AvPUP |h C u C m h _a\P C[ PU Ti x. Cu Av P U Pzu{US, Pmk kzx AvP |hz vSUQhx.

CxUP, u Szumh S Cv|h z v |h iU P P J A ][P. Cv UP x mk, ]E, { AP G uUSuPz ukzxAP Kmhs iPUQ Au \ , HPv z v |kPa \u mk {[PUS, A Tmh

P Cvz uS u P US \PP


10/36

10 v |P H 2014

Az x, Au AU S |m i [PU P iU P Av i C Ah Hk \x PkUS PP|h \mk Es u

.

Cv |h mk HPP {[P |P xPUS PP Cu KmkU Pm]P \u P,KmkUPm]P UP x AUP Cu h P _UQ zxhU Thx.1990&P Szumh v uuU PPPUS H A] Pm k [P AUPmk u k Cx.

|h:HPP {vvUP S h!

1947 &U S u C v |h zv\kP z uz vS , uzvS G CshP UP. uzv Cv |h hh, ,i..G., E mh ] S mh uS uzx Sk [ PUSa \ \u|U P PU Psk \ m k u x|mi _u ]z uP , CP [P HP v zvU P P h xPUS A S _u] u UPP U Ph iUP s i u{ x. Cu |m i Cs

x PUS AvPzu |h Psiux. , UP | A_Gz uU PmiU PuPP JUSa\oPa ] |hiUPP & P, zx, \ Si} {P Azv ] \ P A ] Pm kmi R zv x & Gkzx u x.

1991&B Bsk uUS u |] A_,EP [ Q Pm h P H C v uzu ^UPz uh[Q ,Cv |hzv AvP

_a\z u UPmhuk m k , U P | A_ G Pi Pmi m hx. Au z uhx""Pm'' Juzv Pzvmk EP zuPUPPzv Cnu | uh[Q, Cv |h, A] EP A{ {v uzv PmhP { hP mh.

|] u Cu P[Q_ A_""Pm'' Juzv PzvmhxTh, |h z v Sz u U P , Ax Szx|h z v vU P |hx

iux. C ua \ J C v |h C \U Pmk xGu Gkz xU Pmi x.

""Pm'' Ju P |mix voUPmhx, |] A]S u US u, P k P Bu u IU Q o A _,AuS u US u u] | PUTmho Bm] HP vzv { [ PUSa\ \ v u u h _ \ P|hx Pv SP Cu. SP, u Cu u] | PUTm ho A_ EP z u PU PPzv {uPUS A \, 640 mP uCUSv PmkkPz uzvx.

Cv&AUP Aq\Uv Ju, Cv& A UP C q U Tmk J u Th|hz v J u u

P ][ A \ P z v hmh. Cu Ju[P Cv] Aq E P U PsPoUS AvP zu HP v z v|kPUS Azux. AUPa

\u Aq\Uv {[P u\ uPP, Aq\Uv Ph k\u }z x i z v|h z v { mhx. h L { 11,000 Pi AS H \u P A S, Pm {[P HPz ukUP uPU TUPsk, x u vP |h z v Pskux, P[ Q _ Tm ho A _.

mk {[P Cv v


11/36

H 2014 v |P 11

Pz w P Gvzuh, AuA U SU Ps k x Qh hmhx. ""P ][ \hu u'' G Pz v Fh P[ P A a \[P Fv

h ] z u P uh[Q B uzuh u E mk x PA{ u ~ uS Cxu PmkkP }US u Pz ua \P Az u,P ][.

EP zuPU PPzv vP, SP A\ \zx vP (TRIPS) {v umkvP US (TRIMS)P, Cv |hG u \m hz u C h i x.Cv Guu mP G CUSv\ s k; G uu m P GuAS H v \ s k G u

EP z u PU PPu u x w U Q x. m m U S U Pmkkzx u PP C v A_ E UQ zvUS \m h, EP [ Q { u iC mh JS. 2 AUP E[P zx \x Ea\ }v Azx wGvzx \ u\ }vz v USz uh uP ] h {, ||m ha \u h | { A zx. Cv A]S ` A\[PP HPvzv { [P \mk u@ C Gkz xU PmkQ.

Cv A_: Pm uP \P

1990&P v uuU PP APkzumh , AxP A] Pmkmimk Cxu xP ] Cv zuS uP HPvzv u PP[P~uS A vUPm h. Ci ~uP m { [ P Av i C AhuS \vP Azx Cx A_ {[P \k P vmhmh hU Pmh . A_zx { .G.G.G.,|m hz v u m hu CuS Eu n PUSh.

uzv Cshx Pmhzv Pi \z xU P C z u Psiu xzx {[P PmuPUS \ h B x. ..P. Tmho Bm] xz x{ [ P \ u P P Jx H kzv, AuSz uS u P|P _] As Aa\UP m h. C z v C[ S xz x{[P G US P GuUTh |hzvS vP HPvzvv

Pu i \u. 2100 Pi v

Psh h m 104 Pi US, 5,000Pi v Psh P 551 PiU S \ m h v uCshx Pm hz v |hu PPnzu x P.

C uS Akz x, Ps qU Sz u B zusp, C, {UP, CP G, zuuh[Q PsqU Sz uP AU P PDP CP [ P Azu Gu C C vz uS u PUSu\[Phu uP[PUS JxURk \u A P kz u m h x. ,a \P, [P, {[P, m uP Pmk PsiUkP mk, A x uh[QS x Azx x oP uh AoP Jhx;A_&u Tmka \x (Public Private part-nership projects)AiU Pm k vm h[ P EUSx; ] u sh [P EUSx; E|mk uP SP [ Sa \u Emh {va \u A{ u ~ uS C x u Pm k kP }U Sx; AUS a \PP zuiP Ax G Akzukzx P mu P | P z x vm h[P PPP SUPm h.

Cuz vmh[PUSz uk {[P

A\ \ P h x u \x


12/36

12 v |P H 2014

Pkzux; P [P mikuS\vP [Si UP AP h[Px Bu mh.Pm uP xzx [QPh

Ph , Cuz vmh[P uk \uS\ vP xzx [Q P Ph v Puz u m h ; mi u SU P m h x.uk PU P x G J Bsk mmi Pm {[PUS|S Cm\ Pi z uiP AUPmh. Ci \PPA u u |mi u S, P QhUS, Hv AvPUS,A{a \o QhU S G A_ U S vP A m hx.

Cu U S v P Az x z x

mhu Cx A\ JU Pskm h x. |k s i Q { S Au \ A] \ P P A ,A A, A] , Ah , z uE mh J ] C v z uS u PEQ ` nUPP \ Chiz v U Q . [ S P Cz uz uUSiUS Jm kso , u P CzuzuU SiUS mh a] , CvzuS u P HP v z v { [ P |mi xa \zxUP, CP [P,x U P \ P, Eg ]U SiUS

JmksoPP A] Bu An kE Q .

HPvzv _]PAa\PP, AvP PP. . .

|h Cu Jmksoz u {uP m P P US H k \xPkUS zu zx Qx.Cua \x PkU S | P _ ]Pu Aa\ P P, Av P PP {U Pk

Q. v..P.a \u z uzuhz x Aa\P { uS mku [ |hvUQx? mz xAa \ P Cu mi yUQ Ph\

mk, Ahzv EmP UPm h u P A P[ PCu. CP G Csk h[PP EzvU PuSJ u Azx, A zu { zu.

{v v .]u , |P a]z xAa\ P |z, zuPz x Aa\ Bz\, vmh P \ xnz u s hU][ A, \ [Q P S Gz v UP HPvzv _ ] P C v A \[ P { u

PsThP UP. shU ][ A EP [Q, S \u\|n {vzv E AvPPP omk CU S v P G x S hzuUPx. C H, EP [ Q SPmi, HPvz v {v u U S |P Hsm Guu P ][,|] Bm] {vv P, IUQ USU Tmho Bm] u vPi mhm h.

C x UP C v z uS u P, A Px {[P a \u _ \ AvPP P P E P |h Pz v ~ xC J UPP x Qx. ,A_ AUS |h {U SUP uS uPUS Ch AUPkQx. CAz v S P A ] u UPPP, vmh[P z uS u P,AvP UP Pmi P, HPP {v { [Pa \u {nP u SzxU PkU

QP.

C u Ai h u C

\ G E, m,j\ BQ P z wUS AvP Gsn {Av P U Pz v h PkU PmiU Q x. Cx u]U Pmhn, Pmhn BQ J[ S Bn [ PG EUPmk AvP UP PmiP wUQ.C US A , UPmh {n \, \UPEzv {Pzv u

zu Szu \

Azx [QP @ uUS |hiUPPUPsizx AQ Cv [Q F [P h |hzv

Bmh. (@P h)


13/36

H 2014 v |P 13

[ Q P [P u Pmi;\ G , s ns nUS [ Pk [ P uh P A _US A

[P C L ] CU S | | u { PPm i; uS u z x { [ P {Qx uh P B \ [P uSu S[P Pmi; [Qz x vzu[PU Psk |] PmiG Azx {P uzuSzxuS H AvP UP PmiPJ JP A_ Azx Qx.Cu PmiPu Es A\[PP,A u x P US J u AU Sumi P |h C\mk Q.

A]vPh Pnk _|, FBQ J[R[PU Pmi, uSv, |, {P ~qU P[ P {u AvP UPzv, x \u {nP PP PPi P GkUS Av Pzu Az u u|mh i G Cu zuv uuU PP { kzxQx.

A _ |h z v \PP, Ph k P Az x P mk, A BP Cvz uSu P A P HP v z v GPUSa \ \i mi

uzu C Gkz xU Pm kQ . A]QQuh Pi A{ ux Cu . G , u zxFhP[ P Az x F Cu|m], ]u A\ BQ US zuPU Psk Cu zu { kzv Q.

uu P: P vUPzv P i

P hu C x BskP P[ Q_ TmhoBm ], ..P. Tm ho Bm ], IUQ oBm] G sn Tm h o P

Bshx, u&uU PP

P |hkzx v AU Tm h o PUQ h Gu k C u v .

\ , CUP P P |h kz x v u[PUQh vG m i u AUTmho Bm ] P UQh { u x.C i u UP P P US G u

u v Bm] |hzxuzu B[S { Bm] G UQx.

C i mh ` { u 16 & B x|h z uuU P a\ `k UP|hx Q x. uuUS GuU Tm hoBm] A Gx Cv UP h,HP vzv {v ua `u iP u AvPP PQ. u[P zxUS Tm ho Bm] A u, Au U Pz xh u P CU Q x AU S . "" ] v Pm]P Tmho \xPsk,J x uz vmh Bm]UP mh, Ax {v umh P z yskuP Axk. A imh { Cv v a]

h a \ ; | k P x PhU P m i Av P U S; C v u shuz uu kzx''G h P Ga \ z v U Q x, i(Moody)G HPvzv mi[ {.

G , u u P U S G uU Tm hoBm] Azu Ax HPvzv {v ua`uiP, Cvz uS uzxU SBm]P CUS Gv U PzxUPCh CUP ix. Au |h uu G x Cuz wmiU P P

Bm ]US J \m h { z uU P U S\i u x Qh x G uEUS UP En s k. Km kU Pm ]P Fh P[ P u z x A z x US ""uu ''G \ iUS P, |U \ m]PUS ""uu UPo; UP\vP [PU Pmi'' GUPzv R Aovsk, u&u z u Au xPU S Cu A ]A i snk zuUTi m]P mh[P U PmiUP sk.

Es A[P: [Qz x vzu Pm i u |] ;U@Ph {nUS Pmi u [P;

GmPUS [Sx Szu Pmi u |u {@P; u vP Pmi u zuv @@.


14/36

14 v |P H 2014

P[ Q ] Bu k v Au B&Bz A_ u Q, P[ Q , ..P. Bm ]UP E P zxmh { Ea\ }v }vv J, ""P[Q _ .. P. Tm h Pa \ xPsk Bm ] U PUP i , C H Tmka \xK A\ AUP i x?''

G P G .CUP US ]z v u P, H kz x u Pzu , Au Esv u U Q x. Tm ka \Cu AS A Pm]P P P, |hP kEu G Pnz v x C uUP ^zu, A Pm]P C P Tm h P uGu xP i.

ua vzu; AUP,

^, Q u E m k |kPh E ; E |m i w uzu, uuzu AqS; z v & { A _ P UQh E ; D a] ;P, Emh |v} [Rmk a]; uP a ] & G G u a] Gkz xU Ps h ,Av C Pm]P { k,AqS, |h BQPkPTh k CuU Pn

ix.

1990&P uhUPzv P[Q_ Pm] u&uzuz xU Psk |h kzuuh[Qx, ""ux Pm]PP P[Q_ viU PskmhuP'' x, ..P. Aua\ z v uUP P,

P, u U Pmh \ uUP BQ Pm]P Amiu ..P.hx Cuz

u vUP ix. G, 1990&PKm k U S |U Pz uk _u] \h Aiz x uAUPm], 1998&C Bm] Auh u&uzu P[Q\h Pz wP |hkzvx.u x H m k u |U P iPUS P[Q] u uU PPu Pn G hu [Q Q i, Ah xUSUTh uU PP Qhx.

P[Q_ A_ kzxUQmk zvUP G, izvUQmk kz xU P GQ. Cxu CP UQh PP k! ""uzu Cw P |h kz v |mh \U Qh'' G mhz u x mk mki Q, i. P[Q\ F u A_ GU Sg_zv A, P ][ A\ P AUSUSzuPUS hmh P.. Gsn F Szx\ U Q. P[Q\ Szv i A\ AhSzvS \x PkUPmiUS \mhu \PP Szx \ UQx. P[Q]S ..P.SCh n Cxu. C Pm]P huU PP Cimh J Pnkx

m k , Au |h kz x v ThC""yUQh h , Hz v h '' G o CmhU S xUQ \mk Q.

uP Kv {v [Sa \u uk\ u Au { QU S z u US u |U P PU Psh v K v {v\u Phu a 2011 & C |h z v UPkUSU Psk u x, P[ Q _ A_. A AUSvu 159 EP ..P. Ch x \ U Pm ] P a \u GvU Pm] E P.G, A\u ..P. EP Buk, 115

EP US P {mhx.


15/36

H 2014 v |P 15

C\u {mhv C_] Esk. C\u P ][A\ uUPmhu. AuS u Cu u] |PU Tmho A_

uzu \US Cx. A\u P[Q_ TmhoBm], GvUPm] ..P. Buk{miUQx. u G \k"Gvv' Pm]P P[Q\ ..P.J PU Pm i m i uS C Eun[P E.

] z u Pz v 51 \u u A { uzu A vU S P[ Q _ A ] i..P. Gvzx Qx. B, AUPm] CvJQx G UPzv R 2004& B Bsk|h u |h z u u Gv Psh

x, ux u u AU P P muP QUS |UPzuk ]z u Pzv A{ u h A vU Pz uxPm] |hiUP GkUS G Azvux. Cxmk, Bm]u ] zuPzv A{ uh AvUP sk GPP i GkUPmk, A zuPz xAa\P Cu \ uzv SU Psk m h x. G , ..P.uh[Q zuu P[ Q _ izx zvUQx Gu Cu U Ti.

C i ..P. Tm ho A_ uh[Q

zuu Au Akz x u P[ Q _ A_izx zuuS C Eun Cv&A UP Aq\Uv J u. u] | PUTm ho Bm ] U &2 Aq Ssk\u |hzv Pk I.|. zvS Ea \ u , ""C Cv AqSsk \u |hz u x '' Gz u a \ PAz u. Cu kz x u Aq \UvuhP C v S A U P SCh CP] a_zuP uh[Q.Cu C P ] a _ z u P US J ui Pkzuuk, Auz ux un zx {, P ][.

Cx , P[ Q _ uh[Q z uu..P. wP |hkzvuS A|PEun[P E. xzx {[PzuUSz u US PP |] Bm ]U Pz v E U P m h x. 1998 & CuUS u A_ |] Bm]UPz v EUP mh CUPP Aa_\P |h kz vu k, CzvC[S xzx {[P Si Gkzux. , A_ {[Pzu US u P P J u Aa \

Pzu E UQa \u hz ux.

{UPa _[P[P H Th C,u iz uS u P US [S PP P ][ A_ mk, AuS u A_ \kzvx. u] |P o Bm] 39 _[PP vP JxURk \vuPU Sg_z v UQx, ]..I.

u ]z x ~ v U Smk { [ P Cvz uS uP ux zv J Sv A_USUPmhnPa \zvu {, A_Au U Pm kz u { [ P Av i

C Ah sn v uuhUP P A z u x. Au S uP[Q_ A_ Au PPU Phizuxm k , 2 AU P FUS ..P.Tm ho Bm] E UQ PP u Aizuzu AzxU Pkzux.

P ][ Bm ] 2 AUPPP m u PUS Aimk USPmh P |hux G , ..P.Tmho Bm ] h m, P,.G.G.G. Emk Czv C[Qu xzx {[P Aimk US

Pmh. P[Q_ Tmho Bm]US {UPa

Aq Bu @u z uh J uzv Cv Pzvkx uhP |hu @azu

Px Psh @u] |PU Tmho A] zx Aa z ][ (x);

AU P z xn Aam@ h@m (@P h)


16/36

16 v |P H 2014

_[P F G , ..P.S P|hP{z v \P u P |hz vCU P F. F Sa\mkUPCsk Pm ] P J Sm h F

mh P P C u Gkz xU Pm kEun[P C.

P[Q] ua\, Cx\ GxDz x o mk ] U P Pzuxu Gu Azv P, P Emh {PP{zvUQ. Pv wvPJkU S x G uh \m hz uUPsk u , ..P. h\mhzuU Pskux. Cu Csk \mh[P A _P x, m]P |P \UvP xu Hhmh. Cu

P n P Cu Csk \m h[ P v U P si PmhB[SUS Hmhx. Au\, P[Q_, ..P. u[ P B {[ P C]\ \mh[P P EUQ,] US Gv P H k v JvP |hx Q.

P h Q U Q v { [ P |h _{n EUP mh[ P C q z u ]\ P a \m h[P H JkU S x; B u h ]AvPa \mhzuz v x; Cxu] z ys i k u P PU.Gv, Gv A]U Qkx;_ wu m [Puu |mh Aa _ zv A[PP FvUQ [ P u v m k x; J _, a] G US zu P zx AU P P |USu {kz x x; C u P zx A UP Gv a\h Aix BQ P[Q_..P. Jm i u Cm h P P\mk Q.

k u P P ]U QUPsh ][P hU P A_ C[P A ]S \u Eu P , Da] ..P. C P[Q_ GuGkz xU PmkuS x x. i u Dz u P US i Qm k G.P. \ h Aiz x Au \ z v,..P. Jmh C[PUS u Da] U Sz w z uh s k GP[Q] S GvUQx.

C, C C[S \ km k J P z x U Sx, ..P. P[ Q _ \x Bm]AUP G Ea\}v }vv Smhx]zvuPz ux. ..P.a \u\z P ] A U Pz u | P ][h Phu Bsk |hu Tmh ,"" P[ Q _U S ..P.U S UPP, xPzx, u vzu J PPu. C Pm ] Px z vmh JzxU Tmk A

\[ P AUP sk. Tmho A_P], {U Pm]Pm h US P USi Pmh s k ''G ] U Q .|h |U P iP Pz uU S x, CP B\ {u zxh ix u!

AS

C v&A UP AqUv Juz v PzvmhuAUS IUQ @US Tmho A] z

x Aa n P (Chx), AUPzx Aa Psh . (@P h)


17/36

H 2014 v |P 17

|@v @i, u, PPz & u BQ@@k . EuSU S |x UP | @sk. |@v @i & Cx @u]u ], u & u UQ A], P Pz,u & @U P, . EuS & A vzx G ,uh u A u usk

{[P R UPz vmi JPm kU S x; C i CP A U P kzv A P h A ] P P, Cm] z v Pmk , C v | Pz u PhU@Pi G , |m hU P Cz xU Ps k @#

Au Km hs iz u z u {zxUPmimhP.

Cv |Pzv @zuzu UPUS zx, AP v |P m]US Aov m k uS P m]

P Bs kPP ]zx Q P. B, @ i | PAuhU SQ Pzv@@ Gv UPUS zx

QP. Cu Es Th[S AqE Gv@mhU S J[Qn . EuS PhuBsk AU@h&16 B @uvmh Bu Ph CuUS#v v u h Az x J @|P nJUPsk.

Th @, C ] Es P @m k hz xmh. Th[ S AqE Gv @mhzxU Szu @ | hz v "" A usk { [

P'' P, A@mhzv Dkmh UP C"u uvz u@ wzxUP@sk, hQ@! u[P KmkUPm] A]US @Q@!'G mh.

""mh Akz u Pmhzu Gmi UQx... CiuP ] B UP mhP Cu Cx, Cu P U P U Q x'' G @| P n z

uh[Q EuS, Au Akzu Pmhsk ua vzx h@ u @| i P , @u u Pz vSvUP @ u P P Azu.

""J UP, UP EU PkPvUPu #Pz xox Q u[Pmh ] C[P {Qx. C U P, ux n P PCiu PU S Sx n Pkz x,v Gsnzuz ysimk, miG[ P UP U S EUQQ. Cu Csk aPuP u PzxUS Gkzxa|[ P Gs qQ. Cuu C[Qx i Gkz

x. B, Cu i US U P

PS |hz uSv @mih@mz uUP # B&Bz Pm]

ushP h a .EuS.


18/36

18 v |P H 2014

C \vUP. Cu uv i #h.''

""Csk BskPP G[P xPzuP

Cu UP. BP, F Pmih, sP& Cb Ph , |[P ua \ vUPax, J Px #h.A i |h u, }[ P E[ P z u Pz xUP s k. J P Cxmhzuz uhx |hzu sk. |[P ]U Sa u, C u m hh[QhU Thx G U Q!''G @US @S @ ]USa @ uP h Eu S @uu Pzv u Svz u! Au S KmkUPm]z uU@P E o @P @PP Q.

""Ea\ }v, "UP u USPzv sk' G TUQx. E}v Cu Pzu z xQx. A] Pm]P APTh Cu #U S P U Ph s k G PQ.

""C P Azu uU PmP, U S P [P m hG, G[ P U P A i G uCzu P? xa z xP U PAiz u? zxU S UQ m iU

Ps i U Q ? A { a o\i Dkm h ? Cx |P |h?Ax AvPP u[P v [PzwzxUP Gua\vP |h?''

""Cx Ci A Bm] #u EPsh A ;m Bm] #u A. Cx | P |k. FU S x Aiz xz xz xm k m k # h i x. A ia#u, |hz uu Qu... AvU P v P!''

Cu @| P n v u G @PPUS EuS J @uu KmkUPm]A ] v @ @] . B,A Azx vP, G @PP

Phzu[P Jzx z xU Ps k .EuS@ v @siPE.

"" U P E U Pk P vU Pu, #Pz xox Q u[Pmh ] '' EQx? ""uxn PPCiuP U S Sx n Pkzx, vGsnz uz ys i m k, m i UPUS E UQ'' xuUSz uu? Cu Csk a]P uP u PzxUS EuS Gkzxazu u@sk?

""U P u U S P z v sk'' G Ea}v E }vT A uU @PmP, U SP U QUP, Ea}v zv UPkx ?u u@! Ah @# ""G[P UPAi G u CzuP? xa zxUPU P Aizu ? z xU SU Q m iU Ps i U Q ? A { a o \ i Dk m h ? Cx|P |h? Ax AvPP u[P v[Pz wzxUP Gua\vP |h?''

G EuS @PmP@sixu@?uh @# ""Cx Ci A Bm]

#u EPsh A ; m Bm] #u A. Cx |P |k. FUSx Aizxz xzx mkm k #h ix. A ia # u, |h zuu Q u... Av U P v P!'' G h @sixu@? Aum k, Pv g u P Bm ]Ph kQ.


19/36

H 2014 v |P 19

CuP Pn Ju. Au A@u@| P n Eu S m h:""BU P, u n U P S P USv Av Gu C[S UPEnx. Au |zv Cu A_h v UTi C[S C.

"" | AiU Pi Eu n... JPn & CUQ. mhmhEh Psh Pn, Aizx|USQ G, Au u U S # Eh UQ, A AiUPi x. P, Pn uu P SzxAUP UPzuh S _zv, AUS Enu z x, A h C UPzukzx {zv US UP sk. Cx KJU P Azu (a moral pressure). G[Pm h Cz u P x u. Cx, A mh. C izu Cua # i.CuS A Gvzx G[ P hix. A]h CUS A_ zu Gvzx{ S \Uv G[ Ph C!''

A]h CUS A_ zu Gvzx {S\Uv u[ P h C G @m hUPzvx Jx[ QU P x u @| x. AuS P, C @ m hz vUPh Pzv C[Q .P.C.P. Au@u A P @mhz u U

P ] uPU Sgmi, Eu S.

g m ] @x "" A P x@u xUQ Pzu@x, xUQU R@@h . Chx @uUS P ''G P. B, Eu S G#Q ? @m hzu Akzu Pm hz xUSGkzx @Q@ G UPsk, HP @ UP@ |U P xm h, AQzx | KmkU Pm] A ]U S Svzxmh. B, u u A] v@ zx zx B Bz Pm ]

Cnuu {kzxQ.

Bu Ph Au @|Pn Cv"" C u m hz v C x | UPAUQ A\[PP GU SkP?''G @P U P k Q x. AuS J@uu B Pz uz x b @ [ P#x iUQ.

""Es, JUP, |, {u... BQ |[P uhx Q .Cu mhzv Dkmk J,u |P x A o hUPUPP kP. "y#, ,{z v z u' G P u S k U Q A \[ P U Ph izxQ. " zx US u'G v U SU P , C u g

\zuU P Ph h G[ Pn uhQx!''

"" C u g \z uU P Ph'' G EuS @x AxC |m h U P m k , CuEPzu@ AqE Bzvx PxuG , SP Th[S Aq EUPv P @ k U P PvhU T h x. A@mhzu kzxa uP G|P P & P ]A imh S G # x? Puzx{ S U P Au | P P &

P uh P usi @ #h u ukz xz v v h @s kG uU Ph u Eu S Q. K JUP Az u (a moralpressure). A m h. C iz uCua # i. CuS A GvzxUP h ix. A]h CUS A_zu Gvzx { S \Uv UP h CG A P Cz v x. Eu S @P u@S A usk{[P Cuzu ux CUPPU PskkQ.

a


20/36

20 v |P H 2014

|h z uuU P m P z u a \ P A zxu Gmi Euzu v,G u Gv A P |U QU Psk _ \z uUPm k Q P Ch x, x P k P. u AvP C PkPA.v..P. Ai P

CP GkzxU PUSUS mhP.

A.v..P. Tm h o xUP mh H v..P.Tmho \ GPUS, "" J |U P iUSE Q mh { A P [P s k G u PPh PPx \''G uz x zu U P U Q

x P k xna \ Pv. ""Cuz uumku A.v..P.h TmhoC '' G P P PUPzx T Q AU Pm ] \ u.si.

Cx A ] |P ; u u P |hzx Q P; P k PA.v..P. Tm h o x

P m \v |h xx & G Pk uP vUQP u, Chx\ Pm]P UPozxmk u] A, { AJ \ EUQh ix G G Q P u , P U S Pu Ahz xUPskTh AUS GvP vUP AP xo.

..P. Gvzx J zuTh \ uu a

\zu u |hz uU Q mh { , C Pm]P m k Tm ho PmiU Psku 9 uSvP mikQ. C, P[Q_ ..P.US Gv {mhz uhx Phizu, UPz uuUS S u Emk{vS, | m|U BQ u {UPm]Ph Tmho \uS ]..G. Pm] uP CuP, A] {u Pk PPPCUP ix G T \u uz v v ]PzuGmkQ, ]..G. Pm] uP J zuGa`.

`v Ci hP

Bu z x, u z uha \m h & Qhmkz uha \mh[ P m k, ]\PP iz ux A |sPA z x ux ]\zu UPmiU Psh v u Cx u Gv P P[ Q _U S..P.US Gv u] \UvPPmh s k x Ch x & x P k P Cm ] . P[ Q \ ..P. Gvxu |UP,B Bz Pm] Ax v..P.A P Bu U P . B, P[ Q _ h

Tmka \u v..P. Bu UP i x

u Gmi Euzuu Tmho u

\PU Pu US Chx, x PkPm]P uP.


21/36

H 2014 v |P 21

G, 2& FGvzx ] mkv..P.h Tmho \ix G C

P kP {u_Q. F Gv x u |U P ,A F &P Gv \x? &\] S \z xU S US[P18 BskPPCz u iU P mk x, A 66 Pi P Cu Cu FC Hzu . 4000 PiP v AvPzvx C PkP Ps PUSz

u u G?Phu 2009 |h z uu u C

P k P A.v..P. Tm h o Cu {, 2011 \mhz uu x u u a \ P Azx uS vPUS mP Azx CPAvzu v, Pg]U Tzui mkP Tmho JmiU Psh. Au S|hu {[Pz uu x, u[ Pxm US u h Bu Px Pkz uP Akzvmk, J Chzu C PUS u

mh u.

C P {US P kP ]\ uUSUSz yUSuP Pn, CUPm]P uxUP Aizuzu Cx u u\ x Qh x u. m ] P A ] ]zuuzu Pmk |h &\m h \U P h x u Szwzu Pz v u C u u| A P U Ps k m hx. i iP Ax z uh[Q, hUS Ex\UvP EUS U P x| UP U P , UP mhzuPP mk Km kU S ^m kU S Av P z vCP P |UQ Buhu APx Cm]Q x.

uxu APz uh[Su, CU Pm ] P u U P u | C Au Aim h m k x. C P k P u A _z x u\[P[P, A_ FP Cg\ & FPUPskPuuk, i [QU Pk

x, \\mi PU Ph

uS H k \ xu uS zu \ Q . u {[P, u

P US _ \ PC[S J { Cz u \[P[P \ k Q .uPh |Ph[ Q , P \Cm ] z uU Pm kh G { u ]U Psk

uu \ P U S, u \[P | kPUS Q m P .B..h|Ph US uz u

v JUP P C P kP zx.

P k P UP Ez u E v k,| U P, U S n, A o u P v Q, u a\v xa\zu `kiP, v Pu\ Puuu P P v P U Q PPS AUS CUPm]P x .C Pk Pm]PUS C H Pu\P a\vP E.A P Gvzx Cx P Pm P

. AiU Pmh US G [SPkU P m hx G P ] xPm] P Pzx k. u uu.si {[P EP ]zu Pu, AP PU PPzxUS uxP hm P xnuUP h]_ \U P Pu x |v, AUPm] uP FPvUP UQP. H, u.. UP Pm h A x h h U P k. | E F U Ps k Pmh, } G F U Ps k PU

Thx G Guhu J u u CUPm]P { |P zv z xU PmhQm h x.

Cz u P ^ u, ]\ u AvPUS CP k u P P P \ nU QhUQP. A] Cu \PG uz v v nzu Gm iUQP. Cu zumhU PPPUP, C CP A B]hux Pm ] P US | u a `m iUPsh zuP CUS.

u


22/36

22 v |P H 2014

uU Pm] z v PFh P[ P G U S u[ PxuP zvu\kQ. A J | |k{ k \ m h v .Cx| | Tu HPuPUS Cu Es BBz Pm] ux a\zv UQ Q.

].G.G. & I..G. B[ Q zuU Pm ] G

E uh P |h uzv, Pu Gs n Cx GkU P k G AUS EzvU PkzvUS P[Q_ A] i {kzv ] J |. Auu zv [P USb \z s, i | U Si P A GEs Akzv. ""E[P uU Pm ] A USa\u x u , S E[ P h

GvUP i'' G \z s T, Ax |k { P _x Pmi u Fh P Ps u ,B.G.G. ]kP oTa\ mk \z n \h ukUP si u .

Au \ z v B BzPm] Cnv US zv UP B] Pzu, "" G US z vPz x z u u?E[P uU Pm] |k { P

|hx P G G G

G i | a \ Q P '' GP G.

""u UPm] zvUPFhP[P u[P Cmhi \Q, i uUPz vmhmk kzxQ'' GS g \mizu B Bz Pm] u x Fh P[ P zuzx Q. uzv Bu P, uu

a\ EzvPzu Cua \Q G v, BBz Pm] US PPUS vUP FhP[P i . ""E[P Cmh i \ uPUTQP, |[P E[P kzumh, }[PCUS BQUP i? E[P Pu CUQ x, \ \ u U Q u'' G GvU PGQ FhP[ P. FhP[P \ v EsCUPzu \ Q x.

A \, Az P APx FJ CUP Pm uP FhP[Puvmhmh Fv UQU Pmhmh. \vQhx Gx , Cuzu |mi UPmh[P |hUP G x A FhP[P |hz umh Cu B\U Tzxu C AzP uSU PnP Aux Gx UPu Es.

A z P A \ BUP FhP[P A kzv uS J |UPC u x.

A zv Cv x J AUPhu C v A_ |hzv u P Pmh S. P m uP PU PUS HkzvU PkUPzu

kP u uUSu A_ wkzvUQxGx P AQux.

Au\ , Pz F, 2 AUP F,{U P F, Bu mk \v F Gz uhxJ JP FP Axh, Cu FP P m u P zvzu } iu] Eh vP AUQ.

Cua u S Gu F , Av\ u mh P m u P \ ,u U P PU S FU S Ch |iE \ xP F Gv ] A

\ F Gv |h P, P UP Ga]


23/36

H 2014 v |P 23

P P m Fh P[P ]zuUPmhx. AvP UP F Ah vU P k B

Bz (G u ) F FUPsn u UPzu J uP {zv,C F vUPmhP uzu E U Q, FU Pz xUS A mha ] P Pm iCuz u v P\u \US A ; EP[Q uu \US.

mk { [P,uS uP UP UPkx,Pk P, {[ P U Pkx ]E , Emh Azx U P a]P USz umk, A]vP F JUPmkmh u&uU PPP UPUSa \UPzuU Psk xkG ] \\mi A PGUPk HPvzvz usk {[

P EP [Q ux. Pzv CUPmh uU S Az P J. Cu Pn Pz u A F J CUPzxUS Cv P m u UP u [Q, ux FhP[P Au Fv Fv uUQ Pmix. APm u UP P kzvuP Pn Cxu.

F J U P Km kUP z u x G v u P , BBz Pm ] z uh[ Q , U P Bu mk h

Pmhn E , us p Pm h nz u Gvzu |h iU P P C[ Q . u u ] Av P xPzxUS GvPz u[Q. P Cu |h iU P P |U P u uA] \ US x u Gv, Cz u P " ' |h iU PPa \Qz xU P B UP[P uPC G u P APv G]zuUPz uh[Q FhP[P.

F J, ]u A\ G x EP

[ Q U P u G v , F

J |h Pz xUS P kz vUPsh B U P[P,]u A \ US

i J u Pzu \x zvu.|h z u u|[P |[P FhP[Pu[ Px u P zu v UP B z u .iUPv \vPG uU Thx G Qm hzumh Azx o zvPP u[Px \vPUS Ez

u m h . Cu zu zvUPP , u um \s z xz v iU P mh.

"v Cx' B[Q|mi u B]P o u]z uz u , Av x mk. FFPa \ i |hzv "B G u Tm h[ P' Szu \ v Pu UPzv h zux, _o\ AUPP _UP zux, P

A Szu J Akzu hzvmhmiux G Pn[PUPPA u UP mh x. Au iA kz va \ v P mh' K P]' zvP A] B]Au ][ , zvP EPP[P Szv }UPmiUQ.

i Akzv _uU Phsk G ].G.G. & I..G. uUPm] xn B] \PP PUS, Au {zv zv \ B] {Q UUS uUPm] EP Ez

u m k . A y ,i Gv P ]z u zu Pnz xUPP,s i |hz v u ""@|US @|''{Pa] zx #xm hx uPm].

i uUP sk Gx uxC v B U P Ps i U S Pz x.xa \z x P CP [ P ` k u[ Px U S u UPPPz voUS A\zxUS zu J ]m G AP iuQP. "v\' G \ zus k P US P ][P U

Pmi[ \u Au Ezvu.

@iUS BuP |hx PGuPP v Cx | u x

@mh ]zuz u ; J@P] zvUPx }UPmh

A@u ][ ; i.. K[Pmhmk si; ].G.G. I..G{Pzu PsiUPmh {Q U@.


24/36

24 v |P H 2014

P m k ]m k CnuCuU Tmho |k{ P a \ [ P U

Px m k, u[ P|U Pz xUS Jzx uzvP Eh k Q x.Cv FhPzxzu, AuUPm k kz x uSu P U Q P A . P A Cv hm { 30&USAv P uU Pm] A \ P UPmk kz x Qx. Cv ].G.G. & I..G.,

].G. .]., i18 I. .G. 7 EmhP 17 \v FhP[P AhU P.

2008& Bsi J.G. \P mi Bvu P Cu x u[S u\ Pm ]w Bu USa \uD|k(D.i..) uUPm] _ 2600 Pi P A uk \u. Cu Cv x { P J S 12 D. i A\P Cv { PPU Pmkkzuz x[ Qx.

2012&B Bsi P |mU 18 {zv 4000 Pi ASuk \uu Csk h oB[ Q , C vz uU Pm] { [ P ,A ux PmkmkUS Psku.G.i .i.. uUPm]US P AEuuP UP z vu \ } i u] vP Ax.

{v { P Ah uu uk \x\m h UPm iu, A uS u P, mk { [P G

uu Fh P[ P Gzu [ SP z vUQP G Es US uv.Gkz xU Pm h P, uPP Cu u mhP Csk {[Pz u, u4 umh P G u. 10 P v [ S P 13,189 Pkzx A P [ Q U Q . Sz C k P Szu UPmkP mh uPPh,J sn E uS i ux Ezx AvPPz uP kzvx Szuu] vP umh , AxA h . Pm G Cn z v P ui Au Pk A x.

i Gv P A mh J z vP Cz u P v P|hU S , z v P P a\z u. i Ezx

s nz xz v Cu P Szu, Sz a]G z u m h Sz u,i sh xUTm h[ P US n

PkU Q P G xSzu, Fh P[ P Gx J zu \ \v u iA vm h mh EUSQ.

_[P, {[P,I.i. x, G hmEmh xPa \uu P, FhP[P [ S P [ Qmk z xU P u

, u[ P Pk P &


25/36

H 2014 v |P 25

P P Szu \ v P ukzx kQ. P S Gv, zuGv uh[ Q u P U P UPv m h[ P C

izu Cmhi \kQ.

Cx mk, PU P EmhPkP Dkk Pm {[P, FhP[PUS u[P {zv [SP [Q "m imi' GUPku mh J u[ P m kU P Q. u[PUS Gv \vP ukx mk , Cu Fh P [S u P & _mkP , [Sa\u ux [ S P v C PEzvU P Q G x \ A

{U Pmh Sa\m k.mP zvPP k

[PUS UPh vUPx Gu, FhP[ P US nz uU Pkz x, hsi \v GvU Pkzx, A\v h US "k {' G\i 2009 & C \|z AUQ.Au P] |hzv \n FhP[P Azx ]UQ. B, SP P h P]CuU Pn zx Qx. Cx mk,C P_ [QU Psk \v hmh

Phu uz uhU Pzv, E] mi u@hm [Q Ph z v a z uz u17 E u U SUPa @u E P Phzu U @ mk A kzv x[Q {P.

CSv mk P k uo, [ Q Cu Ah iz u zv PvP,""Pm uPUS Cm\ Pi Ph ui,A U P [ Q 10Bz xUS mhk? mh Eh GkUP EUS Sx i!'' G AviPa miPJmi.

Cuz uhx EuU S sP Aovmi ..., &20 A hm [Q vj B m hz v Dk m h . A @ m hz vx, [Q AvP P @ ] zu HPzu ..., "" }[P m hGkUS[P? |[P GkUPmk, |[P Gkzu u

CU S '' G Ga \ UP kz u . ... Pm i

Evz uhx, A o |z v U @AP m h x.

Av P UPzv vz uzu C u Gvzx @h @sk unzu |UP HkzvUQx, ... C@mh.

& .. #v, E]mi.

G J Ev zvzv Pzxmkz uuSUTh zvP uP uP C G \zvux U Pz v GvUQ w \

u \ (].G. G. & I..G.) .

y u \ uU Pm ] B Pm ] Pux a\ \uP U P {zuU PP k G, uuUPm]Ph mi PzxQ | Pzu {|mi k G T PB UP Az x. S \, uUPm]P Pm] \ G uU Pm ] P u |k { PG \P.

Pm ]z uUPm]P UPa \ UPA US u. |k { P GuU Sz u `m iU Ps i U Suzx uUPm]P zvPu P BzuP. CP BUP PzxP vv Psi P| PP C x h, u[P x J \U S, u[P UPz v h u mk ] P_ ` U S uPP CUQ P. Cv |Pzuz u[Q {S |Px yo UQ u Cxu. Pv


26/36

26 v |P H 2014

u] _ { n E hTi u] C[P Si_P E hU Q J \z @ J |k u s i E x. 120 &U S mh ,C, u] Ca ] UP \ A], u,\P | PU PPP A

nzxU Pzux, h u A \z \\\ J. Csh EP xCz u ]\ |\ BUQ R JkUP mh QUS I u] Czu P \g \ Cn x,]\ Gv ku hu S, \ z Jzu v PU Psk u]

C[PU Psh UP |PA _ P C | k P E Q .u] _{n Eh TiSi _ P Az xU Psk,A \\ \ u .

h x \ v PA] ] u] C[PUPm h P \z J zv \UPmhuP Pzv HPv

zv[P z u m h a\ zuU Pmh zxmh.\z J z u QUS I |kP kz x ] J A[ P P , C | k P P\ A_P Jzx |P A_P {uCzu] C[P ku \zxzu Ahi Q, CUSz y mk \vPA[P.

\\\U Pmkzv R Po\ AUS ,

u] C[ Ph \zx JP z uP Hmiu {, J A] Ru \z J 15uzuU Si_PP mk @. u] C[Ph { |nUP ]uUPmk, UP \PxP |UP m k, C u Pmhzxh mh . ] Avi Bm ]U P P u]C[Ph P izx, C kPP Q U S [ P |h u . P u] C P |hx, A|k B

Si_PP Csk _m] SvPP xshhm hu | z u.

A ] |k P , ux

PU Pm k m i Ps k xCUQ Q x, A U P. z vB] G Ps h mhS, EQu uQuCqz u[P Az x x. Cu z v B] G zuazxa h @S B] AuPP |hzv BvUP @USA HuPU P AUPQx. QUS I@ |kP@kEU @|m@h I@ Cnzx ,A I

UP AnP z ux BvUPzv

22 A Bm]U Pa \vzu |\U Pih Pshk""D u'' CUPzv

x\ wvP v |P.


27/36

H 2014 v |P 27

R {uP xu AUP @{ ] @|UP P Ex. Cui, EU I Jzv|m h Cn uP |hiU

PP kUQhmh.

\z Jzv a]US ,AUP u Pzv HPvz v [ P C q U Tm h |m h I@ oQUS I@ P\ |kPJ Pa \x Q . Cu \z Jzvxx SiP QUS I P |kP ux u |U P i P z wz x, @zu Ah i G

Pzv HPvzv[P FmhkQx. Cx,A | k P @u Q S U Sa @ u, Jm kso HP @P u P, A P u , C U Pm ]P |kzu , @mkU Si UP v uuU PPP HUPmk,kQx.

Pzv o uzxzu {v v, C|kP HPvzv v P | Pz u , u z u \vUP i . A | kP EU S U P , , ukQ. C|UPiP a]P wUPhu Au\,EP vUPzu { |mhz xiU S AUP, v a ] P |U Pi Puzx Qx.

uzx mPmh , Emh @ |kP Pz u ,S P A | k P B U P[ P u ]zvzu C EQ i U Pz v @ T h U P G u P u @s k. Q u z x

a]hP@, @UP, HPvzv[ P Sz u mh u z x a ]h P@ A x AuS u Pzua@uu P@ @u B U P[ P u z x m P mh @ |kP UP. A|kP u@x|hU S P u P US Cx U Q UPoP Axx.

A|kP PU Pm]P A],SP & Cq, @, Ezx, }vzx BQ EuP Jx Psi u, u z x u P

AvP UP ]U SU S (FASCIST OLI-

GARCHIES)uP. CP @|kP Bm] u P U Pm ] vuz uU P S, AuS uzx P mPkuS Ch Pzv A BP@@ CP] Ezv, ukzxuP , u, HPv z v |k P h x@ Pz u P u E P, Cg , Av P @PkP P A { [ Q P Pnzu z x P Sz x z v uP. (@ |k P C v U vPUS GvP UP @mh[P & Pa m ]P & |hzv zx u

u u u P iUPi.) Akz u kzu Bm]U ShUPP uzxzu mh S Aa zxPU PUPsh, Cu AvP UP]U SU S (FASCIST OLIGARCHIES)u P. Cu Jm kso HP@P uP AvP zuU P U Psk v B U PQ. A@u, CP JU SP J@u R Ezvskh. CP @ S PP Ax Av P zu HP@ P PU P U Pu P, @mh Qhzu C [S@mkU P u

P wu |#a s hP Dk k Q .@ z J zv Cx u@ x

@, Phu 20 BskP US @ EU Jmkso HP@P uP ]U SU SP (FASCIST OLIGARCHIES)Ah[Q B UPzvh@ mhP |h P mh@u P @u P Bm ]U P P |hu. A u @U Q Bm ]US uEU Bu Av U h Pa u |k I @k |hzvua _ z u Phu | z xU

Ps k, u v z uP J uz v

u] Cmi ] ]\ Gva][P Ehzx |\UQ v |P

[Pu mh.


28/36

28 v |P H 2014

Pzvh zu. H, Ax HPvz v Gk i I.G.GL.& ]UP^, Pmhn E u {uP EhUQ u x; C

P E|mi PUPu HkG A Ag]x.

B, Bu EU AvUh Pa S@ EU UPU S Cg & F Av P @PkP Qz vUS Jmkso HP@P uP ]U SU S P (FASCIST OLIGARCHIES) Ah[ QB UPU S Ju. Cu,I@ h Ju UPn Pmi Uh Pa SA US Gv P "" @ u '' G

CUP A iz u x. x @US v |P Av [@Pz u u[Q. AUP @ |k P Gk i P "" A usk { [ P '' Au | hz v .Jmkso HP@P u PUSa uFh P[ P A ] a z uUPkz u . Cg & F Av P @P kP u B SUS AUS GvGa]P Ax ]zuUPm hx.

2004&B Bsk EU |hu Av

@uu u U h P a uP A UP mh x. Cx @uu @iG Gvzx @mimh @P u S ""Bga m]'' G ""Ga]''UPm h z x m h x."" P P[ P , P u P'' iz u . EU Ea}v umk, @P AvUQx. A|mkz @uu P |hzv n @uu@i Gx |hUP U T UhPa Av. Au Bg m]|hz v "" B ga Sk ' ' u Cu "" @u '' CUPz v xP P Ex.x w v P v | P u @S ""@ u'' CUPzv | @u] z w u U Q mhzuU Pmhzxmh.C ]\ S Pmhzxmh [ Pu m h[P ] ]\Gv a ] [ P xa \z xU P |\UPmk, US mh Pmh@uk, kPhu.

C{, Phu 21 A IJ z v , P aA_US Pzv HPvzv _]P

mhUPPUSh J \\ Ju

hmh v, 22& B uvJ uz uU Qzu xmk, Gvzu]\U SP Pzv HPvzv[PBu h Bm ]U P |hz v . Av Uh P a |m h m kz u ix, uP, F a\P, ||P Emh SP AvPzuUPU Psk I Jzv CnuP Juzv Pzvmk.

] u a ]US AihP Cx Gsn G . x CUS v S G

S I |kP x \x. x AvP Azu Psh SP S uS IUSa \Ix GU SP , EUu \z J |kP P \Q. G {PzuU Pmkkzu, EU sk a UQ R @# h u kU P EU A U Pz u @|m@hhP SUPm h. @ EU |hu Bm]U P AUP Bu@US A_ AU P mk u Gvz x,

EU QUS uP P[ P hSv ux h P U Szx Ga \ z u x.Cuz uhx EU u Q U Q _m] u\ Q & , hCn uP w zu Q |h z v { Cu P Pz xUPoz u u |hz v , Q h CnzxU Pskx.

P @u] E Buzx@ u AUP, C@x Q h Cnuu GvUQx. BUQP, uzuz uzx

Av |Pzu SuP

Bm]U PUS , i\ 2013&C u_[P Jzv Cn Juzv Pzvmh

EU Av Uh Pa_h (Chx) Av i (x).


29/36

H 2014 v |P 29

B[Q@U P Bm]UPz v m i @ USGv Pz x@ P # u PUSg m i, k u

@ P z us iUP1860&B Bsk Psk mhx u 124&H @u x @ Pamh. 154 Bs k P U SS Au H, A Gv@ P m k , A UP PQPzvu kzv Q x,""uv CvA''.

"" u, w u,[ P u v m i, @u] U Q Bu

Ah@u ] A ] uv P x '' G u}sh P PU Psk Q@. Au P ]zv u { mh BuP E x, Cu 124&H @uzx @Pa m h. CuS Ea m u P zuE.. m |P A P#xP.

B]U @P UP QUPm @m iP zv [P

@uzv |hu. A Cv US Gv @m i@x ]P i Q u QzALv mi B#xmhP, E.. m|P u USa u @Pu vPU PPzv &P nP ]. CuU""SzxUPP'' AP x P U P P v PPkUP@, 124&H @uzx@Pa

mhzv R @ US@mk.

C u S U P izx k Gg ] uP

S PU PP {P,Au n P &P U@P v mh u Pa Q x. &P u kPnP, @uu @|zv C Gv ""''xkGg] v A 124&H@uz x @P S mk U QU Ps h x.153&H R @C UPh@ Pz

yskuP US, 427 R ^ S H kz x PUS BQ C UQU Ph .

m Ava ]h u @ u [ Pwm i ""v C x '' |@k@PP Gx.""CuP Aih @mh A @ua vP mk G hi ? z v

u[Qu &P g]U@P QUPm AoA | @u hmk A kz umh. C@x P nP x @uz x@PU Samk. PP z v Ci mh [ P Gv uU Pzu Hkzx? Cv xPzv x @ @ HAP | @ u

Q@?'' C uU @P P U

Ta \ k Q x. , US Gv u zuh P vU P uPA UP Aa _ z x @uk,

u a ]hu nUP |kP Tmh &8 x uPPP }U Qm hx.

B, x IJ u z uhvzu, Au S v i P ux G \u Ax G {QUP zu,Ax I Pshzv P |UPiP k. Emh BUPnUP {[P Pih uk \x {, v US S. Cu EP vUP \ AUP,Au TmhP IHP v z v [ P AkzuAi Gkzx UP ivnQ.

A Cu HP vzv vP, P \z u u a], Pzv o |Pu CuS J w GP. \ z J a ]h u x P \ u mh x, u z x a \vzxmhx GP. C A CUPx, |Pzu {|mk v a ] a \v v E P ux P z ua\z x G P. B|hu? Pzv ou z x | Pzu{ Th, \ z J |k P QUS I |k P |U P i P a ] P uh Q . PuAUS, xs hUPU Psk i [ P i UQ, HPvzv[P.

oUPP


30/36

30 v |P H 2014

P vP ""v Cx''U P m k , PP Auu!

CvUS QuUS Ch

B]U QUPm @mi x[S @, u @ PU PPzv 12 Pn P Cx n P J P n z uUPmiUQ.

mh {i Cmh, ""Cvx Pzv'' a m]z v vkzx u Pa z u P A S@PzuP UQP mh @uP u#US US uUPyUQm k P #x, A x U SEhU Pm h C P ] P ]Pzv@@ uzuP. G iu S,

C v A |h x Ps hx m h, { iu, C G "AUQPz vsn' EmPx A ] P.

""C v Bm ] P P mh[PGi mk P @U PkQ GuS Eam EunQUQx m '' G A[P#UQx, ""vCx ' '. Cx H@u C v m h[ P @PhP kz u k uS Gv "" A ' 'U P Bm@ G Gsoh @sh.

124&H mk, A, uh, h, ,

, Auu { ukU P mh[P GG @ m h[ P ] P, s P,v@P x AU Pn[P T Cizu HhkQ. u[P |hiUPP Dkk Pi, Sz E P x, "" G[ P F Aq E@sh '' G @ k Th[ S U Px, "" G[ P Pk P P [ P ahwP & G[ P P UPwP'' G US @h|P

[Si UP x Cuz @uzx@ Pa mhzuU Pmi Cv Bu hP PPzuUSuP |hzukQ.

P hQUS Cv {[PC v Cz vU P u P P A UP E @mh[P JkUQ uS Cv Bm]P u{ Buu@uz x @Pz uka mh G ] A].B, Cv Bm]P Cu P@u z x @ Pz uk P U Ps k Pu""v Cx ' 'UP QU Pm P zv ]PP|k Phu |P EUPPU @P@hUQmh P@, H? QUPm u[P B[Q @ US mk G u ?Ax C @ x @Pi @P i PU Pm kEP P um h, BP@ Au A ] US

A UP@sk Gu? C GUS @P, C@x ""@uzx@P'' ""@uUv ' ', ""|mk'' BQ hP |kP , @u[ P G G P U PhuEP A] GQ mhx Gu?

C v B uS u P Quh ^ h H ,u Ju[P EP Psk.A | k P h @ P A ] ,u, s mk, P EP zxQ . B, A@u C v AA]vP A] Bu Pv@ A|kP x P En mkixU P zu C va Pz u h@ {uP zx Q. QuUS^ U S Gv P { u u Bz v uh x Fh P[ P Q hkQx.

Cv A B UP[P A]vP""@uUv'', ""|mk'' BQUPE hU Pz u B

E kzx m h P. A {HPvzv [ PUS mk HP

@ Pz u { [ P U S|mh@ T@mk S, |mkUP uS u x@P |h iU P P DkmkP. C sn PAz x, z @u Eg ],E u P C [P Szv |x UP P m h P k PU SQ P. Pk& P mi@m k, P [ P a iU P S PU S Q P.

AqEP, |a BP CU

CvUS QuUSh B]U P QUPmmi uh[S , u PU PPzv

P nPz uUS Cx nP.


31/36

H 2014 v |P 31

Sv #QP. mhP[P AqUPP, C, z xUPPU Pskx PmkQP. mk HP @ PU P P

PUPP xx Psk i Pzx B#P G ] a][S u P u |x UP x @uP |hzv kPP QP. zuzv, Ci |x |mh@ u P z uS v uP @uzx@Pg #QP.

C m k mk C vA B U P[ P A ] vP ""@u Uv'', ""|mk'' G u Cv QUPm @ x, Cx ua ] [ P

zu @q x, AU P A] PP, |iPP, ""@u''P u {na@uPz ukx @ Ah aPUQ mhP. BP@, Cu ""Cx @uU v '' "" C x u |m k '' G u @sk.

C, Es @uUuPQ | C@x#@six, Ah aUPmk @uUvUS P, GvPz""@uzx@P''u! Cv |US @iPCU QP.

1954&B Bsk @ 29 A, Ezv@uzv J SU Q z v 200 Ph@ @] |u. Au Cxu. ""u#P @PuP u[P UP|hz x mk u[ P z u@ P@siUQx. EUS UP akUP@si x. P Tz uP @ miQhUQP. P[QBm ] BU P nU P ^u P Phz u kQP; En U S Ek U S @sisP a P Q P. U SCUS P vUP k Q . P, Tz u P z u A {u P P Eg k Q x. E..u P u[ P@ A PzvskP. C AP u[P x Au k Pg mh P. P, P PUP k P; Aa Pz ua xPsk ux @P UP P HPm h, AxyUQk G GaP.

"" P Tz u P |mh B@s k G ,J C b P xUQP, Ss h u i P G

mi P kz uU P U P

@sk. J @ Cu A nhx. Sshui P kz u yUQ m h v . P Tzu P [ P[ P Azx C qzuU Pmi@sk.

"" zx A @ u A sk, uz ushP hU Pmi, xUQP PzxUQP kzxuS APUS ] UP @s k. u[, J[ P^,@ Pk[@PP |x |mhU P ; @| u x@ Q Q |mhCshP u.''

Ci @]uPP |u x E.. A124&H m hz v R @uz x@ PU S gmix. R }v AUS sk]z us h vz u x. A h @z xUSg m hmh CU C |zvv kzux. CP usiUPa E.. A , u kUPa | u @ k #u. APzE}v ku #ux.

@uzx@PU S USP {i@,

m h i@ u k u P Ai hBu[P Gu UP GvP Es U P@ i x. Cx U SP sk sk {UPmk mhx. GA ] [ S u P P@ @uz x @ PUSg m h mh U , | s @ ], ] ""}v' ' PhTmka v #x us iUPk Q P. i@uz x@P # U S @h k PnUPP S zvUPPThz uUP# h , n , @P Bs k P Pa ] Ah

mkU QhU Q P. B.@P.

B]U PUP QUPm mi, ]Pi Qu BmhUP mi SzvPP

US \iUPmk E.. m |PPu _v PU PPzvx

mh P nP.


32/36

32 v |P H 2014

| {U P {zv Ju uP o S Phu a 17A zv u xP h] |, Cs h x _[P~ zx Pl _m kU P U Q .

E AvUP zu |hU S u \ u G x uP mh S US Gv Pzv u x P hAvPP T S a\mk.

J u u o {zv US \A v U P k x Gvzxu k x C . Au H P u { Pz v h P\vUP. B |, uxG.G.B. xUQ S

PxUP Q z xa _mi UQ.{ kz u i u C uUSzu \u | EhPUSzv R Px \vUPs k. { \ nUSEzu m i UP s k. B,G.G.]. {P zvz ux P h Av P P S \hzu A[Qx A kz x v , PU S | xPvu S P Cu.

Cu AUQzuzuUPsk Pv hu _[Pzu P Sv xUP \ Chzv vzu h[ Q . \v AxEh A[S \ m] Pn & C b o,

v | Pz u o a \u uP, u E xPzua \u USbP S EhA kz x u GvzxUPz uh[Q.

u P GvUPz uh[Q | ] JhUPzv u xP h zux. CkPUS }vPmh uP xUP x PzuuUSuU Pmhzxmhx. P Psh u

P xUP Gvz uUSu ukzu . G ,\[P oP Emh US mhCzuUSu kPhu.

{ P u Enu G.G.]. {P,uP \ Eu US Azux. S \h zuA kzu uP \ Ax EP u P Pmk ukzu. Eh Ps pP SskP ], uii |hzv G xzvizxmk, S \hzuU Psk \x _. Au S ] Ah[ P . \ z v{zu m i u u P P [ P Aizx

| U Q u k ,

| uk umh, Px, US G Akz u kzu|h iUPP U P z v vEUQ "Av'{|mix _.u P ] CuA P[ P z u\mh J[P {|mh GkU Pmh |hiU P P P U

Psh, .

A [PuzvAh :

k P # mhJ uz u S.

|#@ [ Pz uP x |hzu mh A [P uz uU S u PUPsizx zu Pg] PU P nP |hzv Bmh.


33/36

H 2014 v |P 33

x & vs kU P mh G z vP |v hP Axx \hmiQ. B US UP uP PshCuU Qzv Phu J u P "'U P #a\, Au 200&US mh Bs, s, SuP vUPmk zxP ]Qa Q. Cx Pmk, si BQCsk nhx.

vU Pmh QzvS @|iPa B#@Psh u E xP , ""Cv C , s n[ Pm i C ; Siusp Emk P } Px C uPn Pz u P#a\ H m k x '' G

Es @mkhzux.

@, FUS AP P |vzxUPsk, CUPUS xPUPmh Si}[P zxuu Pzu C A|xx Gu Akzv@uk, {o zvP {@ Qzx, P#a\ AvPAQ A zxUS A u u E i |hiUPP Gu @ Pumh {Pzv Am]zu Psizux.

""UPUS xP Si} [Su Ezvukzu s k; CuPUS u 5 m\ Ck[P sk; vUPmh P USz u ]Qa UP s k '' G x E mh PU P P

zx, CUQ UPz vmi {UPmh A_ zx

s i Eh [P zxi x, .E... Cu z uhx,.E.. zu PUPP HuP Evzu # Pmhm].

C k, ]Qa ,x P Si }Emh Ai h v P # x u U P.E.. uU P # v u m un, Ca] uhP mh Puzx AvP B# #x v UP @sk EzumiUQx, x E }vU Q.

& ..#v, x.

S PU Psiz x, AUSC[P uzx J _miTh KmhUThxG _ miU Psiu {u v| Pz u o u E

xP Cu kP Akzv _mi mh.

""zv u xP h | x s k; Au U Pu hU PUP sk; uP _|hzv uii, Psp P Ssk a_ \mhu Px |h iU PP Szx }v \n|hzu sk '' G PUPP zxzu\zv u E xP ,\ xa\ v |Pz u o Ps h B m h[ P

|hzv. | , Ph Emh u Pzv SvP m]P AP _miCUPzu Psh.

zu\ Pg] A_ PU Pn P Ao v mi | kPU PsiUS Bmhzu ..C.|hzvx.

B, | uP zv\mk PkP EmhKm kU Pm] \[ P[ P, Cu E a]Pa _U Q, | J |

Ah { z u |hzv iz xUPsh. S Cv F ,uP [P |hx iux.Px, U S P G Aa \zu u Ph ysimk APx Pzu [Pizuu u UPzu UQzu u\[P[P.

S US { n u mhu }v Qhzxmhx Czu\[P[P a\ \Q.u UPzv x Hhk AhUS

US Cx umh wP }v z u x. u u \[ Pzu | U S z vu xP h uUS CzxA} vP US i Pn i x G xuCu kP EnzvUS hS.

C[Pv


34/36

34 v |P H 2014

Owned and Published by R. SHANMUGA RAJ, from Shop No. 110, IInd Floor, 63, N.S.K. Salai, Kodambakkam, Chennai-600 024 and

Printed by him at EZHIL PRINTS, Shop No. 110, IInd Floor, 63, N.S.K. Salai, Kodambakkam, Chennai-600 024. Editor: R. SHANMUGA RAJ.

C @k u U Pz uasiU PU S u P, C Pa [P a kQ.|mi a] G , uUPGQ CP Hkzx @P,aa Szx, Si} g, miaP, Akzukzx m] & , P@|#P, Q S[P, P ^@PkPz@uUS A {uuP E.

Cz u P u z x [ P uz xUSGvP, ""CPUS, u SzxUS Gvuzx [Puzu i@!'' GUPzv R Phu u PPz uP x u a CU Pzu @Psh v |Pz u o, Ca CU Pzv {P HPvzv Gv@ Pz ][ {| a&23 A xUTmhzu |hzvx.

A zy @x { A Q |h CxUTmhzvS ..u.. & {zu @u A.Su u u[Q. CxUTm hz v E , ..u.. Pg ] mha @u B.P.], @|UQ E mh m kU P P |hz v H # PA kzv.

..u.. v mha @u.S ux E, Pzv Azx UP nUS u u z x [P uz v P v P UP J U Pm i UP@si @u Enz v . u P u xCzu AvPzxU P @@k GkUSJ ]U P |h iU P u P E@ @PmuP Ax u Akzv @] xa @ ..u..a @u @uC.@P| u, Cu P v P UP @Pz x h Gv @sk .

S v P m i P @z xiUS A] v Akzv, QnQ m hz u @u P. . ..u..]P[P mh A @u |P ,|h[Q u z x CUPP {zui }Emh CP [P hku Akzv.

@u] g {z v R C[S P

BskPP |hz uh Cu [ Pz @u u|hzvU Pmiu Smk @] @P mha @u .C, uP E,m h i Fv E mh P P @..u..S GvPa vzu ]P Dkk .v..P. P Av .xE mh u [P @U P P Pz v UQzxU Pmi.

] ..u.. { xa @u .u[P, zv x mh z uUQ H u P zuUSmk, u z x [ P uz xUS Ah

uP x J @UPP |h[S|hx ua m iU Pm i . Cz u P

PP uPUS A xP A u , A@u m h i E P@Pmk @k uP APUSBuPa k ..u.. [P vPPa ]zu u Akzv.

@ @ CuS G Cu zvkzx v |P m] |hzv iUPuP Aov @sk AT .

""[Pu uzx... Q @uCP ...'' Gx Emh m]P hP u U Pz vS Ga ] m i x,.P.C.P.U PU S m ] P P

{Pa].

& ..#vP.


35/36

H 2014 v |P 35

2&B UPz uha]...

@ P uzx@ ] P o u @ v, ux oU P z v xuh v P U Q P |h xPsh uz x z u @.G.H. US Gv P, P k U P v nU S Phu i&2012 C Puzvu. CP u nz

uh[P@@ uUPnUQ Qh @mhx, P {P. @. @ v uha ] @m hz uz uhx,Psxh n |hzv@uk, n AUP |PUTh AUS [Pzux, P {P.

@. @ v PU P {P Am]kzvx JUP, @. AUS BuP uzx Eu @] G @ x Ps k, P v @sk @.@vUS Pmh kzu. C{,

CPUS GvP @ Bnh Q P Azu @ v. "Pso' {u @ P {P ux UP kzv u uP AUPU Th vP zxU Pshx. CvP, u Ex P zv Eu |i, @.@ v.

.E.. U S b P C P z vu m k, @.@ v PH u uP AUP v #h @sk E } v z v US ukzx . @, P uh n

AUP @.vh [P EzvhU@P U S uU P # x .Czuh |h iU P P Bz v @P { P, @.@ vP mk }U Q x.

[S @|UPz@uk #mh @.

v o}UP Ezuz v @sk; UQ @. Pmh kzu @. BQ@ o}UP# @sk GU @P u E xP Phu a&10 A @ P PPsh Bmhzu |hzvx.

so, uzv, uz@u], D Bu,u E , CP @s G @a] P u @U PPU Pm i @ P {Pzv @.@ v Pz v zx @ x.

x EU S P v {Pa ] [@P @] ... va] mhz uu { , "" v a] ...a @u s@u J h Kk @ v Bn vU Pz v

h U Q P |hx Psh u @xKmk | |hz x| BQ@US Gv P USukzx A P US 3 Bsk ]z us h ... z uu '' zuU S mk""sP x H k AhUS PUS Gv P,A Pz vsk @ k u u i '' G .

Akzx ] ... mh AUS E @u Au, sP EP

z uu u hx Gu, |k PQ Q |x Sk mk uP\ u\ P ix G u, AuS Pmh mk wP A Gu

zv E . C v P .P.C.P. xA u C[P, s uP A{ Gkzxzu.

v BvUPzu & Pa s m h x PU S C A ] z uUQ uPUP s i u u ,sP A v Aov siu A]zu EnzxuP Au ...P v {Pa]P.

& ..#v.

& .. # v.


36/36

36 v |P H 2014

x ] Pm u mhPz v P..B. \z u\ z@u uUQ H uP P mh \ z v S kPUS Ch A|PJ P E ; u n[ P Gs oU P z u . C skkPP u C Am] PnP |h x. k P US x U Q PUSPu, B, nzu U PU T i Ru @P..B B ux USz ukUPmkx. Pk B u Bsh\ Px\ h A U P U Sz vA UPmh. P..B. Bu uQmhu, AUPx \ i Gz uzvU

Q x, uP _.C \U Pz umiPa _z u

\ uP kzuU Thx; Ai kzu si { Hmh,] uP mk kzu sk; uUP xP EPn[P umiUP sk; uu AuS zx CUP sk G C ""sk''PU Psh vP Cu PU TkQx. Ai Cu vP x ?

"" zx |hu A xP EP n[P kzu, B AvPPUS Tmi uUP oP Pz umi C[

Qu CUSU Pn '' Gz uP AvPP UP zvu k, "" zx |hu B xP vP mkuP'' | \u [Q. ""u P u P \xP Gsnzuk Pz umiUS SvzuP''G |UT\ \ u SUThz u[ P u P uAvP UPzv Gu, AP Cu AUQzu UP |US Ava] Hkzu.

Cu B Csk BskPUS P }zumia _zu \ C[Q Csk uP uUQ Cx u PU S k Q x, Cx|u. Cu ]Pm Pzv mk Cx 30&US

mh u P u P C USQ u PU S kQ x, |UR Cu. C ukP P ] Pm Pzuz us h u iAU P m k m h . @ uu Cu Hu P k P US A { n, U S, BUS ^ G U P o [P imhx, A_.

C k P U Ps izx x |hu\ z usi, Ca\ u \zuu Pz u U Pz v h H kz u .u UPzv v{v G U P Pk Pm]P Cu kP |\ z u Ps iz xz u P u AGu mhzu |hzuu Au\ , KmkUS P Pa _ Q. u

uz v Q u k, ux \[ P[P Ao v s ku P UPEn [ P izxzx , C P.u P E Pm k E z x u z x [ P uzu zu sk,u UP uhCu zx EnPzyUQ xu u uS.

puthiya jananayagam april 2014

Documents

p u p u pmk u

u p cz u p u

u u iu

u p zu

u p uz u p hx

p u pq

u p pus

u p u s au