Pulsed Plasma Ignition System

Nature’s Fire Starter

Mankind’s Fire Starter

Pulsed Plasma Fuel Ignition

Far superior to standard spark plugs, which do not ignite all the fuel.

Pulsed plasma reaches throughout the cylinder and completely ignites even very lean fuel-to-air mixtures.

SISCO

Developed using the newest Plasma Ion Implant theory and technology

currently used in semiconductor manufacturing .

Breakthrough high voltage electronics and a unique platinum electrode design produce the whole cylinder plasma spark.

Notice the fine blue-tinged filaments emanating at right angles to the main fingers.

High-energy plasma injects into the cylinder without need for elaborate and various cathode designs.

Spark reaches throughout the cylinder because the entire cylinder is the cathode!

With the platinum electrode acting as a catalyst, plasma generates ozone, a tri-ox molecule that links with fuel molecules…

This is truly a revolutionary breakthrough in automotive technology!

explosively!

Most mathematical models of capacitively coupled radio frequency plasmas are based on a linear single frequency sine wave approach.

SISCO

Electrostatic Approximation

E = −ΦIs just a crude estimate. It is no longer valid when using increased driving frequencies, plasma densities and discharge sizes.

Strong plasma & field non-uniformities are connected with electromagnetic effects.

Magnetic Reynolds number

measures the importance of electromagnetic effects:

Rm = μ0 e2 ne L2 / me

if Rm is small

electromagnetic effects can be neglected electrostatic approximation suffices

for moderate or large Rm

the full set of Maxwell’s equations is required,

λSCF / L ≡ 1 / √Rm ~ 0.1, . . . , 10.

Assumes single sine waves.

Doesn’t represent experimentally observed wave forms.

Measured

Calculated

Plasma Permittivity

Єp = 1 −ω2pe / ( ω2

RF −I ωRF νc )

Doesn’t explain the observed electron heating phenomena.

A higher topology model must be used when including non-linear spatial effects.

Maxwell’s original four equations used quaternion algebra and had twenty variables in four dimensions.

Space-Time effects were included in Maxwellian topology, before simplification by Heaviside and Lorentz, into contemporary symmetrical mathematical models

SISCO

Maxwell's Equations

× H = 0 ∂ E / ∂t + j

× E = − μ0 ∂ H / ∂t

· H = 0

· E = / 0 Where

H magnetic field (A/m)

E electric field (V/m)

j vector current density (A/m2)

μ0 = 8.8542 x 10-12 F/m permittivity of free space

0 = 4 x 10-7 H/m permeability of free space

is the scalar charge density (C/m3)

Maxwell’s equations include the conduction effect because the collisionless skin depth, or Skin Effect Wavelength is less than or near the plasma dimension

λSCF ~ L

In the reaction, dual frequency high voltage pulses excite the Plasma Sheath Boundary, which causes electron heating.

Our approach is electrochemical.

The platinum electrode acts as a catalyst to increase Tri-Ox molecule production prior to ignition.

A powerful explosion results when the voltage reaches flashpoint.

Higher, multiple frequencies of up to 200 MHz, yield better power coupling, higher plasma density and thus better ignition.

SISCO

Increased Ohmic dissipation caused by dual frequency excitation of higher harmonics substantially contributes to electron heating at low pressure.

PSR is a collective oscillation mode characteristic for low-temperature plasmas

It derives from the interaction of the kinetic electron energy in the bulk with the electrostatic field energy of the sheath.

Excitation of Plasma Series Resonance (PSR)

by nonlinearities of the boundary sheath.

Klick et al, investigating higher current harmonics in a discharge driven by a purely sinusoidal voltage, identified as an underlying mechanism the excitation of the plasma series resonance (PSR) by the nonlinearities of the boundary sheath.

The current has an inverse saw-tooth shape, a characteristic of excited PSR mode damping.

Electric model of engine cylinder

Mathematical model of engine cylinder

Idealized cylinder depicted in the figure.

Cylinder with radius R and height H; we identify R with the normalization length L, i.e. set R equal to unity.

The aspect ratio H/R is denoted η; for calculations we use η = 0.5.

The bottom of the cylinder forms the electrode, driven by a harmonic voltage VE = V cos ω t.

Cylindrical coordinates r, φ and z shown in the figure.

Top of the cylinder coincides with the surface z = 0

Cylinder bottom is at z = −H, each for 0 r R

Mantle is at r = R, for −H z 0

We assume that all quantities are independent of φ.

Plasma frequencies

Electrons ωpe = e2 ne / 0 me

Ions ωpi = e2 ni / 0 mi

PSR frequency ωPSR = s¯/ L ωpe

Drive frequency ωRF

ionization rate νion

λD s ¯ λSCF ~ L

νion ~ ωpi νc ~

ωRF ~ ωPSR ωpe

Debye length

λD = √ E0 Te / e2 ne

thickness of modulated sheath

s¯ = √E0 V / e ne

collisionless skin depth

λSCF = √ me / μ0 e2 ne

plasma dimension L = 0.3m

ne = 2 × 1017 m−3

Rm ≈ 6.37 × 102

The electric bulk field is the sum of four separate parts,

E = EC + ED + EN + EE.

Besides the driving power (external excitation EE), the three other contributing forces are:

Conservative forces EC

Nonlinear sheath potential EN

Dissipation ED

SISCO

"What might appear to be empty space is, therefore, a seething ferment of virtual particles.

A vacuum is not inert and featureless, but alive with throbbing energy and vitality.

A 'real' particle such as an electron must always be viewed against this background of frenetic activity.

When an electron moves through space, it is actually swimming in a sea of ghost particles of all varieties –

virtual leptons, quarks, and messengers, entangled in a complex mêlée.

SISCO

The presence of the electron will distort this irreducible vacuum activity, and the distortion in turn reacts back on the electron.

Even at rest, an electron is not at rest: it is being continually assaulted by all manner of other particles from the vacuum."

Paul Davies, Superforce: The Search for a Grand Unified Theory of Nature, Simon and Schuster, NY, 1984, p. 105.

Technology of theFuture… Now!

SISCO

SISCOPulsed Plasma Ignition System

Sapphire Injection Systems Corp.