Week 1INTRODUCTION

Week 2

SENTENCE PATTERNS

What is a sentence?A sentence makes a complete statement or asks question. StatementsStatement consists of two parts: Subject is a word or a group of words which names or indicates a person

or thing about something is said. Examples:The children enjoyed the party. (person)The pencil is dull. (thing)

Verb (predicate) is a word or a group of words which says something about the subject, indicating action, possession, or state of being.Examples:The plane flew. (action)Susie has a pony. (possession)The train is long. (state of being)

QuestionsQuestions reverse the order of the subject and the verb.Examples:Who enjoyed the party?Is the pencil dull?Did the plane fly?Does Susie have a pony?Is the train long?

Basic Sentence Patterns

Pattern 1: Subject + Verb

The subject is followed by an intransitive (cannot take an object)Examples:Subject VerbMost people work.Rafel is walking in the park.We fly oftenThey are laughing.

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Do your parents work?When is Rafel walking in the park?

Pattern 2: Subject + Verb + Direct Object

The pattern includes transitive verbs. The subject is followed by a verb and a direct object.Examples:Subject Verb Direct Object Descriptive PhrasesWe need some milk from the store.I met the dean yesterday.She has read many novels.

Do we need milk?When did you meet the dean?

Pattern 3: Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement

The pattern includes a linking verb (be, become, appear, seem, feel, taste, and smell), which does not express an action.Examples:Subject Linking Verb Subject ComplementThomas looks sad (adjective).Movies are great entertainment.They become famous football players.

Does Thomas look sad?Are movies great entertainment?

Pattern 4: Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object

In this pattern, the transitive verb is followed by both an indirect object and a direct object. The direct object receives the action of the verb. The indirect object receives the direct object.Examples:Subject Verb Indirect Obj. Direct Obj. Indirect Obj.You should give the waiter a tip.They bought her a present.Max explain the problem to me

Should we give the waiter a tip?What did they bring her?

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Practice 1Write sentences using the verbs in parenthesis.Writing sentences in pattern 1.

1. (went)2. (fell)3. (am talking)4. (traveled)5. (is lying)

Writing sentences in pattern 21. (heard)2. (gave)3. (took)4. (am making)5. (will do)

Writing sentences in pattern 31. (sounds)2. (is)3. (became)4. (acts)5. (seemed)

Writing sentences in pattern 41. (made)2. (gave)3. (will send)4. (are taking)5. (mailed)

Week 3

PUTTING SENTENCES TOGETHER AND TAKING THEM APART

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Putting Sentences Together

Practice 1:Put the following words in the right order. Add whichever articles (a, an, or the), helping verbs (is, are, was, or will be) and prepositions (to, on, in, or from) that are required to turn the English words into English sentences. Remember to begin your sentences with a capital letter and to end it with a period.

Example:moon astronaut goingThe astronaut is going to the moon.

1. beginning program space January new2. Manhattan movie Japanese director making3. my United States aunt coming4. mother city living another his5. customs American students foreign studying6. George book Tibet writing7. professor students teaching to meditate8. discoveries important scientists Brazilian making9. speech freedom important United States10. learning not language different new

… and Taking Them Apart

A sentence is a group of words than can be turned into a yes/no question.

Example:The astronaut is going to the moon.Is the astronaut going to the moon?

Practice 2:Turn the following groups of words into yes/no questions.1. The movie was entertaining.2. The detective will search for the missing clue.3. The agent doesn’t have to question the traveler.4. That actor could learn his lines quickly.5. I can study nuclear physics in my spare time.6. The couple should leave for Canada on Tuesday.7. Their wedding reception was videotaped.8. Our Martian visitors are here at last.9. The air conditioners are making strange noises.10.Warren must arrive at the building site by ten o’clock.

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Practice 4:Breakdown the following sentences into its subject and predicate.

Example:

The astronaut is going to the moon. SUBJECT PREDICATE

1. My uncle has a forty-five acre farm.2. Tony’s wife is selling her successful business.3. The man with the red beard was called in to pilot the helicopter.4. A poet and his poetry have much in common.5. The headlights of the car are shining in my eyes.6. I am being blinded by the glare of the lights.7. An elderly couple is sitting by themselves on a park bench.8. The traffic noises should begin to bother you soon.9. My dreams are filled with images from my past.10. Our doctor should give me a diagnosis today.

Practice 5:Now try using did, does, and do with the following sentences. First turn them into yes/no questions and then box the subject and underline the predicate.

Example:

My family travels to Europe by plane.SUBJECT PREDICATE

Does my family travel to Europe by plane?

1. They visit all the major capitals of Europe.2. They dine at three-star restaurants every night.3. The couple planned their trip six months ago.4. My relatives lived in Hungary.5. Tim’s uncle walks to work.6. One pilot flew at the speed of sound.7. Many passengers arrive at the airport early.8. American automobiles require little maintenance.9. Highway signs announce speed limits for cars and trucks.

Week 4

COMBINING SENTENCES

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Using Descriptive Words and Shifters

Practice 6:Combine the following pairs of sentences. Remember to change the singular form of the verb or helping verb to the plural whenever it is necessary.

Example 1:George learned how to sail.Rose learned how to sail.Combine: George and Rose learned how to sail.

1. George sails every day.Rose sails every day.

2. Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean.Leif Ericson sailed across the Atlantic Ocean.

3. Tony discovered a new restaurant. Sue discovered a new restaurant.

4. My aunt studies yoga.My uncle studies yoga.

1. A Korean physicist made an important discovery.A Japanese chemist made an important discovery.

Example 2:Most people value loyalty.Most people value courage.Most people value honesty.Combine: Most people value loyalty, courage, and honesty.

1. Settlements will be established on the moon.They will also be established on Mars.They will also be established on Venus.They will also be established on the outer planets.

2. Astronomers have discovered new planets.They have also discovered stars.They have also discovered galaxies.

3. Columbus carefully studied old maps.He also studied the reports of other sailors.

4. The Vikings established colonies in Iceland.They also established them in Greenland.They also established them in eastern Canada.

5. The earliest settlers cleared away the forest.They built sturdy log cabins.They planted corn.

Descriptive Words: Adjectives

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Adjectives are descriptive words that change or modify our understanding of nouns. An adjective most occurs before the noun it modifies or after the verb to be.

Example: the hungry shark. Adjective

The shark was hungry. Adjective

Note: Adjectives that describe quantity (much, some, and many) occur only

before the nouns they modify.I have many books. I don’t have much time.I have some money.

‘many’ occurs before countable nouns.many (books, pencils, cars, bags, bottles)

‘much’ occurs before uncountable nouns.much (milk, coffee, butter, sand, dirt, money)

An adjective doesn’t change its form when it modifies a plural noun.the hungry sharks The sharks were hungry.

When a noun is modified by more than one adjective, you must separate the adjectives with commas. the savage, hungry sharks

Practice 7:Combine the following sentences. Use comma to separate two adjectives that occur before the same noun.

Example: The sharks swam beside the diver.The sharks were hungry.The diver was nervous.Combine: The hungry sharks swam beside the nervous diver.

1. The sailor saw a light in the sky.The sailors were weary.The light was strange.

2. The voyager crossed the Pacific alone in a lifeboat.The voyager was daring.The voyager was young.The lifeboat was leaky.

3. The Vikings sailed their ships across the seas.The Vikings were adventurous.Their ships were narrow.The seas were stormy.

4. The engineer noticed a flaw in the design of the bridge.

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The engineer was careful.The flaw was serious.The bridge was new.

5. One doctor saved the lives of women and children.The doctor was brilliant. The women and children were helpless.

6. A fever threatened the lives of infants.The fever was sudden.The infants were newborn.

7. This fever was transmitted by the hands of physicians.The fever was dangerous.The hands were unclean.

8. A bar of soap solved the problem.The bar of soap was simple.The bar of soap was inexpensive.The problem was terrible.

9. Discoveries are often made by men and women.The discoveries are important.The men and woman are unknown.

10. The violinist gave a performance.The violinist was Peruvian.The performance was thrilling.

Practice 8:Add adjectives to the incomplete sentences below and combine.1. The astronomers were searching for a star.

The astronomer were ………………..The star was ………………………….

2. The children found a statue in the ruins.The children were………………….The statue was …………………….

3. The telescope allowed them to observe the stars. The telescope was ………………. The stars were ………………..4. The chemists gathered around a table. The chemists were ……………… The table was …………………..5. One doctor saved the lives of women and children. The doctor was ……………….. The women and children were ………..

Practice 9:Now write a few more sentences on your own. Make sure that you include descriptive words ‘adjectives’ in your sentences

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Week 5

Descriptive Words: Adverbs

Adverbs mostly modify the entire sentence rather than any one word within it. Therefore, they can occur:Before the subject:

Carefully the scientist repeated his experiment.After the subject:

The scientist carefully repeated his experiment.After the predicate:

The scientist repeated his experiment carefully.Between a verb and its indirect object:

She sang sweetly to her son.Adverbs do not occur between a verb and its object:

She sang sweetly the song.

Practice 10:The following sentence combinations emphasize using adverbs that end in –LY. Combine the following sentences by putting the adverb in a different place in each sentence.Example:The scientist repeated the experiment.The scientist was brilliant.The scientist was young.She repeated the experiment carefully.Combine:The brilliant, young scientist repeated the experiment carefully.Carefully the brilliant, young scientist repeated the experiment.The brilliant, young scientist carefully repeated the experiment.

1. The explorer nodded his head. The explorer was experienced. The explorer was old. He nodded his head patiently. 2. The members of the expedition wanted to turn back. The members were younger. The expedition was international. They wanted to turn back desperately.3. They complained about the food and the water. The food was disgusting. The water was undrinkable. They complained bitterly.4. The leader spoke to the men and women. The leader was understanding.

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The men and women were discouraged. He spoke to them calmly.5. The travelers chopped their way through the forest. The travelers were exhausted. The forest was dense. They chopped their way cautiously.6. Snakes crawled over the rocks. The snakes were poisonous. The rocks were slippery. The snakes crawled silently.7. The expedition found the city. The city was lost. The city was uninhabited. They found it unexpectedly.8. The explorers entered the burial chamber. The explorers were excited. The burial chamber was royal. They entered it breathlessly.9. They stared at the sight. The sight was amazing. They stared unbelievingly.10. The students combined the sentences. The students were brilliant. The students were foreign. They combined the sentences perfectly.

Practice 11:Now add some descriptive words (adjective and adverb) to the clauses below and combine them.Example:The children explored the garden.The children were young.The garden was beautiful.They explored it eagerly.Combine: The young children explored the beautiful garden eagerly.

1. The leaves fell from the trees. The leaves were ………… The trees were …………….. The leaves fell ……………… (use an –ly word)2. The explorers entered the cave/ The explorers were ………….. The cave was …………….. They entered it …………….. (use an –ly word)3. The singer sang the song. The singer was …………….

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The song was …………….. He sang it ……………….. (use an -ly word)4. The artist was applauded by the audience. The artist was ………………. The audience was ……………… The audience applauded ……………… (use an –ly word)5. The children clapped their hands. The children were ……………… The hands are ……………. The children clapped their hands …………… (use an –ly word)

Practice 12:Now write a few more sentences on your own. Make sure that you include descriptive words ‘adverbs’ in your sentences

Week 6

Descriptive Words Ending in –ING and –ED

The present participle of a verb (its –ING form) and the past participle (its –ED form) are also used as adjectives. They can appear either before or after the nouns they modify.

Example:Regular verb: to tire Irregular verb: to break

His work tires him. The branch breaks easily.His work is tiring. The branch is breaking.He does tiring work. There is a breaking branch.The worker is tired. The branch is broken.He is a tired worker. There is a broken branch.

Practice 13:Choose the words that best complete the following sentences and underline your choices.

1. The (burning/burned) sun beat down on the (exhausting/exhausted) farmer.

2. We all noticed a (pleasing/pleased) improvement in our (working/worked) conditions.

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3. The (breaking/broken) part delayed the (puzzling/puzzled) mechanics.4. She has an (exciting/excited) job in a (growing/grown) industry.5. The (shocking/shocked) employees learned of the company’s

(surprising/surprised) losses.6. The (falling/fallen) roof will injure the (unsuspecting/unsuspected) firemen

below.7. The (breaking/broken) eggs dripped through the (damaging/damaged)

carton.8. The (striking/stricken) workers turned down the (insulting/insulted) salary

offer.9. The (demanding/demanded) boss ignored the advice of his

(concerning/concerned) staff.10. The (uninspecting/uninspected) elevator posed a threat to the safety of

the (dissatisfying/dissatisfied) construction crew.

Practice 14:The following sentence exercise will allow you to practice using –ING and –ED descriptive words in sentences. Example: The sun beat down on the farmer. The sun was burning.

The farmer was exhausted. Combine: The burning sun beat down the exhausted farmer.

1. The business needs a source of credit. The business is expanding. The source must be guaranteed.2. The bookcase pleased the buyer. The bookcase was handcrafted. The buyer was discerning.3. Customers help to build the reputations of businesses. The customers are satisfied. The businesses are recently established.4. The workers protested their dismissal to the management. The workers were fired. The management was unconcerned.5. The day-care center was set up for mothers. The day-care center was inexpensive. The mothers were working.6. Loans often lead to debts. The loans are unsecured. The debts are imposing.7. The workers stood around in the parking lot. The workers were unemployed. The parking lot was freezing.8. The customers complained about the salesman. The customers were outraged.

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The salesman was annoying.9. One machine replaced hundreds of workers. The machine was computerized. The workers were unskilled.10. Her responsibilities gave her an outlook. Her responsibilities were increasing. Her outlook was improved.

Week 7

ShiftersShifters are words or word-groups which are able to shift or move from one part of the sentence to another without changing the meaning of the sentence. Shifters modify the whole sentence. Shifters provide the sentences with extra information.

1. Information about the time when an action takes place:She drives home from work at six o’clock.At six o’clock she drives home from work.

2. Information about how often an action takes place:She drives home from work every night.Every night she drives home from work.

3. Information about how long an action takes place:She drives home from work in forty-five minutes.In forty-five minutes she drives home from work.

4. Information about how an action takes place:She drives home from work carefully.Carefully she drives home from work.

5. Information about why an action takes place:She drives home from work because of the unreliability of public transportation.Because of the unreliability of public transportation, she drives home from work.

Practice 15:Place the shifters in different positions, as shown in the following examples:Roberto decided to leave school.He made his decision last month.He made his decision because of financial problems.Combine: Last month, because of financial problems, Roberto decided to leave

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school. Because of financial problems, Roberto decided to leave school last month.

1. Esther will begin working full time. She will begin working next Tuesday. She will begin working in a little boutique. The boutique is near her house.2. Sam will study medicine. He will do so in order to become a surgeon. He will do so during the next six years.3. Sam dances. He dances gracefully. He dances across the polished floor. He dances with Edna in his arm.4. Edna is taking driving lessons. She is taking them in order to become more independent. She is taking them before looking for a new job.5. Esther is moving. She is moving to a new apartment. She is moving next month. She is moving because her rent has doubled.6. The men repaired the power lines. They repaired them last week. They repaired them at Parker Lake. They repaired them after the thunderstorm.7. The construction workers drive upstate. They drive upstate every weekend. They drive upstate in order to see their families.8. The Iroquois Indians have been highly respected. They have been respected among construction workers. They have been respected for many years.9. The jobs they do are dangerous. They are dangerous because of the height at which they work.10.Safety is an important factor. It is an important factor on any job. It is an important factor for any worker.

Practice 16:Now add your own shifters to the clauses below and combine them. Place shifters in different positions!Example:He runs four miles.(How often?) Every day(When) After work(Where) In the park near his house

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Combine: Every day, after work, he runs four miles in the park near his house. 1. She is working at a factory. Why? When? Where? Use in order to2. George lost a very good job.

Why? When? Where? Use because of3. Myra studies computer programming.

Why? When? Where? Use in order to 4. Agnes opened a free clinic.

Why? When? Where? Use in order to5. Selma goes to work.

How often? When? Where?

Practice 17:Now write five sentences of your own, on the world of work. Make sure that each sentence has at least two shifters.

Week 8

Using Phrases and Clauses

Prepositional Phrases

Shifters give information about the whole sentence, rather than about any single word in the sentence.Many of these shifters consist of prepositional phrases.A prepositional phrase is a group of words beginning with a preposition, sometimes followed by an article, and ending with a noun, a pronoun, or an –ING verb.Examples:I will go home in the summer.There was a spider beside me.He lost weight by jogging.

Practice 18:Now you can begin using prepositional phrases in sentence combinations.Examples:The student is reading a book.

The student is in the seat.The seat is by the window.The book is about the American West. Combine: The student in the seat by the window is reading a book about

the American West.

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Exercises:1. The subway car was crowded.

It was crowded with people.The people were in a hurry.

2. The Great Plains stretch.They stretch from Canada.They stretch to the Gulf of Mexico

3. The farmer looked.The farmer is from MinnesotaHe looked at his fields.He looked at them in the early morning sunlight

4. The vast spaces are filled.The spaces are those of the Great PlainsThey are filled with an abundanceThe abundance is of wildflowersThey are filled in the spring

5. The farmers were threatened.They were threatened in the 19th centuryThe farmers were of Minnesota.They were threatened by a plagueThe plague was of locusts

6. The locusts came flyingThey flew by the millionsThey flew in great waves.The waves were like the waves of the sea.

7. The locusts devoured everything.They devoured everything in their path.They devoured with a terrible hunger.

8. The governor announced a day.The day was of prayer.The day was in April.It was the April of 1878.

9. People have problems.The people are in urban areas.The problems are with other insects

10. The student was stung.The student was from Columbia.He was stung by a bee.He was stung during a picnic.

Practice 19:Now complete the prepositional phrases in the following unfinished sentences and combine them.1. The farmer met the pioneers.

The farmer is standing at ……………….The pioneers are traveling on ………………

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2. The astronaut is leading the space mission.The astronaut is from ………………………..The space mission is to …………….

3. The movie was well-received.The movie was about …………………It was well-received by ……………………..

4. The young woman is talking quietly.The young woman is at ……..She is talking to …………..

5. The airplane is disappearing.The airplane is from ……………..It is disappearing into …….

Practice 20:Now write 5 sentences of your own about crowded spaces - the trains or buses you ride on, the school cafeteria, a supermarket, on Saturday morning. Include at least two prepositional phrases in each combination.

Week 9

MID-TERM TEST

Week 10

Who and Which Clauses

Prepositional phrases can also modify nouns. When they do, they follow the words they modify.Examples:The team which won the World Cup is my favorite team.The settlers who were trapped at Pike’s Peak died of frostbite and starvation.

Practice 21:In the following exercise, first change the second sentence of each pair into a who or which clause and then combine it with the first sentence.Examples:The man married my sister. He comes from Brazil.Combine: The man who comes from Brazil married my sister.

1. A pilot crashed into a row of houses. The pilot had very little flying experience. (who)

2. The highway looked like a huge parking lot.The highway was jammed with rush-hour traffic. (which)

3. The film was well-received by the critics. 17

The film was the director’s first full-length. (which)4. Two salesmen were fired.

Two salesmen were caught embezzling company funds. (who)5. A group of teachers hired a tour bus.

The teachers were traveling in Scotland. (who)6. The small company merged with a giant corporation.

The company patented a new computer. (which)7. The employees were forced to take a training course.

The employees were recently hired. (who)8. A person is considered an individualist by others.

The person thinks for himself. (who) 9. The tutors were tired at the end of the day.

The tutors worked in the Language Lab. (who)10. The dictionary proved very useful to the tourists.

The dictionary was purchased in Mexico City. (which)

Practice 22:Now add your own second sentence to each of the following sentences. Combine your sentences by using a who or which clause.

1. The prairie stretched out before the settlers. ..................................................................... (which)

2. The Rocky Mountains were difficult to cross.…………………………………………….. (which)

3. The typical American farmer has had some college education.……………………………………………. (who)

4. The farmer’s wife cooks, cleans, irons, sews, and does the gardening.………………………………………………………………………. (who)

5. The author wrote a book about the fear of flying.…………………………………………………….. (who)

6. Television sets are usually sold in department store.……………………………………………………. (which)

7. The doctor had many enemies.……………………………….. (who)

8. The general disappointed his soldiers.…………………………….. (who)

9. Classroom seats are often uncomfortable.……………………………………… (which)

10. Actors and actresses often work as waiters and waitresses.……………………………………… ( who)

Practice 23:Now write five sentences of your own on the subject of family life. Make sure that each of your sentences contains a who or which clause.

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Week 11

COMBINING VARIOUS SENTENCES

ClausesClauses are building blocks of sentences. A clause is a group of words that contains (at least) a subject and a verb.

Examples:Clauses Not clausesEcology is a science to protect the environmentBecause pollution causes cancer after working all day

There are two kinds of clauses:1. Independent clauses

An independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence by itself. An independent clause is formed with:

Subject + Verb (+ complement)Examples:Students normally spend four years in college.I will declare my major now, but I may change it later.Many international students experience culture shock when they come to the US.

2. Dependent clausesA dependent clause begins with a subordinator such as when, while, if, that, or who.A dependent clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence itself. A dependent clause is formed with:

Subordinators + subject + verb (+ complement)Examples:….. although students normally spend four years in college ….….. if I declare my major now …..….. when they come the United States …...….. who was accepted at Harvard University …..….. that the experiment was a success ….

Clause Connectors

Subordinators (Subordinating conjunctions)

Coordinators (coordinating conjunctions)

Conjunctive adverbs

After, although, as, as For, and, nor, but, or, Accordingly, besides,

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if, as soon as, because, before, even though, how, if, since, so that, that, though, unless, until, what, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, which, while, who, whom, whose

yet, so (fan boys) consequently, for example, furthermore, hence, however, in addition, in contrast, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, otherwise, therefore, thus

Practice 24:

Write INDEP next to the independent clauses and put a period (.) after them. Write DEP next to the dependent clauses.…… 1. Jet lag affects most long-distance travelers…… 2. Which is simply the urge to sleep at inappropriate times…… 3. During long journeys through several time zones, the body’s inner clock is disrupted…… 4. For some reasons, travel from west to east causes greater jet lag than

travel from east to west…… 5. Also, changes in work schedules can cause jet lag…… 6. When hospital nurses change from a day shift to a night shift, for example…… 7. Although there is no sure way to prevent jet lag…… 8. There are some ways to examine it…… 9. Because jet lag is caused at least partially by loss of sleep, not just a

change in the time of sleep….. 10. A traveler should plan to arrive at his or her destination as late as possible….. 11. Upon arriving, he or she should immediately go to bed….. 12. Then the traveler should start to live in the new time frame immediately

Kinds of SentencesA sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas. Every sentence is formed from one or more clauses and expresses a complete thought. There are basically four kinds of sentences in English: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of clauses used to form it.

1. Simple SentencesA simple sentence is one independent clause

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Examples:I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend.I enjoy playing tennis and look forward to it every weekend. (compound verb)My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend. (compound subject)

Practice 25:1. Write two simple sentences with one subject and one verb.2. Write two simple sentences with one subject and two verbs.3. Write two simple sentences with two subjects and two verbs.

Week 12

2. Compound SentencesA compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together. There are three ways to join the clauses:a. With a coordinator: I enjoy tennis, but I hate golf.b. With a conjunctive adverb: I enjoy tennis; however, I hate golf.c. With a semicolon: I enjoy tennis; I hate golf.

a. Compound Sentences with CoordinatorsA compound sentence can be formed as follows:

Independent clause + coordinators (fan boys) + independent clause

Practice 26:Add another independent clause to the following independent clauses to form compound sentences. Be sure to write a complete clause containing a subject and a verb. Circle the coordinator and add punctuation.Example:The college campus is located in the center of the city, so it is very easy to do my shopping.

1. Students can attend day classes and …………………………………..2. Students can live in dormitories or ……………………………………3. I have finished my math homework but ……………………………….4. I have studied English for six years yet ……………………………….5. My adviser suggested a word processing class for …………………………6. Some students do not like to write term papers nor ……………………………7. The instructor gave us eight weeks to write our term papers yet

…………………8. Most students had not even chosen a topic nor …………………………..9. The instructor was very upset for ………………………………………..

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10. My roommate scored very high on the English placement test so ……………….

b. Compound Sentences with Conjunctive AdverbsA compound sentence can also be formed as follows:

Independent clause + conjunctive adverb, + independent clause

Practice 27:Add another independent clause to each independent clause that follows to form compound sentences. Be sure to add a complete clause containing a subject and a verb. Circle the conjunctive adverb and add punctuation.Example:The college campus is located in the center of the city; therefore, it is easy to do shopping.

1. Students can attend day classes moreover …………………………………..2. Students can live in dormitories otherwise ……………………………………3. I have finished my math homework however ……………………………….4. I have studied English for six years nevertheless ……………………………….5. The instructor gave us eight weeks to write our term papers nonetheless

…………………..……….. 6. My roommate scored very high on the English placement test

consequently ……………………………

c. Compound Sentences with SemicolonsA compound sentence can also be formed with a semicolon alone:

Independent clause; independent clause

Examples:My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies medicine.Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from communism; others soon followed

Practice 28:Place a semicolon between the two independent clauses in the following compound sentences.

1. The American way of life apparently does not foster marital happiness half of all American marriages end in divorce.

2. Motherhood causes some women to quit their jobs others continue working despite having young children to care for.

3. Three hundred guests attended his wedding two attended his funeral.

Week 1322

a. Complex SentencesA complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clause (s). In a complex sentence, one idea is generally more important than the other one. The more important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important idea is placed in the dependent clause.There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun.

1. Adverb clausesA dependent adverb clause begins with an adverbial subordinator such as when, while, because, although, if, so that, etc.Examples:Although women in the US could own property, they could not vote until 1920.In the US, women could not vote until 1920 although they could own property.

2. Adjective clausesA dependent adjective (relative) clause begins with a relative pronoun such as who, whom, which, whose, or that, or with a relative adverb such as where or when. An adjective clause functions as an adjective; that is, it modifies a noun or pronoun.Examples:Men who are not married are called bachelors.Last year we vacationed on the Red Sea, which features excellent scuba diving.

3. Noun clausesA noun dependent clause functions as a noun and begins with a wh-question word, that, whether, or if. A dependent noun clause can be either a subject or an object.Examples:That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well known.Scientists believe that excess chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere are responsible for creating it.

Practice 29:Step 1 underline the independent clause of each sentence with a solid line.Step 2 underline the dependent clause with a broken line.Step 3 write SUB above the subordinator.

Example:

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Because the cost of education is rising, many students must work part-time.

1. When students from other countries come to the US, they often suffer from culture shock.

2. Because the cost of education has risen, many students are having financial problems.

3. Please tell me where the student union is.4. Engineers, who have an aptitude for drafting and mechanics, must also be

artistic and imaginative.5. While the contractor follows the blueprint, the engineer checks the

construction in progress.6. Since the blueprint presents the details of the engineer’s plans, it must

also be interpreted accurately by the contractor.7. Students should declare a major by their junior year unless they have not

made up their minds.8. Even though students declare a major now, they can change it later.9. Doctors are concerned about drug use by young people, who think that

smoking marijuana is risk-free.10. Last year, the government reported that drug use is increasing.

Practice 30:Step 1 Add a logical independent clause to each of the following

dependent clauses.Step 2 Punctuate each sentence correctly.

1. …………………………………….. until I pay my tuition2. …………………………………….. unless I take twelve units.3. .…………………………………. that computer engineering is a popular major.4. ………………………………… who is chair of the Communications Department.5. Because I had to look for a part-time job ………………………………………..6. ………………………………………… if I want to get to school on time.7. …………………………………………. Whether I should take advanced calculus.8. ………………………………… whom I met at the social club meeting last

month.9. ……………………………………… when I left my country.10. ……………………………… that my college adviser recommends. Week 14

b. Compound-Complex SentencesA compound-complex sentence is a combination of two or more independent clauses and one (or more) dependent clauses. Many combinations are possible, and their punctuation requires careful attention.Examples

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I wanted to travel after I graduated from college; however, I had to go to work immediately.After I graduated from college, I wanted to travel, but I had to go to work immediately.I wanted to travel after I graduated from college, but I had to go to work immediately because I had to support my family.I couldn’t decide where I should work or what I should do, so I did nothing.

Practice 31:Step 1 Underline the independent clauses with a solid line and the

dependent clauses with a broken line.Step 2 Add commas and/or semicolons as necessary.

1. If housework and childcare are included women work more hours per week than men every place in the world except North America and Australia but they also earn less than men everywhere.

2. In Africa, women work harder than men because they work 67 hours per week but men work only 53.

3. Although Latin American women work 60 hours Latin men work only 54 and in Asia women work 62 hours to men’s 48.

4. Men in Western Europe work the least they put in only 43 hours per week although women average 48.

5. The report stated that even when men’s working hours were reduced they used the extra time for leisure activities rather than for housework or childcare.

Week 15

EXPRESSIONS AT SENTENCE / PHRASE LEVEL

There are many ways that you want good things happen to others.

Congratulations

Fixed expressions: Happy Christmas, Happy Anniversary, Happy New Year, and

Happy Birthday.

Congratulations on / for + Noun

Congratulations on your wedding. Congratulations on your 25th wedding anniversary. Congratulations for getting your new job. Congratulations for your new home.

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Wishes

Best Wishes on / for + Noun Best wishes for your exams. Best wishes on your birthday.

I hope you + Verb I hope you have a wonderful day I hope you do well in your exams. I hope you feel better soon.

Wishing you a + Adjective + Noun Wishing you a happy birthday. Wishing you a quick recovery.

Good luck with / in your + Noun Good luck with your exams. Good luck in your new home.

Condolences

We were deeply grieved to learn of the untimely death of Yoko. She was so sweet and smart woman, well loved and admired, we all

miss her very much. I was deeply distressed to hear of the sudden death of Yoko-san. She

was so sweet and bright. I will always remember all her kindness during my visit.

I am truly saddened to hear about the passing of Yoko. Our thoughts and prayers go out to you and your family.

I am very sorry. I know this is a big loss for you. I wish you the best My deepest condolences for your loss of Yoko. It is a very difficult time

for you, and I wish you to keep strong.

Instructions Apply gently all over body, on neck, arms, legs, and bottom (Baby

Powder) One capsule by mouth three times daily (medication)

Labels Avoid powder to be inhaled directly by the baby (Baby Powder) Keep container tightly closed. Store at 15º to 30 º C. (Eye Drops) Please don’t touch the tip to avoid contamination (Eye Drops) For ages 3 and up (Toys)

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Practice 32: Find as many as possible the expressions such as: congratulations,

wishes, condolences, instructions, and labels. Discuss the meanings of the expressions.

RULES AT SENTENCE / PHRASE LEVEL

A rule is a followable prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, preferred, or prohibited in certain contexts. We also need to be aware that rules are great to protect our safety. 

No guns or any other sharp tools allowed. (White House) Entry granted upon special requests. (White House) No smoking. (Public places) No entry for food and drink. (Library, Banks) No shoes, no service. (School) Look both ways before you cross the street!" (Street) Keep off the grass. (Park) No eating or drinking in this room. (Library, Offices, Banks) Do not joke with the airport personnel while your hand luggage is

being inspected. (Airport) Use the stairs in case of fire. Do not use the elevator. (Offices,

Department Store) No littering. (Park) Slower traffic keep right. (Highway)

Practice 33:

1. Find some of the types of rules that are required to abide in any community such as school rules, traffic rules, and rules in public places such as hospitals, airports, offices, parks, etc.

2. Discuss the meanings of the rules whether they indicate obligated, preferred, or prohibited behaviour.

Week 16

FINAL-TERM TEST

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