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PUBLIC HEALTH PROJECTION IN CLIMATE CHANGING SCENARIO AND POSSIBLE MITIGATION AND AWARENESS SCENARIO AND POSSIBLE MITIGATION AND AWARENESS MEASURES AT THE GRASS ROOT LEVEL MBBS DPH FETP MBA MBBS, DPH, FETP ,MBA

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Page 1: PUBLIC HEALTH PROJECTION IN CLIMATE CHANGING …

PUBLIC HEALTH PROJECTION IN CLIMATE CHANGING SCENARIO AND POSSIBLE MITIGATION AND AWARENESSSCENARIO AND POSSIBLE MITIGATION AND AWARENESS MEASURES AT THE GRASS ROOT LEVEL

MBBS  DPH  FETPMBAMBBS, DPH, FETP,MBA

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IPCC Synthesis report – Fourth Assessment (AR4) – Drivers

Slide 3

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Vulnerability to Climate Change impact ‐West Bengal 

Slide 4

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Climate Change Vulnerability ‐West Bengal

Key human vulnerabilities to climatechange and sea‐level rise exist where the

l l l i lstresses on natural low‐lying coastalsystems coincide with low humanadaptive capacity and/or high exposureand include: deltas, especially Asian mega

Slide 5

, p y gdeltas (e.g., the Ganges‐Brahmaputra inBangladesh and West Bengal)

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Drought

Vulnerable Districts: 

Bankura, Purulia, Birbhum and Bardhaman 

i l  d    d fi i   i f ll   d    if  di ib i  mainly due to deficient rainfall, and no uniform distribution and adverse soil conditions; cannot retain moisture

groundwater table in Bankura, Bardhaman and Purulia groundwater table in Bankura, Bardhaman and Purulia districts depleted by over 4 m from the average level in the period 1981‐2000. 

Slide 6

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DroughtAdaptation: 

Early warning systems ‐medium (seasonal) to long‐term (annual to decadal) forecasts

Bi h l d i   f    i   h l   d d l i     h  Biotechnology‐ adoption of water saving technology and developing crops that are less dependent on water.

“Five Percent Farm Ponds”‐ 5% of the total area of a farmer’s land recommended for use as a pond to store runoff water for use during dry spells  prevalent in for use as a pond to store runoff water for use during dry spells, prevalent in Purulia district

Direct seeding to be explored that consume 40% less water

Drip and other water efficient irrigation

Weather insurance schemes (Orissa – Barsha Bima Jojana) 

Vulnerability rating = 2 low vulnerability (463.9 people/sq km – bankura))

Slide 7

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FloodsVulnerable Districts: Howrah, East Midnapur and Bardhaman 

Approximately 55.8% of the region is vulnerable to floods.

Map showing Flood risk area globally

Slide 8

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FloodsAdaptation:

Flood Inundation Mapping‐ district flood inundation maps

Land use control‐ water holding areas to be created like ponds, lakes or low‐Land use control water holding areas to be created like ponds, lakes or lowlying areas.

Community Flood Shelters

Structural measures‐ Flood diversion by constructing levees and dykes, flood embankments, dams, channel improvement works, storage reservoirs, drainage channels, anti‐erosion works, detention basins etc

Non‐structural measures flood plain zoning, flood forecasting systems, flood insurance and flood preparedness. Flood Proofing of dwellings include use of sand bags, blocking or sealing of doors and windows of houses etc.

l b l h l b l ( l kVulnerability rating = 8  High Vulnerability (Population Density ‐4486 sq km East Midnapore)

Slide 9

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CyclonesVulnerable Districts: Hooghly, Howrah and East Midnapur

About 2/3 of the tropical cyclones occur in the Bay of Bengal. The frequency of f ti   f  l  i   6 ti    i  b   f B l    d t  A bi  formation of cyclones is 5‐6 times more in bay of Bengal as compared to Arabian Sea. 

Adaptation:

Last Mile Connectivity: Installation of the communication networks‐VHF sets, towers.

Village Information Center (VIC) with internet connection for access to Village Information Center (VIC) with internet connection for access to daily news and weather information announced (three times a day) through a public address system

Construction of cyclone shelters 

Construction of saline embankments and costal canals to stop saline ingress to coastal land

Sh lt  b lt  l t ti   d    l t ti / ti    

Slide 10

Shelter belt plantations and mangrove plantation/regeneration as windbreakers

Vulnerability rating = 8 High Vulnerability (2913 people / sq km‐ Hooghly)

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Sea level riseVulnerable Districts: Howrah, Hooghly and East Midnapur

West Bengal coastline is 157.5 km and covers an area of 8.87 Mha with 1.38% of the coastal area vulnerable to inundation with a 1m sea level rise. Coastal regions i  S d b   d Di h      t    l l  i  viz Sunderbans and Digha are prone to sea level rise. 

Adaptation: Structural measures Seawall construction and coastal revetment works,Earthen embankments along the rivers and parallel to coastlineCoastal Afforestation/plantations Wetland restoration,regeneration of Mangroves or developing green beltSaltwater Intrusion adaptationSaltwater Intrusion adaptationChanging Cropping PatternIntroduction of indigenous Salt‐tolerant (tal mugur) variety of Paddy cultivation and paddy seeds in Sunderban regionG       h   l  i   l i h   f b h    b h Groynes to protect the coastal erosion, replenishment of beaches or beach nourishmentEarly warning systems, hazard insurance

Slide 11

Vulnerability rating = 8 High Vulnerability (2913 people / sq km‐ Hooghly)

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Sea Level Rise

Slide 12

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Population exposed to present‐day extreme sea level rise

AdaptationOf CoastalCity Study:TheCase of Kolkata(nearing(nearing Completion)

RANKING PORT CITIES WITH HIGH EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE EXTREMES By R.J. Nicholls (1), S. Hanson (1), C. Herweijer (2), N. Patmore (2), S. Hallegatte (3), J. Corfee‐Morlot (4) , J Chateau (4), R. Muir‐Wood (2)Slide 13

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Assets exposed to present‐day extreme sea level rise 

Slide 14RANKING PORT CITIES WITH HIGH EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE EXTREMES By R.J. Nicholls (1), S. Hanson (1), C. Herweijer (2), N. Patmore (2), S. Hallegatte (3), J. Corfee‐Morlot (4) , J Chateau (4), R. Muir‐Wood (2)

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Vector Borne Disease 

Slide 15

Transmission Window of Malaria in Different States of India(a) for base case and (b) under projected climate change scenario

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How Climate Change Affects Vector‐Borne DiseasesHow Climate Change Affects Vector Borne Diseases

i) Mosquitoes develop more rapidly

ii) Mosquitoes bite more frequentlyii) Mosquitoes bite more frequently

iii) Viral load in mosquitoes is higher

iv) Because more people are infected, more mosquitoes become carriers  that transmit diseased sease

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Connecting environmental changes to infectious disease

Environmental changes can adversely affect human health by providing:

Breeding areas and habitat for vectors and animal intermediates.

Adaptation of vectors to new habitats.

Increased interaction between pathogen and host.

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Impact of environmental changes on infectious disease

Temperature and rainfall:

Increase in average temperature and greater variation in Increase in average temperature and greater variation in precipitation facilitate vector production and parasite transmission.Rise in temperature accelerate ovarian development, egg laying in 

  d f   f f di    h   h  i   h  vector and frequency of feeding on host thus increases the probability of the transmission of the disease.

Deforestation:Deforestation:

Causes resurgence of mosquito‐borne viruses.Poor, subsistence farmers cutting down more tropical rainforests , g pto have more land to cultivate creates more breeding opportunities for mosquitoes.Removal of the forest canopy has created pools for the expansion of mosquito breeding habitats.of mosquito breeding habitats.Human activity in previously inaccessible areas provides more interaction between vectors and hosts.

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Urbanization:Storm water handling systems provide breeding sites for 

it h f tmosquitoes when surface waters are scarce.Discard materials, such as tires, cans, and barrels can provide a breeding habitat for mosquitoes.p g q

Other impacts:Movement by humans, who do not have protective immunity and are unaware of preventive measure against vectors in remote areasagainst vectors, in remote areas.Animal and vector adaptability to changing environments and competition among species.

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Vector Borne Disease

6000

7000

Trend of Dengue cases over last 5 years

2000

3000

4000

5000

No. of C

ases Increase of vector 

borne disease  noted over last few years.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Case 399 805 510 6456 5926

0

1000

T d  f JE     l t th  

over last few years. However  Dengue and JE cases  are being 

t d l

120140160

Trend of JE cases over last three years

reported on regular basis from the districts of North Bengal since 

20406080100120

No. of C

ases 2011

2011 2012 2013

Case 140 88 141

0

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Effects of GWDengueIt is possibled that climate change will increase the 

b   f  l     i k  f d  (C f l i i    l  number of people at risk of dengue (Confalonieri et al., 2007).Dengue is the world's most important vector borne Dengue is the world s most important vector‐borne viral disease (Confalonieri et al., 2007). 

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Water‐borne Diseases :

Water scarcity and extreme events like floods, tsunami dueto climate change leads to increase risk of contaminationof various water sources

Diseases caused by ingestion of water contaminated byhuman or animal excrement, which contain pathogenicmicroorganisms

I l d h l h id bi d b ill dInclude cholera, typhoid, amoebic and bacillary dysenteryand other diarrheal diseases

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Effects of GW Diarrhoeal diseasesConfalonieri et al. (2007) concluded that climate change would increase the burden of diarrhoeal diseases.Childhood mortality due to diarrhoea in low‐income countries, especially in Sub‐Saharan Africa, remains high (Confalonieri et al., 2007).This is despite improvements in care. Several studies have shown that transmission of enteric pathogens is higher during the rainy season. p g g g y

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The Problem

80% of infectious diseases ~80% of infectious diseases > 5 million people die each year > 2 million die from water‐related diarrhea alone > 2 million die from water related diarrhea alone Most of those dying are small children

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Direct pathways from Climate Change to  NCDs

Cli t h i t P th f NCD t Di ti f H lth Ri kClimate change impacts Pathways from climate change to NCDs

NCD outcome Direction of Health Risk

More frequent and increased Heat Stress CVD , Respiratory Increased Riskqintensity of heat extremes

, p yDisease

Increased Temperature and Less Rainfall

Higher ground level ozone and other Air

CVD ,Respiratory Disease

Increased RiskLess Rainfall ozone and other Air

PollutantsRespiratory Disease (e.g.- bronchitis, asthma)

Increase in air Respiratory Disease Increased RiskIncrease in air borne pollens and spores

Respiratory Disease (e.g.- bronchitis, asthma)

Increased Risk

Changes in stratospheric ozone and cloud coverage

Increased exposure to Solar UVR

Autoimmune Disease (Multiple Sclerosis)

Reduced Riskozone and cloud coverage to Solar UVR (Multiple Sclerosis)

Higher winter temperature in temperate latitudes

CVD , Respiratory Disease

Reduced Risk

Extreme weather events (fire,flood, storm)

Structural Damage Injuries Increased Risk

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Indirect pathways from Climate Change to NCDsIndirect pathways from Climate Change to  NCDs

Climate change i

Pathways  from  li   h  

NCD outcome Direction of H l h Ri kimpacts climate change 

to  NCDsHealth Risk

Drought  Flood Impaired  Poor general  Increased RiskDrought, Flood Impaired agriculture, reduced food yields and 

Poor general health

Increased Risk

nutrition insecurity

Extreme weather  (fi  fl d  

Trauma Mental health (P i  

Increased Riskevents (fire, flood, storm)

(Post traumatic stress disorder)

Impaired  Mental Health  Increased RiskImpaired livelihood impoverishment

Mental Health (Anxiety / Depression)

Increased Risk

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Control & Prevention

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Global

Governments

Communities

Individuals

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Ed ti IEducation Issues

Hygiene educationGood nutritionImprovements in habitation and general sanitationHigher education training in water‐related issues

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Global Surveillance

Public health infrastucturePublic health infrastuctureStandardized surveillance of water‐borne disease outbreaksGuidelines must be established for investigating and reporting water‐borne diseases

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Overall preventive measures:Vector borne disease: 

Elimination of vector  breeding  places.Use of bed netsUse of bed nets.Wearing of covered clothes to avoid mosquito biting.

Water borne disease: Use of  safe and potable drinking waterUse of  safe and potable drinking water.Maintain proper hygiene and sanitation.

NCD:Life style modificationMaintenance of proper nutrition.Timely and regular screening.

Heat Stress

Wearing of light cotton clothes during excessive heat.C ti   f  d t  fl id   d  l t l tConsumption of adequate fluids and electrolytes.

Mental Health:Proper counseling and increase in coping skill, stress management.

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Adaptation – Definition and Framework Setting 

Adaptation is response to actual or expected climate stimuli that moderate harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. In brief, adaptation is the ability of the people and systems to adjust to climate change. In natural systems, adaptation is reactive by definition, but in human system, it is both anticipatory and 

i  i l d b  b h  bli   d  i     reactive, implemented by both public and private actors.  

Climate Change ‐ Climate change in IPCC usage refers to achange in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g.using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or thevariability of its properties, and that persists for an extended

i d i ll d d l I f h iperiod, typically decades or longer. It refers to any change inclimate over time, whether due to natural variability or as aresult of human activity.

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Some Evidences:

Climate Change – Evidences; IPCC Synthesis Report 2009 

Global rise in temperature: Global rise in temperature: ‐The 100‐year linear trend (1906‐2005) of 0.74 [0.56 to 0.92]°C is larger than the corresponding trend of 0.6 [0.4 to 0.8]°C (1901‐2000) given in the TAR (Figure 1 1)  The linear warming trend over 2000) given in the TAR (Figure 1.1). The linear warming trend over the 50 years from 1956 to 2005 (0.13 [0.10 to 0.16]°C per decade) is nearly twice that for the 100 years from 1906 to 2005.Global Rise in sea level: ‐Global Rise in sea level: ‐Global average sea level rose at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3]mm per year over 1961 to 2003 and at an average rate of about 3.1 [2.4 to 3 8]mm per year from 1993 to 20033.8]mm per year from 1993 to 2003.Decrease in Snow and Ice extinctSatellite data since 1978 show that annual average Arctic sea ice 

t t h   h k b    [  t   ]%   d dextent has shrunk by 2.7 [2.1 to 3.3]% per decade

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Climate Change – Evidences; IPCC Synthesis Report 2009 

Some extreme weather events have changed in frequency and/ or intensity over the last 50 years:

It is very likely that cold days, cold nights and frosts have become less frequent over most land areas, while hot days and hot nights have become more frequent. – True for West Bengal

It is likely that heat waves have become more frequent over most land areas. ‐ True for West Bengal

It is likely that the frequency of heavy precipitation events (or proportion of total rainfall from heavy falls) has increased over p p y )most areas. True for West Bengal

It is likely that the incidence of extreme high sea level3 has It is likely that the incidence of extreme high sea level3 has increased at a broad range of sites worldwide since 1975. True for West Bengal

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l h d h

Adaptation – Definition and Framework Setting  

Specific to INDIA:Th f t t ill i b 2 4oC

Climate Change – Evidences; IPCC Synthesis Report 2009 

The average surface temperature will rise by 2‐4oCThere will be marginal changes in the rainfall expected in the monsoon monthsLarge changes during non‐monsoon months are expectedNumber of rainy days is set to decrease by more than 15 daysIntensity of rains is projected to increase by 1‐4mm/day and Cyclonic storms are likely to increase in frequency and intensity

Rise in sea levels is reported to be highest in the coast of West Bengal.(Net sea level rise in Diamond Harbour line,  ‐ 5.74 mm yr‐1 considerably greater than that anywhere else in the Ganga basin.)West Bengal ranks first in terms of frequency of occurrence of cyclonesWest Bengal ranks first in terms of frequency of occurrence of cyclonesTransmission Window of malaria is open for 12 months in West BengalSource: ‐ Human Development Report 2007/2008All most all districts of West Bengal experience drought for a month in once in two years. The intensity of drought is moderate. Source: ‐MoEF

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Millennium Development Goal  & Climate Changep g

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals to 

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger g p g

achieve by the year 2015. 

In 2001, recognizing the need to assist impoverished nations more aggressively, UN 

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education 

Goal 3: Promote gender equality andmember states adopted the targets. The MDGs aim to spur development by improving social and economic conditions in the world's poorest countries

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women 

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality 

G l 5 I l h l hcountries.

The MDGs are drawn from the actions and targets contained in the Millennium Declaration that was adopted by 189 nations‐and signed by

Goal 5: Improve maternal health 

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 

that was adopted by 189 nations‐and signed by 147 heads of state and governments during the UN Millennium Summit in September 2000. 

The eight MDGs break down into 21

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability 

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership The eight MDGs break down into 21 quantifiable targets that are measured by 60 indicators.

p g p pfor development 

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Climatic EventsClimate Change 

Scenarios MDGs

Climate Change impacts on MDGs 

Climatic Events Scenarios MDGs

Erratic Rainfall

Water stress/ Food insecurity Goal 1, Goal 7

Cyclone & Storm Surges

Infrastructure in danger (Transport/ Power Utilities) Goal 8& Storm Surges Power Utilities) Goal 8

DroughtsWater stress/ Food 

insecurity Goal 1 Goal 7Droughts insecurity Goal 1, Goal 7

Water stress/ Food insecurity/ Vector Goal 1 Goal 6

Floodsinsecurity/ Vector borne diseases

Goal 1, Goal 6, Goal 7

Infrastructure inSea 

Level rise

Infrastructure in danger (bridges, 

roads) Goal 8

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Development – The district level situationsituation

West Bengal is the fourth most populous state, with the highest populationdensity of 904 persons per square kilometer (nearly 3 times the national average,as per 2001 census).About 72 per cent of the people live in rural areas.Human development in West Bengal presents a mixed picture, and this picture isf h l d b h d hfurther complicated by the variations across districts in the state.West Bengal is the third largest economy in the country.During the year 2006‐ 2007, the growth of Net State Domestic Product of WestBengal was 8 81 %Bengal was 8.81 %During the year 2006‐ 2007, the growth of Net State Domestic Product of WestBengal was 8.81 %

Th h f i d f i d i l d i i W B l dThe present growth rate of index of industrial production in West Bengal stands at8.1 % (2006‐07).

Slide 38CII - Climate Change and Adaptation - West Bengal

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Development – The district level situation

Human Development Index; Industrial Development Index

Health Index Income Index Education Index HDI HDI Rank

Human Development Index; Industrial Development Index 

Health Index Income Index Education Index HDI HDI Rank Bardhaman 0.74 0.47 0.71 0.64 5

0 67 0 26 0 62 0 52 11Bankura 0.67 0.26 0.62 0.52 11Purulia 0.61 0.18 0.55 0.45 16 Medinipur 0.68 0.45 0.74 0.62 7 Howrah 0.77 0.53 0.75 0.68 2Kolkata 0.82 0.73 0.8 0.78 1 West Bengal 0.7 0.43 0.69 0.61

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Climatic Uncertainties – Scenarios in said district

Climate change scenariosClimate change scenarios

Flood: ‐ Approximately 55.8% of the West Bengal region is susceptible to floods as per the Vulnerability Atlas of India. Also coastal regions viz Sunderbans and Digha are prone to sea level rise.y g g pAmong the districts within the scope, Howrah will be the most affected districts, leading to total submergence and East Medinipur require attention as Haldia belt would be largely affected

Slide 40CII - Climate Change and Adaptation - West Bengal

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Adaptation measures – district wiseThe State of West Bengal occupies a total area of  88,75000 ha and about 63% of the area is under sown agriculture and around 14% falls under other land use pattern. The specific parameters influencing the status f l b l l ld b d h f llof vulnerability in West Bengal could be categorized as per the following:

High Population DensityAs per Census of India 2001, the population density is 904 persons per sq km and is about 3 times the national average.High Regional/local Climate VariabilityThe state has a relatively high share of precipitation level but the distribution of rainfall is not uniform  The state has a relatively high share of precipitation level but the distribution of rainfall is not uniform. Based on all‐India observed monsoon rainfall data of IMD for the period 1871–2005 the past and present climate patterns for West Bengal indicate that starting 1991 the monsoon rainfall follows a continuously decreasing trend.Variability in Water ResourcesAccording to West Bengal Human Development report estimates, the current and future demand and existing water resources 

t  th  i     i ifi t  i t h b t   i t  d  il bilitsuggests there is a significant mismatch between requirement and availability.Fragile EcosystemsThe unique and fragile ecosystem of Sundarban delta and the Mangrove forest covering 9630 sq km is habitat for several endangered species.

CII ‐ Climate Change and Adaptation ‐West BengalSlide 41

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AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

THINK GLOBALLYTHINK GLOBALLY &

ACT PERSONALLYACT PERSONALLY.

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Basic Action for Community :Basic Action for Community : Mitigation

R d  E  C i  (U   f E  Reduce Energy Consumption (Use of Energy Efficient Devices, reduction of electricity waste)Use of renewable energy (Solar   wind)Use of renewable energy (Solar,  wind)Reuse waste gas, bio‐mass residuesTransition from personal to public mode of Transition from personal to public mode of transport.Reduce water consumption, wastage of waterp , g

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Basic Action for Community :Basic Action for Community : Adaptation

Water holding areas to be created like ponds, lakes or low lying areas to prevent floodlow‐lying areas to prevent floodDams, storage reservoirs, drainage channels for flood diversionVillage Information Center (VIC) with internet connection to access to weather informationSeawall construction to adapt to sea level riseSeawall construction to adapt to sea level riseEarly warning systems, hazard insurance for cyclones

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COMMUNITY LEVEL ACTION

Arranging awareness campaignsBangalore’s Green Group‐ sending out the message to pool cars  Bangalore s Green Group sending out the message to pool cars, ride bicycles & own trees.RideACycle Foundation has about 200 members in Kolkata.

“Eco Club program christened “I Own a Tree” , allows a person to sponsor and own a tree for two years.CommuteEasy currently has over 9,000 active membersy y 9,Persuading LOCAL AUTHORITY e.g. municipality to be more Environment friendly Earth Hour  1 hour  of complete cessation of use of electricityEarth Hour: 1 hour  of complete cessation of use of electricity

Celebrated in different dates at different places.

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FREIBURG‐Germany’s Solar City,2/3rd of electricity is from solar source materialized due to community from solar source materialized due to community pressure on the govtInvolvement with NGOs ,,

eg.FOE—Its best known campaign till date‐THE BIG TASK‐forced the UK Govt.to introduce climate change bill.FRIENDS OF THE EARTH‐most extensive international 

i l  k  M b   illienvironmental network. Members >1millionAforestation Schemes.Ch i   i l l  i S   i  fi    Changing agricultural practices :Stop using fire to clear land ,as in the Amazons.

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NATIONAL LEVEL ACTIONSRecent Efforts to increase the Carbon Sink‐promote aforestation & prevent deforestation.Proper agricultural process & techniques.Proper utilization of water & land resources.Efforts to use Non‐Conventional energy resources.Allocation of budget for Creation of Natural Parks & National Sanctuaries.Ban on plastic, promotion of recycling & encourage use f E F i dl   d tof Eco‐Friendly products.

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Certification schemes‐to guarantee Environ Friendly approach.Some existing ones in India‐ to reduce emission from vehicles

2000 INDIA 2000(EURO I)NORMS2000‐INDIA 2000(EURO I)NORMS2001‐BHARAT STAGE II(EURO II)norms2003‐BHARAT STAGE II(EURO II) norms for 11major cities.3 ( ) j2005‐BHARAT STAGE III (EURO III)norms for11major cities.2010‐BHARAT STAGE IV norms for entire country.

Environmental Audit(EA)‐‐To prevent industries from adversely affecting environment.Implementation of Pollution Control laws & actsImplementation of Pollution Control laws & acts

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Some of the important environmental laws i I diin India –The Environment (Protection) Act,1986

‐The Factories Act,1948, amended in 1987

‐The Industries (Development & Regulation) Act,1951

‐The River Boards Act 1956The River Boards Act,1956

‐The Motor vehicles Act, 1938, Rules,1989

‐The Wildlife (Protection) Act,1972 

‐ The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, amended in1988.

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THE INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO

In 1988,the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)&the UN Environment Program(UNEP) set up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),an expert body that wouldPanel on Climate Change (IPCC),an expert body that would assess scientific information on climate change

IPCC's 1st Assessment Report‐global warming is REAL

UN F k C i Cli Ch (UNFCCC) MUN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),May 1992

=commitment to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions at 1990commitment to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions at 1990 levels by 2000. 

1st Convention of Parties to UNFCCC (COP 1) in 1995.

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