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Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-1
Executive Summary
The World Bank (WB) supports the sanitation sector in Egypt as part of its diversified
portfolio for Egypt to achieve social development, economic growth and
environmental protection. Among these positive interventions, the WB the new
Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project (ISSIP 2). The main
objectives of this project is to provide the targeted population in four Governorates,
two is Upper Egypt (Assiut and Sohag) and two in Lower Egypt (Menofeya and
Sharkeya) with sanitation services and facilities.
In this regard The Holding Company for Water & Wastewater (HCWW) affiliated to
the Egyptian Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development (MHUUD)
launched two tenders in September, 2010 to qualified consultancy firms, each of these
two tenders concern two sets of governorates, one set for Assiut and Sohag
Governorates and the other set for Menofeya and Sharkeya Governorate. These
tenders concern the preparation of, an Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
Framework Study (ESIAF) and a Feasibility Study (FS) for these Governorates.
In October, 2010, the Consortium of ALDAR, Consulting Engineers / CH2M HILL,
Spain led by ALDAR, Consulting Engineers were awarded the contract for preparing
the ESAF study for Assiut and Sohag Governorates, which is the subject of this
report.
The goal of this study in to prepare an environmental and social impact assessment
framework on the sanitation sector at both Assiut and Sohag Governorates to cater for
the implementation of this sanitation developmental project in an environmentally and
socially friendly manner. Accordingly this ESIAF study includes chapters on
legislation framework, project description, environmental and social baseline,
description of methodology and identification of impacts, impact assessment and
mitigation measures proposed, Environmental and Social Management and
Monitoring Framework, Analysis of Alternatives, public hearings activities and
conclusion.
Chapter 1, of this report gives a general background and describes the components of
this study.
Chapter 2, presents a review of the Egyptian legislation and standards governing
wastewater collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal and reuse. It also
includes a review of environmental and social international standards and guidelines
that are recommended to be followed and/or used as reference in all phases of the
project lifecycle.
the Contractor/s who will be awarded the ISSIP 2 project in both Assiut and Sohag
Governorates ESIA approval process will be obliged to prepare a full ESIA that
complies to the terms of Law 4/1994 and its Executive regulations 338/1995 and to
specific Egyptian prevailing environmental laws which are:
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-2
General laws:
- Law 4/1994 concerning the environment that covers all aspects of land, water
and soil protection and it’s Executive Regulations (ERs) No. 338/1995. Some
articles of Law 4/1994 have been recently updated through Law 9/2009 issued
in March, 2009.The Executive Regulations No. 338/1995 have been updated
by the Prime Minister's Decree No. 1741/2005 issued in October, 2005.
Water quality laws:
- Egyptian Code 501/2005 for reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture.
- Ministry of Health & Population Decree No. 458/2007 concerning the quality
of drinking water.
- Law 93/1962 concerning disposal of wastewater into sewer systems, Articles
7, 8, 9, 14 and 18.Executive regulations for Law 93/1962 amended by
Ministerial Decree 44/2000 concerning the criteria for treated wastewater
licensed to be reused for agricultural purposes and Decree 171/2005.
- Law 48/1982 concerning the protection of water bodies from pollution.
- Ministerial Decree No. 8/1983 - on Law 48/1984 - concerning the protection
of water bodies from pollution.
- Law 12/1984 concerning the protection of groundwater.
Air quality laws:
- Article 34 and Annex 5 of the ERs 385/1995 provide the maximum allowable
limits for ambient air pollutants.
- Article 36 and Annex 6 of the ERs 385/1995 provide the maximum allowable
limits from exhaust gases from different industries.
- Annex 9 of the ERs 385/1995 provides the air temperature limits in
workplaces.
- Article 40 of Law 4/1994 and Article 42 of its ERs provide the maximum
allowable limits for the concentrations of pollutants resulting from fuel
burning.
- Articles 34, 35 and 36 of Law 4/1994 cover the air emissions from different
establishments.
- Article 45 of Law 4/1994 and Annex 8 of the ERs 385/1995 provide the
maximum limits for the atmospheric pollutants in workplaces.
- Decree No. 470/1971 concerning norms of atmospheric pollutants.
Noise pollution laws:
- Law 4/1994, Article 42 obliges individuals and entities to comply with the
ERs 385/1995 limits for sound intensities.
- ERs 385/1995, Article 44 and Annex 7 provide the maximum allowable limits
for sound intensity and related permissible periods of exposure in hours per
day.
Solid and hazardous waste laws:
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-3
- ERs 385/1995, Articles 25, 28, 31 and 33 concern handling of hazardous
wastes.
- ERs 385/1995, Article 38 concerns handling of both domestic and hazardous
wastes.
- ERs 385/1995, Article 39 and 41 are related to domestic and construction
wastes.
- Law 4/1994, Articles 29, 30 and 37(2). These articles concern handling of
hazardous wastes.
- Law 31/1976 amending Law 38/1967. This law concerns municipal solid
wastes.
- Law 38/1967 concerning solid waste management. This law concerns
municipal solid wastes.
Protected areas laws:
- Law 102/1983 concerning protected areas.
Urban development laws:
- Law 19/2008 governs all urban development and building works in urban
areas, and pertains to planning and urban development, craft and industrial
zones.
- The Executive Regulations of Law #119 of 2008 issued by the Minister of
Housing, Utilities and Urban Development, by Decree No. 144 of 2009 and
are set to control urban development and industrial areas within urban
cordons.
- Law 17/1983 concerning the protection of cultural heritage.
- The Unified Building Law No. 119 / 2008 and its Executive Regulations
No.144/2009, which is issued by a decree of the Minister of Housing, Utilities
and Urban Development. This law is issued to control all works related to
urban development, organization of construction works and conservation of
real estate.
Energy aspects laws:
- Ministry of Electricity Decree no. 325/2007 governs electromagnetic
compatibility with respect to the placing of equipment and fixed installations
on the market and putting them into service.
Social aspects laws:
- Labor Law No. 12 of the year 2003. This law comprises 257 articles that
address all the legal aspects regulating the Egyptian labor market. The new
law aims at increasing the private sector involvement and at the same time
striking a balance between employees' and employers' rights.
- Law No 94 of 2003 on establishing the National Council for Human Rights.
The National Council of Human Rights was established on June 19, 2003 by
law no.94 for the year 2003. The first article of the law states the
establishment of a council called The National Council of Human Rights
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subsidiary to the Shoura Council aiming at promoting and developing human
rights, consolidating their values, spreading awareness of these rights and
ensuring their practice.
- Law No. 84 of the year 2002 on Non-Governmental Organizations. This law
allows greater recognition of civil society than any previous law.
- Ministerial (Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs) Decree No. 10 of
2002 on Establishing a Gender Unit in EEAA. The Decree was issued on
establishing Gender Unit in EEAA targeting raising the environmental
awareness of females and enforcing their role (through NGOs, etc.) in the
society for supporting environmental protection issues.
- Presidential Decree No. 90 of year 2000 on Establishing the National Council
for Women. The decree was issued on the establishment of the National
Council for Women. The Council establishes 11 committees in order to carry
out its functions as stipulated in Article Three. Among those is the
Environment Committee (Article 5). The committee is aiming at increasing the
role of women, especially young women and girls in the protection of
environment. Also, strengthening and enhance the role of women in support of
sustainable .development.
- Law No. 137 of the year 1981 on labor. This law, issued by the Ministry of
Manpower and Immigration, controls work place safety and environment.
- Egyptian Constitution and its amendment of year 1980. The constitution is a
set of principles that governs the states’ authorities, sets out the rights of both
the governors and the governed, acts as a summary of the external and internal
operations and affairs in the State.
Among the various WB environmental and social policy safeguards, there are three
safeguards are relevant the Project which are:
- OP 4.01: Environmental Assessment
This Project has been classifies under category B in accordance with the WB
Operational Policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). This ESIAF
Study considers all the requirements of OP 4.01 for preparing the related
Environmental & Social Management & Monitoring plan (ESMMP).
- OP 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources
All cultural and archaeological considerations is tackled in this ESIAF study.
However another detailed ESIA is recommended to be conducted in a later
stage to ensure the utmost protection of current and future archaeological sites
when choosing the exact locations of the Project facilities.
- OP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement
The issues of involuntary resettlement will be covered in the ESIAF study in
the attached Resettlement Policy Framework (RFP).
Other international regulations that can be used as useful guidelines and reference
material during the construction and operation phases of the Project are:
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-5
- United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (UNFAO) recommended
irrigation guidelines: "Water quality for agriculture, R.S. Ayers and D.W.
Westcot, 29 Rev. 1, Reprinted 1989, 1994" (revision of 1976 paper). This
paper provides guidance to farm and project managers, consultants and
engineers in evaluating and identifying potential problems related to water
quality. It discusses possible restrictions on the use of the water and presents
management options which may assist in farm or project management,
planning and operation.
- World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for ambient air quality: “Air
Quality Guidelines Global Update, 2005”. These WHO air quality guidelines
are designed to offer guidance in reducing the health impacts of air pollution.
First produced in 1987 and updated in 1997, these guidelines are based on
expert evaluation of current scientific evidence. The new information included
in this latest update of the air quality guidelines of 2005 relate to four common
air pollutants: particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The scope of this review reflects the availability of
new evidence on the health effects of these pollutants and their relative
importance with regard to current and future health effects of air pollution in
each of the WHO regions.
- World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater,
Excreta and Grey Water, Volume 2, Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture, 2006.
These guidelines provide information on the assessment and management of
risks associated with microbial hazards and toxic chemicals. They explain
requirements to promote the safe use of wastewater in agriculture, including
minimum procedures and specific health-based targets, how those
requirements are intended to be used and how to ensure microbial safety.
- Transposing Directive no. 2004/108/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 15 December, on the approximation of the laws of the Member
States relating to electromagnetic compatibility and repealing Directive
89/336/CEE, into national legislations.
Chapter 3, gives a detailed description of the existing status of the sanitation sector at
both Governorates, project components and budget with an explanation of project
phases and details.
The ISSIP-2 deal with two governorates which are Assiut and Sohag. The project area
include five clusters covering a total of twenty four villages in the Assiut governorate
and six clusters covering a total of twenty three villages in the Sohag governorate.
The following table shows the clusters and districts that will be served by the ISSIP-2
project and therefore are part of the “Project Area”.
Table 1: Summary of the clusters and districts
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
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Governorate Districts Clusters Villages
Assiut
Sadfa
AS-SA
Al Shnaysha, El Barba, Koum Asfaht, Koum Abu
Hager, El Dowayer, El Etefi
Dieroot AS-DI
El Hawta Elsharkyia, Msarah, Koum Boha Bahary,
Kasr Hedar, Nazlet Belal, Al Mandarah Bahary,
Ezbet El Magarbah and Mazyanah
Al Qousia AS-QO Hasan Abdel Rehiem, Nagaa Mehanaa Gomaa, Der
El Quoser and Nagaa Khedr
El Ghnayem AS-GH El Azaizah, Awlad Mohammed and El Amry
El Badary AS-BA Wadi El Sheik, El Nawawrah and El Atamnah
Sohag
Gerga SO-GE
El Mahsnah, Bet Khallaf, Bet El khrebi, Bet
Dawoud, Bani Aiesh, Nagea El Ghoubashi, El
Awamer Bahari, El Awamer Qebli, El Khalayfa and
El Quraan.
El Belina SO-BE El Halafy, El Ghenemia and El Samata
Sohag SO-SO Damno , El Mazalwa and El Mahamda El Baharia
Tama SO-TAM El Qaria Beldower, Oum Dohma and El Halafi
Tahta SO –TAH El Safiha, El Sheik Rahouma, Nazlet Omarah and
Hager Mashta
Assiut governorate has a total gross area of 25,926 km², Minya governorate is located
north to it, and to the east lies Red Sea governorate, and to the west lies New Valley
governorate and to the south Sohag governorate.
The Sohag governorate has a total gross area of 11,022 km², Assiut governorate lies
north of it, and to the east lies Red Sea governorate, and to the west lies New Valley
governorate and to the south lies Qena governorate.
The existing sanitation system in all villages in both governorates; Assiut and Sohag
relies on cesspools (Tranches) for households and septic tanks for governmental
buildings, which evacuated by tankers and disposed to any nearby drains. The
disposed wastewater may be discharge to the desert in case of nearby villages.
Another practice is to be discharged to existing nearby sewerage network.
The construction of cesspools allows infiltration of wastewater to the surrounding to
minimize the high cost of evacuation produce, this practice increases the underground
water table level and cause direct pollution to it. The main source of drinking water in
villages that make part of the ISSIP-2 project is groundwater wells in houses, the
depth of wells ranges between 10-15 meter and in underground water plants ranges
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-7
between 55-110 meter, in which may cause mixing between drinking water and
wastewater especially in case of existing house well and pump.
In Sohag governorate, surface water treatment plants cover the water demand of most
inhabitants through the governorate. However, in the case of the villages that make
part of the ISSIP-2 project, drinking water is mainly supplied by underground water
plants due to the high cost of transmission lines and connection to the surface water
treatment plants.
In Assiut governorate the villages that make part of the ISSIP-2 project, drinking
water is mainly supplied by underground water plants due to the high cost of
construction of surface water treatment plants, and the phases of budget and
constructions will take long time.
Few of Assiut and Sohag villages within the study is served by a full sewerage system
comprises network, pump station and force main to the existing wastewater treatment
plants. The treated wastewater is discharged to a drain or in wooden forest.
Five wastewater treatment plants are within the five studied districts of the
governorate of Sohag. Two of them under preliminary hand over in districts; El Belina
and Tama and the others are operational.
There are four existing wastewater treatment plants within the studied districts of the
governorate of Assiut. The one located in the district of Al Qousia is the only
operational and the others are still under construction.
The main objective of the project is to develop the sanitation sector at both Assiut and
Sohag Governorates. The current lack of adequate sanitation facilities and solid waste
management tools has been the cause of pollution problems as polluting agricultural
canals and drains in addition to deterioration of qualify of life due to polluting land
and health hazards from waterborne diseases and others. Therefore, Holding
Company for Water and Wastewater identified the areas in which the project should
be implemented for several reasons among which are:
- Providing adequate measures for sanitation in villages that a re not
i nc luded in current national plans for this purpose.
- Enhancing water quality in water canals and drains that were
identified as hot spots according to previous analysis of water quality
in these streams.
The outcomes of this project will be measured, through the reduction in pollution
loads to the receiving water bodies (indicators are ambient faecal coliform and BOD
in addition to dissolved oxygen and ammonia in selected canals) and improvement in
environmental health and hygiene conditions in villages (indicators are reduced
sewage ponds and hygiene evaluation procedures). In accordance to the requirements
of the Egyptian Code, the permissible limits to be maintained are as defined by the
Egyptian low 48/1982 that concerns discharging to water bodies.
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
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The villages studied were selected according to their population density and the
possible high ground water level and its pollution. Also, location with respect to
watercourse, were identified to test pollution loadings. Beneficiaries of the project at
target year are expected to be 1.1 million for both governorates.
Applied types of sanitation systems can be identified as centralized systems,
decentralized systems and Community Based Approach (CBA). The centralized
systems shall serve a group of villages in a cluster. Villages isolated within urban
boundaries shall be served by decentralized systems.
The CBA has an additional limitation such as the population limit of not exceeding
5000 capita also, villages must maintain a probable working Community
Development Association (CDA), and people to donate land for wastewater treatment
plant and pump stations.
Two villages in Assiut governorate will applying decentralized systems and the other
shall be served by centralized systems.
The project component comprises house connections, sewerage network and pump
stations which convey the sewage flow to the wastewater treatment plant.
First concept of the Project to be undertaken into consideration, is that a total of about
75 million US dollars are the upper limit of costs of each governorate in two stages,
where, the first stage is only 20% of the total budget allocated (about 15 million US$).
In priority ranking of these villages, certain criteria will be applied:
- Not to exceed the above budget limit in both stages in each governorates.
- Serve as maximum number of villages as possible to increase number of
people served of the project.
- Village with higher pollution threat is highly ranked mainly; higher
underground water table, highly dense population…etc.
- Maximize usage of existing facilities such as treatment plants, pumping
stations and networks to minimize overall cost and increase served population.
- Focusing as villages up streams of existing potable water treatment plants, to
secure more unpolluted areas.
- Increase opportunities of lifting drain and canal water quality.
The following two tables (2 & 3) illustrate the phasing 1 and 2 of the projects as
identified by the technical feasibility study.
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Table 2: Interventions for project phasing 1 for both Sohag and Assiut Governorates
Total Assiut Sohag Command Area
409,863 218,534 191,329 Population 2030
605,517 323,199 282,318 Population 2050
582,557 300,239 282,318 Population covered by centralized system
22,960 22,960 ----- Population covered by decentralized system
86507 46173 40334 No. of connections
366 194.5 171 Length Of Gravity Network (Km)
31 15 16 No. Of PS
114 57.5 56 Length Of Transmission Lines (Km)
5 4 1 No. Of WWTP
64297 34340 29957 Total Capacity Of Discharge 2050 (m³/d)
Table 3: Interventions for project phasing 2 for both Sohag and Assiut Governorates
Total Assiut Sohag Command Area
304,136 134,876 169,260 Population 2030
448,633 199,049 249,584 Population 2050
448,633 199,049 249,584 Population covered by centralized system
------ ------ ------ Population covered by decentralized system
64,098 28437 35661 No. of connections
253 117.3 136 Length Of Gravity Network (Km)
25 12 13 No. Of PS
82 31 51.15 Length Of Transmission Lines (Km)
1 1 0 No. Of WWTP
47,585 21135 26450 Total Capacity Of Discharge 2050 (m³/d)
The total cost of facilities provided by ISSIP-2 for the two governorates; Sohag and
Assiut is estimated to be about 290,139,052 US $, divided as 104,582,586 US $ for
Sohag governorate and 185,556,466 US $ for Assiut governorate. However, the yearly
cost for Operation and Maintenance (O&M) is estimated as 5,826,414 US $ for Sohag
governorate and as 5,720,690 US $ for Assiut governorate.
Chapter 3 also includes a description of the construction phase of the project in view
of centralized systems that concerns the construction of house connections, collection
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systems, pumping stations, force mains, crossing works and so the construction of the
wastewater treatment plants.
This chapter also describes the construction phase of the project in terms of
decentralized systems as, collection systems, pumping stations and rising mains, and
of the wastewater treatment plants.
Another description is made to the operation phase of the project in view of operation
of centralized systems concerning the collection systems and rising mains, pumping
stations, and so the operation of the wastewater treatment plants.
Chapter 4, covers the description of the environmental and social baseline, that
includes: the physical environment (geology and geomorphology, hydrogeology and
hydrology, air quality profile, acoustic environment), ecological environment
(terrestrial ecology, aquatic ecology), an urban perspective, a social perspective
(population, migration, labor force and unemployment, education, health, social
affairs, agriculture, housing, access to electricity, Access to potable water, access to
sanitation, social concerns, and so Sensitivity of environmental parameters.
Both Assiut and Sohag governorates have a dry weather in winter and a hot dry
weather in summer, with very low probability of rain except for few storms in winter
which happens rarely.
Both Governorates are served by a network of canals and drains that are connected to
the River Nile, which passes through Assiut and Sohag Governorates for hundreds of
kilometers heading north to other governorates and eventually to the Mediterranean
Sea. The groundwater aquifers in the Project area are Elrobaay and Eocene aquifers
which are used mainly to irrigate new reclaimed lands at these Governorates.
Canals and drains in Assiut and Sohag are contaminated with pollutants from direct
disposal of untreated sewage in some areas, agricultural drainage waters that contain
massive concentrations of pesticides and fertilizers, in addition to industrial effluents
that contains organic, non organic and heavy metals in addition to dead animals,
garbage and domestic wastewater.
Groundwater is considered a major source for potable water at the two Governorates,
and it is controlled following the standards established by the Ministerial Decree No.
458/2007 of the Ministry of Health (MoH). In most cases groundwater is not
chlorinated except when proven partially contaminated by the routine inspections of
the MoH inspectors. Groundwater at both Governorates suffer from high
concentrations of Phosphate, Ammonia in addition to heavy metals as iron,
manganese, copper, zinc and other pollutants from fertilizers and pesticides which
find its way to groundwater as well as to surface water bodies in violation to Law
48/1982.
Bacteriological contamination is witnessed, in surface waters as well as groundwater
mainly from using raw sludge as fertilizer and disposal of raw sewage into water
bodies.
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However, in the other hand both Governorates enjoy the clean air environment of
rural agricultural area in Egypt except for seasons of incinerating farm waste and at
areas close to industrial facilities where there are air emissions degrading air quality.
Main source of emissions in the governorate of Assiut are related to industries like
fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, oil refineries, cement and electricity power plants. In the
case of the Sohag governorate, the main sources of air emissions are petrochemicals,
chemicals, construction materials, paper and spinning industries. Major air pollutants
detected at the industrial areas are smoke, particulates, hydrogen sulphide (H2S),
Sulphur Dioxide SO2, Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Carbon Monoxide (CO).
Also urban as well as rural areas in both Governorates enjoy low levels of noise
background. This mainly due to low population intensities which limits
anthropological sources of noise pollution, limited number of cars and trucks, vast
agricultural plateau and mode and geographic distribution of small, medium and
heavy industries that inhibit high levels of sound intensities.
Concerning the terrestrial ecology, the project area includes a clay agriculture land
with cultivated crops of the typical cash crops grown in the Egyptian agricultural
areas. Cotton, maize, rice, wheat, clover, corn and beans are the common crops grown
at different seasons in the agricultural land close to the project area. The land is fertile
characterized by high yields. The bio-diversity of the plants stems from the different
crops grown during the different agricultural cycles. Three major groups of flora are
found at this kind of land according to their duration (life span) as follows: perennials,
biennials and annuals. No particularly sensitive habitats are known to be present
within the study area. Habitats here are thought to have been previously degraded by
human activities.
Concerning the terrestrial flora and fauna, no species of protected, endangered,
threatened or rare plants or animals are known to inhabit in the project area or its
surroundings were observed from the field visits.
Given thousands of years of intensive human activities, the modern Nile Valley and
Delta are essentially a man-made ecosystem. Animals now inhabiting the region are
those that are able to tolerate human activities or those that can avoid contact with
man. The intensive cultivation and widespread use of agrochemicals have
contaminated the region adversely affecting many of the native animals.
Urban pattern:
Both Assiut and Sohag Governorates are located in the Upper part of Egypt. Assiut is
an agriculture Governorate consists of 11 cities and Marakez (Districts) with 55 local
units (mother villages), 235 satellite villages and 1,072 Izba and Nage (hamlets).
Assiut is covering a total area of 25,926 km2, the inhabited area counts for 1,659.48
km2. The rural inhabited area represents 89.4 % (1,484.2 km2) of the total inhabited
area of the Governorate. The total number of population amounts to 3,876,000 with a
density rate of 2,335 inhabitant /km2 (Assiut Governorate Information Center,
Directorate of Health, 2010)
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Sohag Governorate is an agriculture Governorate consists of 11 Cities and Marakez
(Districts) with 51 local units (mother villages), 270 satellite villages and 1,574 Izba
and Nage (hamlets). Sohag is covering a total area of 11,022 km2, the inhabited area
counts for 1,593,9 km2 which represents 14.5 % of the total area. The estimated
population in January 2010 was 4,019,603 with a density rate of 2,524 inhabitants
/km2 (Sohag Governorate Information Center).
Population:
In 2010, Assiut total population is estimated at 3,876,000. Population in rural areas
represents 72.8 % (AIC-CAPMAS).
Males have increased at 51.4%; and females at 48.6%. Meanwhile, the average
number of family members is 4.18.
Sohag's total population is estimated at 4,019,603 (CAPMAS 2010) with a total
number of 865,138 households, and a family size of 4,64. Males represent 51%; and
females at 49% of the total population. 79% of the population is living in rural areas.
Labor force and unemployment:
In 2007, Assiut labor force (15+) was estimated at 28.3% of the population with
unemployment rate of 8.3%. Meanwhile, Sohag labor force (15+) was estimated at
27.6% of the population with unemployment rate of 9.4% (Egypt Human
Development Report 2010). In both Governorates, the unemployment rates in urban
areas are higher than in rural areas.
More than one thirds of the population of the two governorates is involved in
agricultural activities. In Assiut 39% of labor force are working on agriculture sector,
while in Sohag 42.1% of the labor force are working for the same sector.
The services sector is the main labor sector in both Governorates. In Assiut, 48.3% of
the labor force is working in the services sector against 43.1% in Sohag Governorate
(Egypt Human Development Report 2010).
Income:
Attempts to obtain detailed income data through the families interviewed were
partially successful. When asked to estimate their annual income, the respondents
reported an average family income of L.E. 12,000-17,000 ($ 2,000-2,500), with lower
incomes in the rural areas.
Education:
In Assiut Governorate, In 2007/08, the literacy rate reached 60.9%, the gross primary
enrolment ratio estimated at (100.9). The preparatory enrolment ratio estimated at
82.8, while the secondary enrolment ratio estimated at 61.7. These ratios can be
applied to the project area (Egypt Human Development Report 2010).
In Sohag Governorate, according to 2006 census, the number of illiterates (15+)
amounted to 1,091,676 thousands (704,367 females and 387,309 males) with illiteracy
rate of 38.5% (Sohag Governorate Information Center- CAPMAS). These figures can
be applied to the project area. In 2007/08, the literacy rate reached 61.5%, the gross
primary enrolment ratio estimated at (103.7). The preparatory enrolment ratio
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estimated at 86.8, while the secondary enrolment ratio estimated at 81. These ratios
can be applied to the project area (Egypt Human Development Report 2010).
Health:
Data collected through in-depth interviews and focus groups discussions in the project
areas revealed that the most common diseases are those related to the digestive
system; in addition to skin conditions and skin and eye allergies. When asked about
hepatitis, interviewers of in-depth interviews stated that there are a number of cases
especially in adults in rural areas. But non of the Focused Group Discussions “FGDs”
participants mentioned cases of hepatitis in their areas.
It was highlighted by the interviews that in Sohag project area' villages there is a big
number of inhabitants suffer from kidney problems including kidney failure.
Participants refer this to the poor quality of drinking water people.
Health burdens are heavy in the project areas. The participants of the in depth
interviews, and community FGDs in the project areas assure that at least one member
of each family is suffering from chronic serious illness.
Agriculture:
In Assiut, the total cultivated area amounts to 348,137 feddans (Egyptian acre). The
main crops are cotton, wheat and maize and horticulture production. Agricultural
services are provided through 239 cooperatives associations.
In Sohag, the total cultivated area amounts to 319,283 feddan out of which 38033 are
reclaimed lands. The main crops are cotton, wheat and maize. Agricultural services
are provided through 310 agricultural associations.
Housing:
The inhibited area in Assiut Governorate is 1,660 km2 with a population density of
2,335 persons/km2 and in Sohag Governorate this area is 1,594 km2 with a population
intensity of 2,524 persons/km2. Most residents in the project areas in both
governorates live in big house which include more than one family, with an average
of 6 rooms per house. Most dwellings are privately owned by the residents and well
served by electricity, potable water but not served by sanitation facilities.
Access to electricity:
In both Governorates, Assiut and Sohag, access to electricity in the project area is
high with a rate of 99% (EHDR, 2010). This is primarily due to the government's
efforts to improve the living conditions of the public. Even rural areas have access to
electricity regardless of their formality and legality.
In Assiut, the total electricity production amounts to 1,724 million kwh (Assiut
Governorate achievements book, 2006-08). In average, the individual share of the
produced electricity reached 720 kwh in 2010.
Access to potable water:
In both Assiut and Sohag governorates, in 2008, the households with access to piped
water in urban areas stood at 100%, while in the rural areas, the percentage stood at
95.1% (EHDR, 2010).
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In Assiut, in 2007, the total produced potable water amounted to 453,173 m3/day, and
the total number of subscribers reached 514,718, with 125 liter/day of individual share
in produced water (Assiut Governorate achievements book, 2006-08).
In Sohag, the total produced potable water amounts to 767,980 m3/day, with 191
liter/day of individual share in produced water (Annual statistics book, IDSC, Sohag,
2010).
According to Field visits and transect walks revealed that access to potable drinking
water is considerably high in the project area.
Access to sanitation:
Sanitation infrastructure, especially in rural areas, is poor and requires substantial
upgrading at both the community and household levels. Improvements are needed in
sanitation facilities in schools, health centers, mosques, and household latrines. The
most common form of sanitation used by population in the project' area, is the unlined
pit latrine located inside the house.
In Upper Egypt, in 2008, the households with access to sanitation in urban areas stood
at 76.5%, while in the rural areas, the percentage stood at 13.5% (EHDR, 2010).
Data collected on sanitation from both governorates, revealed that all households in
the project area are served through trenches. These trenches are financially considered
a burden to the public to empty them.
Through the field visits to both governorates, people were given the chance to rank
the issues of sanitation among their environmental concerns. More than 95% of the
met community members are dissatisfied with the way sanitation is managed in their
areas.
With regards to the stakeholders view for the impacts of the sanitation' existing
situation on community livelihoods, through the focus groups held, communities in
the visited villages assessed the impacts of dissatisfactory sanitation on their different
assets. The several mentioned negative impacts were grouped into the following:
o Environmental impacts (pollution, bad smell mosquitoes and flies,
Nile/ canals pollution),
o Social impacts (disputes among neighbors, disputes between husbands
and wives),
o Human impacts including health impacts (frequent diseases
occurrence), physical impacts (physical risk on children), psychic
impacts (Nervous and bad mood),
o Financial impact (cost of emptying the trenches, cost of medical check
and medicines, cost of flies killers, cost of rewashing clothes)
It has been discovered through the field investigations that there is an important
informal group working in the area of sewage disposal. They are involved in
emptying the trenches and the collected sewage disposal, which is usually done under
the least hygienic conditions. This group lives in very poor conditions in regard to
hygiene, education, nutrition, and health. They are usually imposed to many physical
and health hazards due to their direct contact with sewage.
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Although sanitation did not emerge as their major problem, there was a consensus
among households participated in both GDFs and in-depth interviews and the
participants of the public hearings expressed their willingness to to pay for the
improvement of sanitation.. As it stands, people already pay high prices for emptying
their trenches sewage disposal services provided by trenches evacuation workers from
the private sector. In rural poor areas, it was found that all participants want house
connection but they do not have the affordability to pay for the installation fees as a
onetime fee. They suggested a down payment of L.E. 100-200 with additional
instalments of L.E. 15. In addition, they are ready to pay for the consumption fees.
Community participation:
It was found that community members in all visited villages in the project area are
ready to participate in the project through expressing their willingness to pay for the
installation and consumption fees.
It was noticed that traditional ties between neighbours and extended family members
are strong, as demonstrated by patterns of sharing and mutual assistance, particularly
in rural areas. This tradition will contribute to the provision of labor required for
internal excavation and connection works.
Sensitivity of environmental parameters:
The environmental parameters (land, soil, air) and social parameters are expected to
be affected positively or negatively throughout both construction and operation phases
of the Project. Environmental impact assessment is detailed in Chapter 6. However,
sensitive parameters (vulnerable to positive and negative impacts of the project) are
summarized as follows:
Human health impacted by health hazards during the construction phase,
workers exposure to accidents during the operation phase and possible health
risk in cases of breakdowns and malfunctioning of operation activities.
Archaeological sites that may be badly affected during the construction phase
of the project.
Water bodies pollution (Nile, canals, drains and groundwater) from
construction activities and in case of malfunctioning of the system during the
operation phase.
Deterioration of acoustic and air quality environments in the area in view to
generated activities in the area resulting from construction and operation of the
wastewater facilities (Traffic, noise, air emissions, odors, etc.).
Quality of life within the served Marakez (districts) at both Assiut and Sohag
Governorates will be remarkably improved as a result of implementing the
Project and accordingly the positive subsequent impact on creating an
environment for business development and population satisfaction.
Annex 3, includes maps prepared by the consultancy team on the potential sensitive
archaeological areas. Also Annex 4, includes various photos taking during this study
activities by the consultancy team.
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Chapter 5, presents a description of methodology and identification of impacts,
which includes, methodology and overview of environmental components, definition
and identification of potential receptors, definition and identification of project
impacting activities, criteria involved in assessment, and identification of potential
impacts.
The environmental and social assessment carried out in two phases. The first phase
included:
Review the environmental and social policies, legislation and regulations
relevant to the project.
A rapid Assessment of available data and statistics at the governorate, the
Local Governmental Units (LGUs), and the Water and Waste Water
companies in Assiut and Sohag Governorates.
The second phase included:
The identification of the information and key issues which is not covered by
the secondary data.
Key stakeholders were identified and an appropriate framework for their
participation was established. Key stakeholders were identified including:
o WWCs senior officials.
o The LGU representatives including Heads of these Units and their staff
from information centers.
o Local Popular Councils representatives.
o Men and women representing different villages.
o NGOs members
The implementation of the field work
The second phase activities were based on collecting data and information from its
primary sources. The primary data sources included the following:
o Focus Groups Discussions with residents (field work)
o In depth interviews with community members in a number of selected
villages (field work)
o Stakeholders and key informants interviews.
o Transect walks/field observation/ site photography.
o Public hearing sessions
Focus group discussions (FGDs):
Focus groups discussions were carried out as semi-structured group meetings with
project areas' residents. The participants of the FGD were mainly community members
who were given the opportunity to contribute to the discussions and to express their
views regarding the environment, health, and social issues. It also, gave the chance to
learn more on participants’ attitudes, feelings and experiences towards the existing
situation and their future expectations.
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In total, 5 FGDs were conducted in different project sites: 3 FGDs were carried out in
Assiut Governorate with a total number of 41 participants (35 males and 6 rural
women), and 3 in Sohag Governorates with a total number of 39 participants (32 males
and 7 rural women). Table 4 below shows the focus groups discussions details.
Table 4: Data on Focus Groups Discussions in Assiut and Sohag Governorates
Governorate District Mother
Village
Satellite
village
Number of Participants
Male Female
Assiut Al-kousia
Mir 17 ----
Mir Hassan
Abdel
Rehim
6
Sedfa Berba Koom
Esfeht
18 -----
Sohag Sohag Demno 17 -------
Demno 7
Tahta Al Sefeha 15 -------
Total 4 4 3 67 13
In depth interviews:
In Assiut, a total number of 11 in-depth interviews were carried out. Out of
these, 5 in- depth interviews were carried out in the project area with key
informants (2 LGU representatives in Mir and Berba LGU, a member of
Shoura Council in Sedfa, community members (2 rural women/housewives),.
In addition, 6 were conducted with WWC staff (Chairman of WWC, personnel
manager, training manager, financial analysis manager, social and
environment members of Rural Sanitation Unit-RSU).
In Sohag, a total number of 13 in-depth interviews were carried out. Out of
these, 8 in- depth interviews were carried out in the project area with key
informants (Omda of Demno village, Head of Al Sefeha LGU), community
members (6 rural women/housewives in Demno). In addition, 5 were
conducted with WWC staff (Head of the Waste Water Sector, who is also the
Head of Rural Sanitation Unit-RSU, personnel manager, training manager,
social and environment members of RSU).
Public hearings:
The public hearing sessions were carried out in the two governorates during the
scoping stage. The methodology applied and results of public hearings are detailed in
Chapter 9.
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Constraints
Time constraints:
Time constraints was an important factor that prevents using supportive quantitative
tool for gathering information. As the deep views were strongly recommended,
qualitative information was gathered . This problem was overcome by handling the
gathered information from FGDs and in-depth interviews in a quantitative manner.
Women Participation:
Women participation in public sessions was difficult due to cultural issues in rural
areas of upper Egypt (women cannot travel alone from a district to another or to move
to other places to participate in public events, they are not used to participate in public
activities, lack of interest, it is not accepted for a women to participate in such
activities without having a permission of the head of the house and in his presence,
and lack of awareness of women on their roles in the development process in general).
All of the previously mentioned reasons reduced the participation of women in public
activities especially old women and illiterates. However, to ensure that rural women
and vulnerable peoples voices were heard, FGDs and in-depth interviews with women
were carried out in participants homes in the presence of the head of the house
(husband, brother, or son). When the head of the house was not present it was not easy
to convince women to talk about their problems in relation to sanitation. Although
most of young girls (teen agers) are educated they were shy to talk to a stranger.
For the public hearings activities, no housewives were present. Women participants
were of graduates of high or middle education who are governmental employees from
EEAA, LGUs, WWCs, NGOs members, popular councils members, and university
students.
Presentation of the findings:
The findings of the above mentioned activities are arranged and represented in the
chapters of this report to guarantee the logical flow of information and that all
proposed project environmental and social aspects included and all stakeholders
groups are covered. The report includes also an assessment of the potential positive
and adverse environmental and social impacts proposed project.
The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), explained in chapter 7 in
this study, includes potential environmental and social economic positive and negative
impacts, the Project may have on environmental and social components and give
recommendations for mitigation measures to mainstream such impacts.
Annex 3, presents all official letters dealt with during the study. Also Annex 4, shows
study photos that include documentation of part of the individual and focused groups
meetings and site visits.
Overview of environmental components:
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The valued environmental components have been used as a tool to highlight important
individuals or groups, which would suffer adverse impacts. The VECs have been
selected following the identification of the pathways linking environmental
components of concern with project activities. In this respect, four main components
of environmental effects on receptors are assessed:
Abiotic (Physical);
Biotic (Biological);
Social; and
Archaeological and cultural.
These 4 components are further subdivided into 13 major specific categories, which
are the valued environmental components or receptors as shown in Table 5 below.
Table 5: Valued Environmental Components or receptors (VECs)
Components or Receptors Valued Environmental Components (VECs)
Abiotic (physical)
Soil
Landscape
Water resources
Ambient air
Acoustic environment
Biotic (biological)
Flora
Fauna
Social Populations
Utilities, infrastructure and transport
Employment
Human health
Political issues
Archaeological & Cultural Archaeological and cultural environment
Source: ALDAR/CH2M HILL, 2010.
The proposed project is expected to have positive, negative, direct, indirect,
reversible, irreversible, temporary and long term impacts on both the environment and
social patterns of the surrounding communities and staff.
Improvement of the quality of effluents that are currently contaminating drains,
canals, soil and the Nile is expected to have an overall significant positive
environmental and social impact. Enhancing the quality of treated wastewater which
is passed to the environment is expected to minimize the current environmental
problems in the project area and surroundings. Also, the new project is expected to
have positive social and economic impacts involving the creation of jobs and an
environment for economic growth since many of the current health hazards will have
been eliminated.
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Expected potential impacts of the proposed project on the natural and social
environment will be analyzed within the scope of this ESIAF. The first step in
identifying potential impacts is to recognize and classify the environmental and social
receptors that are exposed to potential impacts throughout the life of the project, and
the main activities that will take place during the course of the project.
Definition and Identification of Potential Receptors:
The following are the environmental and social receptors to be examined in the
ESIAF study:
A) Environmental Receptors: soil, landscape, water resources, ambient air, acoustic
environment, flora and fauna.
B) Social Receptors: nearby population, utilities, infrastructure, transport, health,
employment and political issues.
C) Archaeological and Cultural Receptors: these include local archaeological and
cultural findings in the project area and surroundings.
From preliminary data gathered and meetings conducted by the field team, the
envisaged sensitive receptors (most vulnerable to project activities and therefore more
likely to be impacted) are: Soil, water resources, flora, nearby population, and
employment base.
Definition and Identification of Project Impacting Activities:
ALDAR team studied potential environmental impacts both during the construction
phase and during the operation phase. The elements of those investigations are
outlined below.
During the construction phase, activities that could potentially impact the environment
involve the following:
1) Land Use.
2) Site Preparation.
3) Transportation of vehicles, construction material, personnel and equipment.
4) Storage and handling of materials.
5) Soil excavation and construction work
6) Waste Management – production and management (including storage and
disposal) of solid waste (liquid and solid; hazardous, non-hazardous and
inert)
7) Impact activities related to labor force as recruitment and lay-off of
workforce.
8) Supply and consumption of materials and resources (water use, raw
construction materials extracted from borrow pits, fuel/electricity
consumption, other)
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The activities that could potentially impact the environment during the operation of
the wastewater systems are:
1. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) activities
2. Supply and consumption of materials and resources (eg. water use,
material consumption, fuel for pumps and for the operation of the
WWTPs, other).
3. Sludge management
4. Waste Management – production and management (including storage and
disposal) of solid waste (liquid and solid; hazardous, non-hazardous and
inert)
5. Recruitment and lay-off of workforce
Criteria Involved in Assessment:
The following factors are considered to classify each impact of the Project:
1. Reversibility of the impact: Reversible or irreversible impact
2. Type of impact: Direct or indirect impact
3. Extent of the impact: Local or regional impact
4. Duration of the impact: Short-term or long term impact
5. Type of receptor: Impact on humans, animals or plants
The magnitude of each impact will be assessed on a scale from -3 to +3, where -3
indicates the utmost adverse impact on the environment and +3 figure indicates the
utmost positive impact on the environment.
Chapter 6, concerns impact assessment and mitigation measures proposed, that
includes: Assessment of Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project during both the
construction and operation phases regarding the various environmental and social
parameters, which are, soil and topography, water resources, ambient air, acoustic
environment, flora, fauna, population/community, employment, indigenous people
consideration, utilities, infrastructure and roads, human health, political impacts,
archaeological and cultural environment.
It is envisaged that the project will have a positive effect on the community with the
increase of access of targeted population in both Assiut and Sohag governorates to
improved hygiene, public health and sanitation services. Additional positive
implications of the project, is the reduction of current load of pollution on soil, air,
water and socioeconomic parameters of the environment as a result of the
inappropriate management and disposal of sewages in the designated areas.
It is believed that implementation of the proposed project will promote the local
economy, living standard of people, urbanization, and urban ecological environment
protection.
Potential negative impacts associated to both the construction and operation of the
proposed project, are analyzed and assessed in this chapter. This assessment includes
the analysis of potential impacts on valued environmental components (VECs)
associated with:
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Land use;
Air emissions;
Noise;
Odor;
Solid wastes;
Wastewater effluents;
Infrastructure;
Traffic;
Employment.
During the construction phase:
A matrix was designed in this chapter to estimate mathematical figures for the project
impact during its construction phase on the environmental parameters. It is concluded
from studying these impacts that the project during its construction phase will have
some adverse impacts on health, flora, soil, population and air environment, to a lower
extent on landscaping, water resources, acoustic environment, and utilities,
infrastructure and roads, and to lesser extent on fauna archaeology. Positive impact is
expected on both employment and political issues. However when applying proper
mitigation measures within an integrated environmental and social management plan,
these impacts will be substantially mitigated.
During the operation phase:
Another matrix was designed in this chapter to estimate mathematical figures for the
project impact during its operation phase on the environmental parameters. It is
concluded from studying these impacts that the project during its operation phase to
have limited adverse impact on the environment from possible breakdowns,
malfunctioning of parts of the system or excessive emissions concerning water
resources, soil, landscaping, air, flora, population, utilities, infrastructure and roads,
archaeology, health, fauna. However upon applying mitigation measures and a proper
Environmental & Social Management Plan these impacts will be reduced or
transformed into positive impacts.
On the other hand the project will have remarkable positive impacts on political issues
in view of the Project achievements of improving the quality of life and living
conditions of served communities which will contribute to social stability and creation
of a healthy infrastructure for economic development and consequently improving
income for population. The political impact is also positive considering that the
project translates developmental government plans into concrete actions through the
construction of wastewater services that far improve health conditions of people who
have suffered for decades from the absence of proper sanitation services.
Also the Project is expected to have positive impacts on employment at the served
areas in view of temporary jobs that will be generated during the construction phase
and also jobs and business opportunities from feeding industries and services during
both construction phase (short term) and operation phase (long term) as construction
material, transportation, food supplies, etc.
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Chapter 7, presents a detailed description of the Environmental and Social
Management and Monitoring Framework (ESMMF) that includes tables of Project
Environmental Management Matrix for Mitigation Measures, Project Environmental
Management Matrix for Monitoring Activities, Required Training Courses for
Institutional strengthening and a Successful Implementation of the ESMMF, and
Estimated Cost for ESMMF Implementation.
Current Institutional Setting at Assiut Governorate for ISSIP 2 Project :
Assiut Water and Wastewater Company (AWWC) was established by the Decree No.
95 of 2008 issued by the Minister of Housing, Public Utilities and Urban
Development. The Company is affiliated to the Holding Water and Wastewater
Company (HWWC). The Company serves 11 districts and 56 local units. There are
4500 employees working for the company of which 3,136 are permanent employees
and the other 1,364 are temporary employees (short- term contracts).
In 2010, the HWWC requested the company management to form a unit to be
responsible for monitoring the implementation of the rural sanitation projects – to be
funded by World Bank and the Egyptian Government in Assiut Governorate. Though
it is not located on the company organizational structure, a “Rural Sanitation Unit –
RSU” was established by an internal Decree No. 154 of the year 2010. This Unit is
structured under the direct supervision of the Chairman's technical office. According
to the Decree terms, the unit is composed of 5 staff members shown in table 6 below.
It is worth mentioning that this staff is already current employees at AWWC.
Table 6: Current RSU staff members in Assiut WWC
Position Title in the RSU Position Title in Assiut WWC
Head of the Unit Head of Technical Office Sector
Technical (Construction Engineer) General manager of Planning Department
Technical (Engineer ) General manager of projects Department
Financial Officer General manager of Economic Analysis
Department
Procurement Officer Purchasing and Procurement Specialist
Source: Assiut WWC, October 2010.
Current Institutional Setting at Sohag Governorate for ISSIP 2 Project:
Sohag Water and Wastewater Company (SWWC) was established by Decree No. 96
of 2008 issued by the Minister of Housing, Public Utilities and Urban Development.
The company is affiliated to the Holding Water and Wastewater Company (HWWC).
It serves 11 districts and 51 local units. Currently, there are 5,207 employees, 3,437
are permanent and 1,770 are temporary employees (short- term contracts). To
establish the RSU, the company issued the internal Decree No. 49 of the year 2010.
According to the Decree terms, the Unit is composed of 6 staff members shown in
table 6 below. It is worth mentioning that this staff is already current employees at
AWWC. This Unit is affiliated to the General Department for Wastewater Technical
Support under the direct supervision of the Head of Wastewater Sector.
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Table 7: RSU staff members in Sohag WWC
Position Title in The RSU Position Title in SWWC
Head of the Unit Head of Wastewater Sector
Technical 1 Wastewater Engineer
Technical 2 Construction Engineer
Financial Financial Department
Procurement Officer Purchasing and Procurement Department
Social Officer Public relations Department
Source: Sohag WWC, October 2010.
In order to guarantee a good calibre of staff for the RSUs at both Assiut and Sohag
Wastewater Companies, the selected staff have already acquired, in previous stages,
sufficient training in their field of expertise.
Institutional Environmental and Social Arrangement:
In order to implement the activities of the Environmental and Social Management and
Monitoring Framework (ESMMF) mentioned below, the following entities are to be
established or upgraded at both Assiut and Sohag Governorates:
A) A Project Steering Committee (PSC) to be composed of:
A senior representative from the Holding company for Water and
Wastewater (HCWW).
A senior representative from the Governorate Water and Wastewater
Company (WWC).
A senior representative from the Agricultural Directorate at the
Governorate.
The head of the Rural Sanitation Unit (RSU) at the concerned WWC.
A representative from the concerned Governorate headquarters.
Representatives from the Markaz (District) Council of all Marakez
(Districts) served by the Project in the concerned Governorate.
The mandate of this Committee at both Governorates is to:
Act as an umbrella agency to ensure a proper implementation of the
Project during the construction and commissioning phases.
Ensure smooth cash flow of the Project expenditures and smooth auditing.
Facilitate the implementation of the project activities through coordination
among all stakeholders in and outside the governorate.
Liaison between the World Bank, Water and Wastewater Holding
Company from one side and the Water and Wastewater Company/RSU
from the other side concerning Project monitoring and evaluation
activities.
B) The Rural Sanitation Unit (RSU) at the Governorate.
Mandate of this Unit at both Governorates is as follows:
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Ensuring proper implementation, operation and maintenance activities for
the Project activities in compliance with environmental regulations and
standards;
Conducting environmental and social training modules for stakeholders;
Implementation of the necessary environmental and social mitigation
measures;
Use of Monitoring and Performance Indicators;
Preparation of an Environmental Condition Register;
Preparation of environmental monitoring audit statements and evaluation
impact assessment reports.
In order to qualify both existing RSUs at Assiut and Sohag Governorates, it is deemed
necessary to upgrade them to carry the responsibilities for conducting the
aforementioned tasks. The new structure of these RSUs should contain (but not
limited to) the following positions at each Governorate:
1) Environmental Management Coordinator – EMC
2) Environmental Air Quality and Noise Field Supervisor – EFS1
3) Environmental Water Quality and Solid Waste Field Supervisor – EFS2
4) Social Supervisor – EFS3
5) Hotline staff – composed of 2 members
Proposed restructuring of Assiut RSU:
In view of the current institutional set up of the “ARSU” and in order to fulfil the
tasks and responsibilities mentioned above for supervising the Project activities
during the construction and commissioning phases is to utilize the current staff of the
Unit to fill the recommended positions mentioned above, as stated in table 8 below.
Accordingly one new employee is required to be hired to fill the position of “A Social
Supervisor – EFS3” and so two new employees are needed as “Hotline Staff”. The
cost estimate for the new employees needed to be assigned for the ISSIP 2 at Assiut
Governorate is calculated on the basis of a Project implementation period of 5 years,
the Social Supervisor (EFS3) salary is LE 4,500/month and the Hotline employee
salary is LE 3,000/month.
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Table 8: Recommended new Assiut RSU Structure
Current Positions at the
RSU
Recommended Positions at
the RSU
Estimated Cost
Head of the Unit Environmental Management
Coordinator (EMC)
Already included in the
RSU current budget
Technical (Construction
Engineer)
Environmental Air Quality
and Noise Field Supervisor
(EFS1)
Already included in the
RSU current budget
Technical (Engineer ) Environmental Water Quality
and Solid Waste Field
Supervisor (EFS2)
Already included in the
RSU current budget
New employee (1
person)
A Social Supervisor (EFS3) LE 270,000
New employees
(2 persons)
Hotline Staff LE 360,000
Financial Officer Financial Officer Already included in the
RSU current budget
Procurement Officer Purchasing and Procurement
Officer
Already included in the
RSU current budget
Source: ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain, November 2010.
Proposed restructuring of Sohag RSU:
In view of the current institutional set up of the “ARSU” and in order to fulfill the
tasks and responsibilities mentioned above for supervising the Project activities
during the construction and commissioning phases are to utilize the current staff of the
Unit to fill the recommended positions mentioned above, as stated in table 9 below.
Accordingly two new employees are needed to be hired as “Hotline Staff”. The cost
estimate for the new employees needed to be assigned for the ISSIP 2 at Sohag
Governorate is calculated on the basis of a Project implementation period of 5 years,
the Hotline employee salary is LE 3,000/month.
Table 9: Recommended new Sohag RSU Structure
Current Positions at
the RSU
Recommended Positions at
the RSU
Estimated Cost
Head of the Unit Environmental Management
Coordinator (EMC)
Already included in the
RSU current budget
Technical 1 Environmental Water
Quality and Solid Waste
Field Supervisor (EFS2)
Already included in the
RSU current budget
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Technical 2 Environmental Air Quality
and Noise Field Supervisor
(EFS1)
Already included in the
RSU current budget
New employees
(2 persons)
Hotline Staff LE 360,000
Financial Officer Financial Officer Already included in the
RSU current budget
Procurement Officer Purchasing and Procurement
Officer
Already included in the
RSU current budget
Social A Social Supervisor (EFS3) Already included in the
RSU current budget
Source: ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain, November 2010.
Both ARSU and SRSU staff will be responsible for the fulfilment of the ESIAF,
ESMMF mentioned below, during pre-construction, construction and operation
phases. In order to mainstream the assigned jobs to both RSUs at the construction
phase is proposed to hire a number of 2 part-time “Environmental Management”
consultants, one for Assuit and one for Sohag to advice and give technical support to
both RSUs staff. Each of these two consultants would be hired for a period of 1 month
every year (for 5 years) with a monthly salary of 25,000 LE.
Other institutional set required to implement the technical, contractual and
administrative aspects of the project, rather than the ESMMF are:
A) Considering that the National Organization for Potable Water & Sanitary
Drainage NOPWASD is the competent authority among the agencies affiliated to the
MHUUD, responsible for planning, tendering, implementing, commissioning the new
water and wastewater facilities in all governorates in Egypt, then transfer these
facilities to local Holding Companies for water & Wastewater for long term operation
and maintenance. Therefore, the ISSIP 2 project will be completely managed by
NOPWASD in its construction and commissioning phases which is estimated as 5
years.
NOPWASD, ISSIP 2, Departments (NIDs):
So it is proposed that a two new departments are established at NOPWASD, namely
NOPWASD, ISSIP 2, Departments (NIDs) at both Assiut and Sohag Governorates to
be in charge of the following activities at both Governorates:
All planning, tendering and contractual procedures, of ISSIP 2 project.
Recruit Construction Supervision Consultants (CSCs) to be responsible for the
proper implementation of Project activities by contractors, in relation to design
documents and in full compliance with building codes. In addition the CSCs
will be responsible, as part of their mandate, for the implementation of parts of
the ESMMF detailed below.
Supervision of all implementation works done by the contractors and the
commissioning activities with a full coordination with the CSCs.
Transfer all works and responsibilities, after the commissioning phase, to the
AWWC and SWWC.
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-28
B) Considering that both AWWC and SWWC will be responsible for the long term
Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the ISSIP 2 project outputs, beyond the 5 years
construction and commissioning period, accordingly the budget needed for such
normal activities will be supervised by them. Meanwhile private business companies
to be defined as Operation Companies “OCs” will be contracted in later stages for the
full O&M activities through direct contracts with both AWWC and SWWC. By that
time the RSUs at both Governorates will be renamed as an Environmental
Management Unit “EMU” to ensure a permanent smooth and full compliance of
system operation and maintenance in compliance to the ESMMP mentioned below.
The budget required to operate and sustain these EMUs will be part of the entire
operating costs of both WWCs by then.
Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework (ESMMF):
The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is designed to include the
following activities that aim to achieve utmost compliance and protection of the
environment in relation to the activities of the Project during construction,
commissioning, operational and decommissioning phases.
Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework (ESMMF)
consists of three components:
1. Mitigation measures and institutional responsibilities for implementation;
2. Environmental monitoring; and
3. Capacity building and training.
The ESMMF is designed to include the following activities:
Ensuring proper implementation of operation and maintenance activities at Project in
compliance with environmental regulations and standards
These activities are proposed to be conducted by both:
1) the “Assiut Rural Sanitation Unit - ARSU” affiliated to Assiut Water and
Wastewater Company, and
2) the “Sohag Rural Sanitation Unit - SRSU” affiliated to Sohag Water and
Waste Water Company.
These Units should have a major role to control the contractors’ work during the
construction phase, as well as operation and maintenance works conducted by
concerned departments within the facility during the operational phase. The purpose
of these interventions is to guarantee the inclusion of both the environmental and
social dimensions, and achieve compliance with prevailing laws in all activities that
take place. The Project Steering Committee (PSC) at both Governorates will be
responsible for swift problem-solving initiatives as described above.
Implement environmental and social management framework activities:
The environmental and social management mitigation measures mentioned in Chapter
6 shall be implemented under the supervision of the RSUs at both governorates.
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-29
It is proposed that the cost estimate for inclusion of all environmental and social
management and mitigation be done by the Project contractor/s as part of the tender
financial offer. However, the detailed Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Study (ESIA) that will be conducted in a later stage for the Project at each
Governorate may include cost estimate or guidelines for preparing such figures.
In order to ensure a serious attitude from Project bidders and eventually awarded
contractors, it is proposed to include an “Environmental and Social Performance
Bond” with a value of 2% of the total bid price to guarantee the willingness and
seriousness of contractors to implement environmental and social management plans
as well as to comply to governing rules and regulations, as well as international
standards and good practices. The release of this bond will be materialized only upon
a written approval from the head of the RSUs after the commissioning phase of the
Project coupled with an endorsement from the head of the WWC in the concerned
Governorate.
On the other hand, in order to ensure fairness with contractors, any penalty system for
low performance is usually balanced by a bonus system for high quality work, often
for earlier completion of the works. Accordingly, it is advisable to instruct the bidders
to include the environmental and social compliance measures as a separate item in
their Bill of Quantities (BoQ). In this case, a fixed cost will be earmarked to certain
environmental and social measures as (building of environmentally friendly camp for
worker, availing and using of monitoring equipment, implementation of security plans
for population, confirm transportation of work waste to legal landfills according to a
work plan, etc.) plus time-related charges (operation costs) to be paid on a monthly
basis (maintenance of environmental equipment or facilities, operation of monitoring
stations, active patrolling by safety officer, etc.); with this option, the contractor will
have a direct financial incentive in compliance with its environmental obligations: If
he does not comply with those obligations, there is still a possibility for the HCWW to
sub-contract part of the work to another company using the funds rated in the Bills of
Quantities and initially devoted to the main contractor.
Conducting environmental and social training modules for stakeholders:
This covers the design of training programs for capacity building of facility staff and
other stakeholders. A proper institutional set-up for the project during its
implementation and in the long run determines the extent to which the project is
environmentally sustainable and viable. Accordingly, capacity building for the
concerned agencies responsible for implementing/operating the project, local
authorities (public/NGOs) and citizens is deemed necessary to ensure the positive
environmental and social implications of the project.
Training and environmental awareness training material should include the following
6 subjects as a minimum:
1) Definition of the environment and environmental laws.
2) Environmental assessment (concept, purpose and economic return).
3) Environmental and health impacts of the project.
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-30
4) Mitigation measures.
5) Monitoring and environmental indicators.
6) O &M activities.
The target beneficiaries of the training and environmental and social awareness
training courses (modules) include but are not limited to:
- O &M staff
- Utilities department (district staff)
- Rural Sanitation Unit staff at both Assiut and Sohag Water and
Wastewater Companies.
- District (Markaz) council
- Citizens
- Project implementation staff
Since there is limited capacity within the WWCs and the RSUs to undertake training
programs, the training program would be designed and implemented with assistance
of local or international consultants. The training will target three levels:
1- On-the-job training of a dedicated staff member of the RSUs to direct
activity planning, design, and implementation with respect to
environmental protection.
2- Training for staff of RSUs, WWCs, and other stakeholders. The training
should be provided through short duration seminars and workshops.
Regional or overseas placements and orientation visits should also be
provided for selected staff members.
3- Training for contractors should be provided, including one or two -day
workshops for local contractors, focusing on: preparation and use of
environmental guidelines, and implementation of mitigation measures.
Also they should be trained on safety measures for construction workers,
proper waste disposal and cleaning measures during construction.
Skills Development and Knowledge Transfer:
A complete capacity building program will need to provide a range of aids that can be
used to engender skill development and knowledge transfer to all stakeholders. These
can include:
Developing a library of environmental assessment reports;
Maintaining a database of information collected;
Establishing a network of practitioners with experience in EIA or technical
analysis;
Collecting examples of good practice;
Producing an environmental assessment newsletter;
Holding environmental art contests;
Establishing environmental awards in the workplace;
Inviting guest speakers on environmental issues;
Holding an environment 'day' or 'week';
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-31
Producing desk aids such as a yearly calendar based on environmental themes
and,
Designing corporate environmental posters.
More details on training modules, capacity building activities and skills development
and knowledge transfer will be prepared and included in the detailed Environmental
and Social Impact Assessment Study (ESIA) that will be conducted later for each
governorate considering that the findings and recommendations of that detailed ESIA
Study will explore more detailed environmental, social and archaeological concerns
that should be covered in these training modules at both the project management level
and stakeholders level as well. The detailed ESIA should also include a cost estimate
for all the training, management and monitoring activities mentioned in this chapter.
In order to implement the proposed ESMMF the following tables demonstrates details
on implementation modes during preconstruction, construction and operation phases
of the project as follows:
Table 10 presents the mitigation measures;
Table 11 presents the monitoring activities;
Table 12 presents required training courses for institutional strengthening and a
successful implementation of the ESMMF
Table 13 presents an estimated cost for ESMMF implementation (draft ISSIP-2,
Assiut & Sohag Governorates cost details)
$ is calculated equals to 5.8 LE.
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-33
Table 10: Project Environmental Management Matrix for Mitigation Measure
Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation
Measures
Institutional
Responsibility
Supervision
Body
Cost
Estimate
Pre-
construction
Phase
Environmental and health hazards
from existing contaminated areas
within the Project catchment area.
Also The terrestrial/aquatic ecological
environments and ecological
environment in residential areas along
the Nile, canals and drains are already
seriously affected, particularly due to
pollution from raw sewage,
agricultural drainage water, industrial
wastewater, and disposal of solid
waste as well. The problems include
silt-up of watercourse, eutrophication
of water bodies, floating of algae,
abnormal water color and bad smell.
Preparing focused ESIA
studies for ISSIP 2 Project.
External
consultants
recruited by
HCWW
RSUs LE 250,000
per
Governorate
Possible potential destruction of
undiscovered archeological
monuments and areas by the project
activities and facilities
Preparing ESIA for potential
archeological sites within the
Project area
External
consultants
recruited by
AWWC/
SWWC
RSUs/
Supreme
Council for
Antiquities
LE 100,000
per
Governorate
Environmental pollution from solid
waste handling during both
Preparing an integrated solid
waste management plan for
External
consultants
RSUs LE 75,000
per
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-34
construction and operation phases all project facilities during
both construction and
operation phases.
recruited by
AWWC/
SWWC
Governorate
Deterioration of sludge quality as a
result of mal-functioning of treatment
process
Propose a possible sludge
humidification process as
part of the design documents
Design
consultant
EMC
(RSUs)
Normal
design cost
Risks of disposal of bad quality of
final effluents
Sohag WWTP in Gerga,
possible modification and
extension to receive ISSIP-2
discharge.
Design
consultant
EMC
(RSUs)
Normal
design cost
Ensure that design
documents include a proper
preventive maintenance
system to ensure appropriate
functioning of the ISSIP 2
facilities
Design
consultant
EMC
(RSUs)
Normal
design cost
Odor nuisance to nearby communities Ensure utmost design quality
to prevent or minimize
emitted odors to minimal
Design
consultant
EFS1
(RSUs)
Normal
design cost
Isolate ISSIP 2 facilities
from nearby communities
through afforesting buffer
zones and also isolate
buildings inside WWTPs
from odor sources.
Design
consultant
EFS1
(RSUs)
Normal
design cost
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-35
noise are due to pumping stations and
wastewater treatment works with
equipment such as pumps, ventilators,
air compressors, and generators with
noise production in the range 86-95
dB(A) or more.
The sewage pumps and
sludge demisters shall be
accommodated inside the
pump station to reduce
oscillation and insulate noise.
Also The water outlet shall
be treated with flexible
connectors. The sludge
pumps shall be of sinking
pumps and the surface
aerators of low noise type
ones. Combined with
reasonable process layout
and 5-20 m planting
insulation strip and
approximately a 100 m
buffer to residential areas,
environmental noise level
during operation will comply
with related standards.
Enclose generators in closed
buildings to limit noise
pollution intensities to
nearby communities in
compliance to ERs 385/1995,
Design
consultant
EFS1
(RSUs)
Normal
design cost
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-36
Article 44 and Annex 7.
Hazards of accidents to workers at
project facilities
Ensure a proper design that
includes safeguard policies
that avoid exposure of
operators to contamination or
accidents from hazardous
material as chlorine,
chemicals, etc.
Design
consultant
EFS1
(RSUs)
Normal
design cost
Possible building of project facilities
on agricultural land
Avoid as much as possible
the use of productive
agricultural land for building
project constructions
especially for large
constructions as stabilization
ponds, etc.
Design
consultant
EFS1
(RSUs)
Normal
design cost
Resettlement problems and unfair
compensation to indigenous people
Strict compliance to
“Resettlement Policy
Framework” prepared in the
ESIAF study.
EFS3 (RSUs)/
Legal
Department at
the WWCs
EMC
(RSUs)
Part of job
duties
Improper environmental and social
management of the Project during all
phases
Conduct training sessions for
stakeholders on
environmental and social
management issues
External
consultancy
firms recruited
by AWWC/
SWWC
RSUs Mentioned
below in
table 7-7
Possible loss of properties of Ensure a fair compensation EFS3 (RSUs) / EMC To be paid
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-37
indigenous people for the project land
with underestimated compensation.
of indigenous people for
their losses and ensure them
a satisfactory resettlement (if
any) in other places in the
Governorate.
Legal
Departments of
the WWCs.
(RSUs)
from the
Project
budget
Construction
Phase
1) Potential impact on soil &
landscaping
Presence of infrastructure in an open
landscape shall have a detrimental
impact on landscape for residents.
Selection of less erodible
material, placement of
gibbons and riprap and good
compaction, particularly
around bridges and culverts.
Also, placement of grass
sods where applicable.
Contractor/s
supervised by
the CSC
EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Borrow pit excavations and
earthworks and spoil production,
handling embankments and other
requirements for fill may necessitate
the use of borrow pits in some area.
Unless properly controlled, borrow
pits cause drainage and visual
problems, and present a potential for
increased vector activity (e.g.,
mosquitoes or water contamination).
When water-filled, they also attract
Specification that final
forming and re-vegetation
will be completed as soon as
possible following fill
placement to facilitate
regeneration of a stabilizing
ground cover. The
excavation and restoration of
the borrow pit areas and their
surroundings, in an
environmentally sound
Contractor/s
supervised by
the CSC
EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-38
livestock to the roadway thereby
slowing of traffic flow and creating
safety hazards.
manner to the satisfaction of
the CSC will be required
before final acceptance and
payment under the terms of
contracts
Quarry depletion: considering that
crushed rock, gravel and sand will be
required as a construction material,
quarry operations will lead to partial
nature resources depletion in the
quarry environment.
Adequate mitigation of
potential adverse impacts,
contract documents will
specify that only licensed
quarrying operations are to
be used for material sources.
Contractor/s
supervised by
the CSC
EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Significant volumes of soil waste will
be generated during the construction
of the project components, mainly
composed of soil excavated and not
re-used for filling purposes
Topsoil from borrow pit
areas will be saved and
reused in re-vegetating the
pits. Arrangements for
opening and using material
borrow pits will contain
enforceable provisions.
Contractor/s
supervised by
the CSC
EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
The demolition debris of existing
structures, mainly for sewer network
construction. Also waste generated
from demolished roads, septic tanks,
vaults, cesspits, etc.
Part of the spoil obtained
during the WWTP
construction should be
reused to fill ground. During
pipe network implantation,
spoil will be stockpiled or
reused to fill ground. If the
spoil is not properly disposed
Contractor/s
supervised by
the CSC
EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-39
of or stockpiled, it would
impact the cleanliness of the
city. Also wastewater and
sludge removed from
existing septic tanks, vaults
and cesspits should be safely
collected, transported and
disposed into public sewers
or in WWTPs.
The project may involve destruction of
natural land, as constructing sewer
networks may case cutting of street
trees.
Specification that final
forming and re-vegetation
will be completed as soon as
possible following fill
placement to facilitate
regeneration of a stabilizing
ground cover.
Contractor/s
supervised by
the CSC
EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
End of construction and closure of
camps lead to a risk of inappropriate
restoration.
Proper restoration of
construction site to its pre-
Project condition.
Contractor/s
supervised by
the CSC
EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Other impacts are raw water supplies
pollution from liquid waste from
construction activities or waste and
water contamination due to improper
Ensure compliance to the
ESIAF, ESMMF conditions
and terms.
Contractor/s
supervised by
the CSC
EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-40
disposal of construction waste, waste
oil, chemicals and human waste from
construction camps.
bidding
price
2) Potential impact on water
resources
Potential impacts to water quality
could result from inadvertent spills of
hazardous and toxic materials,
improper waste disposal from labor
camps and excessive runoff and
similar actions which may take their
way to water bodies (Nile, canals and
drains) unintentionally or by
construction labors and solid waste
collectors.
A site plan shall be devised
to ensure that liquid run-off
or solid and hazardous
wastes generated from the
construction sites are not
deposited directly into any
watercourse, stream, or canal
and shall indicate the system
proposed, including the
locations of retention ponds
and other facilities.
Contractor/s EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
The construction phase will cause
overuse and consume water which
may be a burden on the current surface
and ground water resources as well as
on potable water treatment facilities.
A water conservation plan
will be followed to guarantee
the minimum use of natural
resources including water.
Contractor/s EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Disposal of construction debris or
hazardous waste into near-by water
bodies.
There shall be no direct
discharge of sanitary
wastewater, wash water,
Contractor/s EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-41
chemicals, spoil, waste oil or
solid waste to surface water
bodies. Fuel, lubricating oil
and chemical spills shall be
contained and cleaned-up
immediately, in compliance
to Law 48/1982. Spill
cleanup equipment will be
maintained on site. The site
plans shall be structured to
ensure that all temporary
construction facilities are
located at least 100 meters
away from water bodies.
Contractor/s
bidding
price
3) Potential impact on ambient
air
Air pollution during the construction
phase of the Project is expected from
dust generated in the vicinity of the
construction activities and from other
related activities such as plants for
crushing rocks, hot-mix and asphalt
plants.
During excavation/filling
earthworks, water will be
sprayed to keep certain
humidity; construction site
and worker camps as well as
other project areas soil
surface will be regularly
sprayed during dry periods to
prevent dust emission
Contractor/s EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-42
The main pollution sources are
machines burning fuel for digging,
transportation, load, unload, and
vibration. Dust and waste gas from
these machines and trucks affect air
quality surrounding work place. Area
most affected is located in a range of
around 100 m all around project sites
at WWTPs
Strict maintenance of
engines for trucks and other
heavy machinery will be
implemented by contractors
to reduce smoke and gas
emissions in accordance to
the limits of ERs 385/1995,
Article 34 and Annex 5.
Contractor/s EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Impacts concerning works located in
dense urban areas. Fumes and exhaust
gas from trucks and heavy machinery
on construction sites may affect air
quality, as well as dust from material
transport by trucks or from
earthworks.
Strict maintenance of
engines for trucks and other
heavy machinery will be
implemented by contractors
to reduce smoke and gas
emission.
Contractor/s EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Traffic congestion resulting from pipe
network construction or bridge works
may result in temporary higher levels
of pollutants (PM, NOx, CO).
Roads for truck traffic will
be selected preferentially
outside residential areas.
Contractor/s EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Excessive number of vehicles and
truck exists at the construction site
causing gas emissions and dust
Ensure proper site
management to limit the
hazards of gas emissions and
Contractor/s
supervised by
the CSC
EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-43
generation. dust generation. Contractor/s
bidding
price
Solid waste incineration in open air. Inflammable construction
waste (cartoon, paper,
plastic, wood, etc.) will not
be burned on site but
transported to appropriate
authorized landfills or
disposal site. Also Cooking
for workers on sites will rely
on gas or electrical cookers,
and will not use charcoal,
wood or any product
generating dust or fumes.
Contractor/s EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
During project construction activities,
especially during transportation and
disposal of waste from excavated soil,
that may impact the environment.
Waste fell on the ground from trucks
and waste on the truck wheels would
generate dust clouds, and would make
the road muddy, affecting both people
and trafficked vehicles as well as the
local environment.
Covering of truck loads with
plastic sheets to prevent
spillage and felling of
construction material in
streets or at construction
areas during transportation or
storage.
Contractor/s
supervised by
the CSC
EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-44
If excavated soil is compiled and left
for many weeks, it will dry by sunlight
and wind may disburse it causing dust
clouds of fine particulates which is
detrimental to health.
Disposal sites for excavated
soil will be compacted and
sprayed with water regularly;
spoil not used on site will be
removed at the soonest for
eventual disposal outside
urbanized areas in authorized
landfills
Contractor/s EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Nuisance to residents from cutting
roads, heaps of construction material
and non accessibility to residential or
commercial areas near Project
activities
Avail crossing, detour and
precaution signs to guide
pedestrians at the
construction areas. Also
construct necessary
temporary crossing bridges.
Contractor/s &
Traffic
Departments at
Governorates
EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
4) Potential impact on acoustic
environment
During the construction phase, the
main source of noise will be the
operation of construction machines
and vehicles transporting construction
materials. Temporary impacts in the
immediate vicinity of the Project may
occur due to construction activities.
The magnitude of impact will depend
upon the specific types of equipment
to be used, the construction methods
Ensure reduction of noise
times and minimize noise
levels through a proper
management of equipment
use to minimize acoustic
pollution hazards to workers
and nearby residents. Also
During construction,
contractors will be requested
Contractor/s EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-45
employed and the scheduling of the
work
to use low noise heavy
equipment which comply
with ER 385/1995, Article
44 and Annex 7 permissible
limits.
Vibration during the construction
period will also be a significant
consideration.
Site Controls, i.e.
requirements that stationary
equipment will be placed as
far from sensitive land uses
as practical; selected to
minimize objectionable noise
impacts; and provided with
shielding mechanisms where
possible.
Contractor/s EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
At night, construction noise would
impose a severe nuisance to the
residents in the vicinity, especially
those located at less than 50 m.
Use of noisy equipment will
be forbidden during the
period from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.
Night working and especially
the use of the most noisy
equipment during the night
should then be strictly
controlled in order to
minimize the impact of noise
on the surrounding residents.
Contractor/s EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-46
Excessive traffic generated by the
project construction activities will
result in noise pollution as vehicle
noise (from car engines), road noise
(frictional noise from the contact
between tires and pavement
contributing significantly to overall
traffic noise) which is highly
dependent on the type and condition
of the pavement. Frictional noise is
generally greatest at high speeds and
during quick breaking. Also, a driver’s
conduct contributes to road noise by
the use of horns, the playing loud
music, shouting and causing tires to
squeal as a result of sudden breaking
or acceleration.
A traffic management plan
for the project activities
needs to be prepared and
awareness guidelines should
be addressed to drivers on
safe and noise control
practices.
Contractor/s EFS1
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
5) Potential impact on flora
Fauna could be affected by the
dust released during setting up
of base camps and its
associated infrastructure and
gaseous released from vehicle
and crew movement. Also,
they could be affected due to
Protective measures will be
implemented according to
the results and
recommendations of the
focused ESIA studies
mentioned above.
Contractor/s EMC/EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-47
the production and disposal of
solid hazardous wastes and by
accidental major spill of diesel
fuel
6) Potential impact on fauna
Habitat Loss: No significant habitat
loss is anticipated. Generally limited
impact on wildlife for components
located in densely built or cultivated
areas.
Protective measures will be
implemented according to
the results and
recommendations of the
focused ESIA studies
mentioned above in page 7-
17.
Contractor/s
EMC/EFS2
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Habitat Fragmentation: Habitat
fragmentation occurs when a project
cuts through an ecosystem. The sum
of the parts created may be less that
the value of the initial whole, even
when the habitat lost is ignored.
Ecosystems are characterized by
complex, interdependent relationships
between component species and their
physical environment, and the
integrity if the ecosystem relies on the
maintenance of those interactions.
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-48
Project components tend to fragment
an area into weaker ecological sub-
units, thus making the whole more
vulnerable to invasion and
degradation. In this instance, however,
the fact that all of the project activities
will be contained within limited areas
minimizes any potential for habitat
fragmentation
Wildlife Migration: Most animal
species tend to follow established
patterns in their daily and seasonal
movement patterns. Project
components may block wildlife
corridor resulting in either a cessation
in its use because animals are reluctant
to cross the area, may cause delay or
deviation to migration patterns.
Ecological Disequilibrium: The
importation of new plant and animal
species within the Project area can
upset the dynamic balance that exists
in the ecosystem. Native species face
competition for resources from new
arrivals. Predator-prey relationships
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-49
can be altered, often to the detriment
of the native species. In this instance,
the fact that all of the project
components are devoted to wastewater
collection, transportation and
treatment minimizes any potential for
ecological disequilibrium.
Wildlife disturbance: Noise may
prevent many animal species from
approaching or passing through
Project corridors, thereby effectively
rendering habitat areas inaccessible to
some species.
7) Potential impact on
population/community
Construction works are seen as a
nuisance to nearby residents,
traffickers and pedestrians as a result
of detour actions, dust and air
emissions, noise generated, abundance
of workers in the area and in general
the disruption of quality of life.
Proper public consultations
and awareness programs
should be conducted
regarding the project
activities, goals and impacts
in order to mainstream
people’s expectations from
the project and ensure their
ownership of the project.
EMC/EFS3
(RSUs)
Public
Relations
Department
at both
Governorate
headquarter
LE 20,000
per
Governorate
Destruction of public properties as Ensure restoration of Contractor/s EFS2 To be
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-50
trees, bushes and roadside vegetation
and landscaping features by
construction activities causing a public
property loss.
construction sites after work
completion
(RSUs) included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
8) Potential impact on
employment
Influx of temporary workers, whose
demands and behavior may be at odds
with those of local people.
Establish labor camps at
reasonable distance from
villages. Also Monitor the
construction plans with
contractor to reduce delays to
shorten actual project
implementation period.
Contractor/s
supervised by
CSCs.
EMC/EFS3
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Male distribution of employment
opportunities among local and migrant
labor.
Encourage female
participation from the local
community to be part of the
project staff
New employment opportunities do not
make use of local human resources.
Provide job opportunities for
people in the area. Also
accord local community
employment for unskilled
and semi-skilled as a priority
The emergence of communicable
diseases among workers and
Implement communicable
diseases programs in
conjunction with Ministry of
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-51
community members. Health to be able to control
the risk of disease
transmission, stated in the
training courses on health
issues in table 7.7 below.
Exposure of workers to occupational
health and safety risks
Conduct pre-employment
health screening. Also
Provide onsite laborer with
proper sanitation facilities. In
addition to provision of
protective professional
Equipment.
9) Potential impact on
Utilities, infrastructure and
roads
These activities include: excessive use
of potable water during construction,
excessive use of power, traffic
generation at existing roads lead to the
project sites from transportation of
fuel for vehicles and machines and
materials to be used in construction
such as pipes network, pumps, etc. to
construction site.
Contracts for the Project will
include enforceable
provisions for the proper
management of work
activities.
Contractor/s &
EFS1
EMC
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
Also, there are risks that may emerge Coordination between the Contractor/s & EMC To be
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-52
from roads trafficked by trucks
serving the project during construction
activities.
contractor and the traffic
police department at the
concerned governorate, will
minimize road blockage or
will reduce it to the
minimum duration. Pro-
active information will also
be implemented in order to
have the concerned residents
or daily passer-by to be
informed of the date and the
duration of the works in their
area. This information will
be done through posters,
local meetings and the
creation of an internet site
dedicated to the project and
providing fresh and up-dated
information on these issues.
EFS1
(RSUs) included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
price
10) Potential impact on
Human health
The negative healthy impacts may be
produced from the dust generated
during setting up of base camps, gases
emitted from vehicles and crew
movement, and incineration of non-
hazardous wastes, from high-level
Contractors will be required
to provide basic emergency
health facilities for workers.
Also contract provisions
should avoid the
contamination of local water
Contractor/s
EMC/EFS3
(RSUs)
To be
included in
the
Contractor/s
bidding
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-53
noise during operation of generators
used to operate machines for
construction and from trucks and
vehicular movements and also from
disposal of hazardous and non-
hazardous wastes and accidental spill
of oil or diesel fuel inside or outside
the construction area. Also, workers
are exposed to injuries during work
and from possible transportation
accidents on roads leading to the
Project areas.
supplies, air pollution and
noise prevention measures
are recommended.
Contractors for the Project
activities will require
construction operators to
attend to the health and
safety of their workers,
maintain and cleanup
campsites and to ensure the
utmost preservation of land
use environment and deliver
the site after work
completion in a condition
that is similar or better than
pre-project condition.
price
Adverse impact on population as a
result of possible traffic accidents,
nuisance from project activities that
disturb traffic flow, landscaping and
pedestrian corridors.
The contractor will be
required to implement safety
and road signs in sufficient
quantities and at the
appropriate location, in order
to facilitate traffic diversion
and to reduce the risk of
traffic jams and car accident.
Biological effects from
electromagnetic fields to be
It is recommended to
guarantee during both
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-54
considered. construction and operation
phases that dose and period
of human exposure to
electromagnetic fields should
not exceed the limits of the
international standards
mentioned in item 6.2.11.2
above.
11) Potential impact on
archaeological and cultural
environment
There are envisaged areas of high,
medium and low sensitivity for new
possible archaeological exploitation
which are: In Assiut Governorate, in
some villages at El Badary, El
Ghnayma, Dayroot, Al Qousia and
Sadfa Marakez (Districts). In Sohag
Governorate, in some villages of
Tama, Tahta and Belina Marakez.
Maps of potential sensitive areas in
villages and Marakez of the two
Governorates
A detailed ESIA study is
needed to determine the
potential places of
archaeological sites within
the project boundaries.
External
consultants
recruited by
AWWC/
SWWC
RSUs/
Supreme
Council for
Antiquities
The study is
already
included in
page 7-17
above to be
conducted
during the
pre-
construction
stage.
Operation
Phase
1) Potential impact on soil &
landscaping
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-55
possible deterioration of effluent
quality in case of system breakdowns
shall lead to irrigating green fields
with water of bad quality in violation
of the Egyptian Code 501/2000.
to take necessary action to
prevent reusing secondary
treated effluents in irrigating
any crops and limit their use
to irrigating wooden trees.
EFS2 (RSUs) EMC
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost of reuse
of effluents
Deterioration of sludge quality as a
result of malfunctioning of treatment
process.
Make necessary sludge
sampling and analysis to
detect and ensure its ability
to be used as fertilizer
according to environmental
laws.
WWCs, heads
of laboratories
EMC/EFS2
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
2) Potential impact on water
resources
Risks of disposal of final effluent Apply analytical measures of
drain quality in Assiut as per
applicable laws
AWWC, head
of laboratories
EMC/EFS2
(ARSU)
Normal
operation
cost
Monitor flow discharge
volume as m3/day to control
further process by installing
flow meters at WWTPs
outlets
Operation
Companies
“OC”
EFS2
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
3) Potential impact on
ambient air
Extensive emissions of CO2
(generated from produced methane
Good maintenance and
operation of the treatment
OC EFS1
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-56
gas) into the environment from sludge
decomposition
process will be necessary to
limit both air emission and
odors from the system.
cost
Odor are generated from pumping
stations, aeration, sedimentation , and
sludge condensation tanks, sludge
dewatering zone, etc. Odor sources are
all non- point pollution sources. Risk
of unpleasant odors or chloride
emissions will occur in the vicinity of
WWTPs and the pumping stations
sites.
During operation, the bar
screen well and screened slag
packing will be located and
done inside house of sewage
treatment plant. Common
ventilation system will be
provided to vent odorous gas
from high level.
Good maintenance and
operation of the treatment
process will be necessary to
limit both air emission and
odors from the system.
OC EFS1
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
Generators are the main source of air
emissions although no significant
impact from generators is expected as
they are used just as backups and not
in a continuous basis.
Limit the use of generators to
the minimum use to limit air
pollutants emissions.
OC EFS1
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-57
4) Potential impact on
acoustic environment
noise generated by pumping stations,
pumps, ventilators, air compressors,
and generators.
Routine monitoring of noise
levels to ensure conformity
of environmental noise level
during operation with related
standards of ERs 385/1995,
Article 44 and Annex 7, for
both working areas and
residential areas.
OC EMC
(RSUs)
Part of job
duties
5) Potential impact on flora
In case of using effluents of WWTPs
for wooden afforestation and using
dried sludge as a fertilizer the impact
will be positive in case of taking
mitigation measures to guarantee an
ideal operation process. However, in
the case of facility partial or complete
breakdowns, the effluent quality will
deteriorate posing a negative impact
on vegetation.
Safe sludge application as
soil fertilizer should be
monitored and properly
admitted only in compliance
with the terms and conditions
of the Egyptian Decree
44/2000 and Decree
171/2005.
OC EFS2
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
Pollution hazards from oil spills,
chemicals release and hazardous
waste.
Maintain good preventive
maintenance and prompt
reaction to emergency
breakdowns.
OC EFS2
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-58
6) Potential impact on fauna
Spread of solid waste at various sites
within or outside the facility premises
may cause deterioration to fauna
environment.
Ensure a strict
implementation of the solid
waste management plan
developed by a consultancy
firm,
OC EFS2
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
Pollution hazards from oil spills,
chemicals release and hazardous
waste.
Maintain good preventive
maintenance and prompt
reaction to emergency
breakdowns.
OC EFS2
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
7) Potential impact on
population/community
Project conflicts with community
members
Provide acceptable paying
strategy for the installation
and consumption fees.
WWCs WWCs Normal
operation
cost
Destruction to project facilities by
community members
Implement awareness raising
campaigns to reduce misuse
and urge community
members to preserve the
Project assets.
WWCs WWCs Normal
operation
cost
8) Potential impact on
employment
Injuries and accidents to workers
Comply with work place
legal requirements and OC EFS3
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-59
stringent safety regulations
should be observed to avoid
work accidents.
cost
New employment opportunities do not
make use of local human resources
Draft an employment plan
that ensures the local
population is given the
opportunity to be employed.
OC EFS3
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
9) Potential impact on
Utilities, infrastructure and
roads
Deterioration of sludge quality as a
result of mal-functioning of treatment
process
Propose a possible sludge
humidification process as
part of the design documents
OC EFS2
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
Blockage of wastewater networks Ensure regular inspection
and preventive maintenance
of the system in addition to
avail emergency repair team
for prompt intervention in
case of sewer clogging and
breakdowns.
O & M staff EFS2
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
10) Potential impact on Human
health
Deterioration of sludge quality as a
result of mal-functioning of treatment
Provide all concerned
workers at the WWTPs with
protective health equipments
EFS2 (RSUs) EMC
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-60
process
Hazards from project facilities Ensure proper preventive
maintenance measures and
proper handling and disposal
of containers of hazardous
material
OC EMC
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
11) Potential impact on
archaeological and cultural
environment
The vibration generated by operation
activities and traffic can have a
detrimental effect on structures and
can be a particular concern in the case
of cultural heritage sites or lightly
constructed buildings not designed to
withstand such vibrations.
Proper management of
operation activities to avoid
destruction to archaeological
areas as a result of vibrations
generated by project
operation in compliance to
concerned archaeological
EIA study
OC EFS1
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-61
Table 11: Project Environmental Management Matrix for Monitoring Activities
Project
Activity
Parameters to be
Monitored
Location Measurements (including
methods & equipment)
Frequency of
Measurement
Responsibilities
(including review
& reporting
Cost
Estimate
Pre-
construction
Phase
Water quality at water bodies
currently
receiving raw
sewage
PH, BOD, COD, TSS,
TDS, Oil and Greases,
Phosphates, Nitrates,
Ammonia (nitrogen), Lead,
Cadmium, Chromium,
Copper, Nickel, Iron,
Manganese, Zinc, Cobalt,
and Estimated Faecal
Coliform Count in 100
cm3.
Materials and containers to
be used for preserving and
transporting water samples
correspond to APHA
specifications, 1999.
2 samples from
each site.
Samples to be
taken twice a day,
during 2 different
days.
To be prepared by
a certified water
analysis
laboratory. To be
supervised by the
EMC/EFS2
(RSUs) and the
heads of
Laboratories of
AWWC & SWWC
LE 50,000
(250 LE
per sample
X 200
samples)
Soil quality At all sites of
new WWTPs PH, Conductivity (EC),
TDS , Calcium (Ca++
),
Magnesium (Mg++
),
Bicarbonate as (HCO3-),
Carbonate, Sodium (Na+),
Potassium (K+), Chloride
2 samples from
each site. To be prepared by
a certified soil
analysis
laboratory. To be
supervised by the
EMC/EFS2
LE 9,000
(300 LE
per sample
X 30
samples)
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-62
(Cl-), Sulphate (SO4
--), Iron
(Fe), Manganese (Mn),
Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn),
Aluminium (Al), Boron
(B), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt
(Co), Chromium (Cr), Lead
(Pb), Strontium (St), and
Nickel (Ni). Materials and
containers to be used for
preserving and transporting
soil samples conform to
ASTM D 4220-95.
(RSUs) and the
heads of
Laboratories of
AWWC & SWWC
Air pollutants at WWTPs and
Pumping
Stations Sites
Temperature, Particulates
PM10, H2S, SO2, NO2 and
CO. Instruments are:
Temperature Load Meter
Thermo-meter, particles
meter, SO2 meter, NO2
meter and CO meter.
2 samples from
each site.
Samples to be
taken once a day,
during 2 different
days
To be taken by
accredited
measurements
firms. To be
supervised by the
EMC/EFS1
(RSUs).
LE 60,000
(400 LE
per sample
X 150
samples)
Noise
measurements at WWTPs and
Pumping
Station Sites
Noise LAeq dB(A).
Instrument is the Digital
Impulse Sound Level
Meter.
2 noise
measurements
one during day
time and the other
during night time.
To be taken by
accredited
measurements
firms. To be
supervised by the
EMC/EFS1
LE 20,000
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-63
(RSUs).
Construction
Phase
Air pollutants at
WWTPs and
Pumping Stations
Sites
at WWTPs Temperature, Particulates
PM10, H2S, SO2, NO2 and
CO. Instruments are:
Temperature Load Meter
Thermo-meter, particles
meter, SO2 meter, NO2
meter and CO meter.
1 sample from
each site. To be taken by
accredited
measurements
firms. To be
supervised by the
EMC/EFS1
(RSUs).
LE 6,000
(400 LE
per sample
X 15
samples)
Noise
measurements at WWTPs and
Pumping
Station Sites
Noise LAeq dB(A).
Instrument is the Digital
Impulse Sound Level
Meter.
2 noise
measurements
one during day
time and the other
during night time.
To be taken by
accredited
measurements
firms. To be
supervised by the
EMC/EFS1
(RSUs).
LE 20,000
Solid and
hazardous waste at all project
sites Monitor and document
quantities and quality of
produced solid and
hazardous waste
Continuous
monitoring To be recorded by
the EFS2 (RSUs) Part of job
duties
Residents of the
area complaining
from the
construction
activities
at all project
sites Receive and document
complaints On a continuous
basis To be recorded by
the hotline
employees at the
RSUs or by any of
the RSUs staff.
Further actions to
Part of job
duties
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-64
resolve these
complaints will be
performed by the
WWCs.
Operation
Phase
Hazards from bad
sludge
management
At WWTPs
drying beds
PH, Conductivity (EC),
TDS , Calcium (Ca++
),
Magnesium (Mg++
),
Bicarbonate as (HCO3-),
Carbonate, Sodium (Na+),
Potassium (K+), Chloride
(Cl-), Sulphate (SO4
--), Iron
(Fe), Manganese (Mn),
Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn),
Aluminium (Al), Boron
(B), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt
(Co), Chromium (Cr), Lead
(Pb), Strontium (St), and
Nickel (Ni). Materials and
containers to be used for
preserving and transporting
soil samples conform to
ASTM D 4220-95.
2 samples from
each site.
To be analyzed at
the AWWC &
SWWC
laboratories, under
the direct
supervision of the
EMC/EFS2
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
Bacteriological analysis for
faecal coliform Escaris ova
and salmonella.
2 samples from
each site.
To be analyzed at
the AWWC &
SWWC
laboratories, under
Normal
operation
cost
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-65
the direct
supervision of the
EMC/EFS2
(RSUs)
Risks of disposal
of final effluent
at WWTPs
outlets
Monitor flow discharge
volume as m3/day to
control further process by
flow meters.
Daily Operation Agency
supervised by
EFS2 (RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
At an
agricultural
drain in Sadfa
and Ghnayem
Markez
(districts) in
Assiut
Governorate
PH, BOD, COD, TSS,
TDS, Oil and Greases,
Phosphates, Nitrates,
Ammonia (nitrogen), Lead,
Cadmium, Chromium,
Copper, Nickel, Iron,
Manganese, Zinc, Cobalt,
and Estimated Faecal
Coliform Count in 100
cm3.
Materials and containers to
be used for preserving and
transporting water samples
correspond to APHA
specifications, 1999.
Monthly To be analyzed at
the AWWC &
SWWC
laboratories, under
the direct
supervision of the
EMC/EFS2
(RSUs)
Normal
operation
cost
Residents of the at all project Receive and document On a continuous To be recorded by Part of job
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-66
area complaining
from operation
activities or
service quality
sites complaints basis the hotline
employees at the
RSUs or by any of
the RSUs staff
duties
Hazardous waste
spillage
At hazardous
waste locations
Routine observation and
documentation of
hazardous material use.
On a weekly basis To be monitored
by the O&M staff
under the
supervision of the
RSUs.
Part of job
duties
Biological effects
from
electromagnetic
fields to be
considered.
At electric
substations
To measure electric fields
as KV/m r.m.s.
Monthly Operation Agency
supervised by
EFS1 (RSUs)
Part of job
duties
Air pollutants at WWTPs Temperature, Particulates
PM10, H2S, SO2, NO2 and
CO. Instruments are:
Temperature Load Meter
Thermo-meter, particles
meter, SO2 meter, NO2
meter and CO meter.
1 sample from
each site on a
monthly basis
To be measured by
EFS1 (RSUs)
Part of job
duties
Noise
measurements
at WWTPs and
Pumping
Station Sites
Noise LAeq dB(A).
Instrument is the Digital
Impulse Sound Level
Meter.
2 noise
measurements
(day time and
night time) on a
To be measured by
EFS1 (RSUs)
Part of job
duties
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-67
monthly basis
Population
satisfaction
At project sites
and served
areas
Population views and
appreciation or complaints
from the project services
Every 3 months
through public
consultations, TV
programs & direct
meetings with
community CDAs
To be performed
by EFS3 (RSUs)
and report results
to EMC (RSUs)
for remedial
actions
Part of job
duties
Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary
ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-68
Table 12: Required Training Courses for Institutional strengthening and a Successful Implementation of the ESMMF
Training
Course
Contents Type of Training Participants Proposed
Scheduling
Cost
Estimate
National &
International
Environmental
& Social Laws
and safeguard
policies
Environmental and social
laws related to land, air and
water pollution prevention,
legal aspects, community
participation, aesthetic
environment.
Indoors sessions and
workshops at each
Governorate
RSUs Staff (EMU,
EFS1, EFS2, EFS3), and
Contractors’ engineers
A 3 days course,
to be conducted
before project
implementation,
by specialized
consultants
LE 40,000
(2 x LE
20,000)
Health &
Environmental
Issues
Health related issues to
construction activities, water
borne diseases, air and noise
pollution hazards, solid waste
and hazardous waste risks,
safety measures and
communicable diseases.
Indoors sessions, field
trips and workshops at
each Governorate
RSUs Staff (EMU,
EFS1, EFS2, EFS3), and
Contractors’ engineers.
A 3 days course,
to be conducted
before project
implementation,
by specialized
consultants
LE 40,000
(2 x LE
20,000)
Environmental
& Social
Assessment
Techniques of environmental
and social assessment.
Indoors sessions and
workshops at each
Governorate
RSUs Staff (EMU,
EFS1, EFS2, EFS3), and
Governorates
Environmental
Departments staff.
A one day course,
to be conducted
before project
implementation.
LE 20,000
(2 x LE
10,000)
Environmental
Mitigation
Measures
How to apply mitigation
measures in fulfillment of
implementing the ESMMP
Indoors sessions, field
trips and workshops at
each Governorate
RSUs Staff (EMU,
EFS1, EFS2, EFS3),
Governorates
Environmental
A 2 days course,
to be conducted
before project
implementation
LE 30,000
(2 x LE
15,000)
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Department staff, POs,
and WWCs technicians.
Resettlement
considerations,
social
assessment and
interaction with
community
Resettlement plan, public
hearings issues, interaction
with community members,
client satisfaction, conducting
social surveys and community
participation in project
activities.
Indoors sessions and
field trips at each
Governorate
EFS3, Governorate
social officers
A 2 days course,
to be conducted
before project
implementation,
by a specialized
consultant.
LE 30,000
(2 x LE
15,000)
Environmental
Register,
monitoring and
auditing
Methods for preparing
environmental registers,
monitoring techniques and
auditing to implement the
ESMMF
Indoors sessions and
field trips at each
Governorate
RSUs Staff (EMU,
EFS1, EFS2), PO and
WWCs technical team
A one day course,
to be conducted
before project
commissioning,
by a specialized
consultant.
LE 30,000
(2 x LE
15,000)
O & M
activities in
relation to
ESMMF
Technical issues related to
O&M of wastewater facilities
and reuse of effluents and
sludge for land application in
compliance to environmental
laws
Indoors sessions and
field trips at each
Governorate
RSUs Staff (EMU,
EFS1, EFS2), PO and
WWCs technical team
A 5 days course,
conducted before
project
commissioning,
by specialized
consultants
LE 60,000
(2 x LE
30,000)
public
consultations
and awareness
To cover awareness to all
stakeholders about the project
activities, goals and outputs to
Indoors meetings Representatives from
various public entities
and private sector.
Pre-construction
and during
construction
LE 40,000
(2 x LE
20,000)
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programs ensure people’s understanding
and ownership of the project
phases
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Table 13: Estimated Cost for ESMMF Implementation (ISSIP-2, Assiut & Sohag Governorates cost details)
Activity Unit Cost in
LE
Unit Description No. Total in LE Total in
$
Category 1: Studies
Focused Environmental & Social Impact
(ESIA) studies for ISSIP 2 Project
250,000 Environmental & social impact
study
2 500,000
Environmental & Social Impact (ESIA) studies
for preserving archaeological sites
100,000 Environmental and social
impact study
2 200,000
Integrated solid waste management studies 75,000 Solid waste management study 2 150,000
Category 2: Monitoring activities*
Water quality analysis 250 Water sample 200 50,000
Soil quality analysis 300 Soil sample 30 9,000
Air pollutants measurements 400 Air station 160 66,000
Noise measurements 200 Noise station 200 40,000
Category 3: Training
Environmental & Social Laws 20,000 Training course 2 40,000
Health & Environmental Issues 20,000 Training course 2 40,000
Environmental & Social Assessment 10,000 Training course 2 20,000
Environmental Mitigation Measures 15,000 Training course 2 30,000
Resettlement considerations, social assessment 15,000 Training course 2 30,000
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and interaction with community
Environmental Register, monitoring & auditing 15,000 Training course 2 30,000
O & M activities in relation to ESMMF 30,000 Training course 2 60,000
public consultations and awareness programs 20,000 Awareness program 2 40,000
Category 4: Staffing – New employees**
A Social Supervisor (EFS3) at ARSU 4,500 Salary per month (5 years) 1 270,000
Hotline employees at ARSU 3,000 Salary per month (5 years) 2 180,000
Hotline employees at SRSU 3,000 Salary per month (5 years) 2 180,000
Category 5: Staffing – Short term consultants
Environmental Management Consultant 25,000 Salary per month 5 125,000
Category 6: Equipment
Water quality equipment 150,000 Laboratory equipment 2 300,000
Air monitoring devices 30,000 Monitoring devices 2 60,000
Noise measuring devices 20,000 Monitoring devices 2 40,000
Total 2,460,000 424,136
*These costs are related to monitoring activities (water and soil analysis and air and noise measurements) during both pre-construction and construction phases of the project.
Other monitoring activities to be done during the operation phase will be performed by the WWCs technical staff using the Companies’ equipment.
**Salaries allocated in this table for the new employees at both Assiut Rural Sanitation Unit and Sohag Rural Sanitation Unit, cover the construction phase which is 5 years
for implementing the ISSIP 2 at both Assiut and Sohag Governorates. However, this staff will remain as a permanent staff during the operation phase and hence their salaries
will be covered from the budget of both Water and Wastewater Companies.
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Chapter 8, explains the analysis of alternatives which are,
No project alternative
The ISSIP-2 will contribute to improvement the quality of the underground water
through preventing infiltration of wastewater to the surrounding and the improvement
of the surface water through preventing the discharge of wastewater by tankers to
drains.
The social positive impacts expected from the project is the job opportunities that will
allow workers and engineers in construction, permanent work in operations and
maintenance phases, which will contribute to the improvement of economic situation.
Although there may be some problems; possible loss of agriculture land for the
construction of pump station and wastewater treatment plants in case of lack of land in
desert for the wastewater treatment plants, often apply mechanical system for
treatment to minimize the area of land required, odours problems from wastewater
treatment plants, impacts expected during construction, economic difficulties for poor
people in contributing in the project’s costs.
Alternatives of piping materials
The following alternatives are of the most used pipes in sewerage, which can be used
in the sanitary drainage projects in accordance with the amendments issued by
National Organization for Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage (NOPWASD), and as
per the Ministerial Decree No. (277) for the year 2000 as well as amendments and
additions to the ministerial decision No. (14) For the year 2002 and the rest of the
annexes:
Plastic Pipe (UPVC)
Glass Reinforced Polyester pipes (GRP)
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Alternatives for house connections and collection system
The following are the alternatives for House Connections and collection system:
Vacuum Sewer System
Small-bore sewer system
Shallow sewerage system
Simplified sewerage system (Condominial Sewerage)
Alternative of pump station facilities
The operation of PS will require utilization of ancillary facilities such as the power
generators, ASTs and transformers. Generators will work in cases of power failure.
Alternative techniques for biological treatment
The aim of secondary treatment (also called biological treatment) is to remove soluble
and colloidal organic substances, such as:
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Natural Lagoon Systems
Suspended Growth Systems
Attached Growth Systems
Disinfection alternatives
This section reviews disinfection options:
Chlorination
Chlorination-dechlorination
UV Irradiation
Alternatives to the utilization of decentralized treatment works effluent
The decentralized systems includes; house connections, collection works (inspection
chambers towards manholes), pump stations, wastewater treatment plant, As been
previously indicated the decentralized system similar to centralized system with
smaller scale.
The alternatives of discharge the effluent from the decentralized system can be
divided into; reusing the final effluent for irrigating wooden forest or discharging the
final effluent to a drain.
Alternatives to the utilization of sludge
Sludge treatment stages
Sludge Thickening
Sludge Stabilization
Sludge Dewatering
Sludge Drying
Alternatives for sites and phasing
Phasing of the project implementation decisions based on many issues as ranked items
such as; fresh water streams, village with higher pollution, high ground water table,
maximize usage of existing facilities, land availability, health problems in case of
absence of the project and increase number of people served of the project.
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Chapter 9, concerns the public hearings methodology, activities of the public
hearings held at both Governorates, conclusions of the public hearings.
Methodology
The public hearings in the two governorates took place during the scoping stage of the
study. This was achieved through a public meeting that the both Assiut and Sohag
WWCs called for. The process for calling for the public hearing ensured proper
communication with the affected communities and key stakeholders is as follows:
Preparation of invitations which send by fax, or delivered by hand to a number
of stakeholders and community members.
Media advertisement announcing the call for the public meeting to discuss the
potential impacts of the project.
Preparation of presentations in Arabic describing the project’s activities and
the anticipated impacts
Assiut and Sohag WWCs directed the public hearing activities with the technical
support of the project team. The ESIAF team assisted in coordinating the ESIAF with
the relevant stakeholders (local population, governmental and non-governmental
organisations, and other relevant groups). The social, environmental and technical
specialists of the team were responsible for ensuring that early and effective
identification and consultation with these groups was undertaken.
Activities of the Public Hearings
Communication with the public
In order to ensure that the public are properly informed about the consultations event,
announcements were made on the most widely spread official newspaper (Al-Ahram)
prior to the consultation date. The consultation/public hearing was held on November
8, 2010 in Assiut and on November 9, 2010 in Sohag while the announcements were
published on November 4, 2010.
Documentation and classification of the comments
Notes were taken during the public hearings where each question or comment was
recorded. The comments and questions were then classified. An internal discussion
among team members took place to respond to each comment/question and guarantee
that the area of concerned is covered in the final report
Assiut Governorate
On November 8, 2010 a public hearing was held at the premises of the Nile Centre for
Mass-media, in Assiut City. The total number of participants counts for 52
participants (12 women (24%) and 37 men from the community and 3 ESIAF study
experts). Representatives of the civil society, WWC, governmental authorities, as well
as technical consulting firm responsible for preparing the technical design of the
Project in Assiut Governorate participated effectively in the discussions.
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The session was facilitated by the ESIAF team. The Chairman of AWWC and the
ESIAF team responded to the comments and queries of the participants regarding the
Project interventions in their communities. The list of participants in the public
hearing is presented in Annex 1.
The session started with welcoming statements made by the Chairman of the AWWC.
This was followed by a presentation made by the ESIAF Consultants (Environmental
and Social), in which an overall project objectives and phases were addressed
including the ESIA procedures.
Dr. Amal Aly the social consultant expressed the ESIAF team appreciation for the
stance by the Chairman of the AWWC who supported the ESIAF team in achieving
the objectives of the ESIAF mission. She expressed her appreciation to AWWC team
who helped in facilitating the team at the field level.
Sohag Governorate
On November 9, 2010 a public hearing was held at the premises of Sohag City
Council. The total number of participants counts to 117 participants (15 women (13%)
and 99 men and 3 ESIAF study experts). Representatives of the civil society, WWC,
governmental authorities participated in the discussions.
As a part of preparation activities, a non-technical summary in Arabic was prepared
describing the objectives of the project, the public hearing, and the ESIA. It also
showed the selected villages for project implementation. The summary was made
available at the registration disk before the session.
The session was facilitated by the Head of the RSU and the ESIAF team. The Head of
the RSU and the ESIAF team responded to the comments and opinions of the
participants. The list of participants in the public hearing is presented in Annex 1.
The session began with welcoming statements made by the Mayor of Sohag City and
Markaz, Vice President of the SWWC, and the Head of Sanitation Sector of SWWC
(Head of RSU). This was followed by a presentation made by the ESIAF Consultants
(Environmental and Social), in which project objectives and phases, ESIAF objectives
and stages, and the public hearing objectives were addressed.
Discussions at both Assiut & Sohag sessions
Many comments on the exiting situation of sanitation in the villages including al
related environmental and social problems were raised by the participants. Among
these are:
The majority of houses at the village level face sewerage overflow problems
and a number of the houses collapsed due to this. At the first floor of the
buildings, sewer water reaches a couple of meters to three meters in many
instances which can be realized on the walls.
The number of sweep cars is not quite sufficient in the village and cars cannot
penetrate through the narrow roads to evacuate it when filled.
Contamination problems at villages are very serious and people do suffer
greatly.
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The fees of pits evacuation ranges between (400) – (500) Egyptian Pounds.
This amount of money is not within the households capabilities.
In Sohag, comments were raised by participants with regards to the quality of
the drinking water. People believe that they are drinking sewer water. In
Sohag, a member to the Local Village Council said that some citizens drain
their sewer water through the underground water table, this results in that
people at El-Ghanayma Village drink from the sewerage water and that
neighboring homes and all the village settlers drink sewerage water.
During the sessions the following issues and concerns were raised:
Concerning the willingness to pay, in both governorates, comments were that
the community members pay between (400) – (500) Egyptian Pounds for pits
evacuation every 3-4 months, signifying that people are ready to pay for the
house connections and the maintenance fees.
Regarding the community participation, participants expressed willingness to
participate through self efforts, they are ready to participate and to assist in the
excavation activities to be carried out which means that they are ready to
participate by manpower.
Comments were raised in relation to the drinking / potable water network,
since the pipes are made of asbestos almost forty (40) years back. The network
is considered irredeemable practically. They asked for replacement and
renewal of the potable water network while implanting the sewerage network
through the project to avoid future explosions and leakage.
Another intervention came from the Mayor (Omda) of Demino in Sohag said
that once the project is completed, maintenance has to be prioritized to avoid
negativities and high level maintenance must be provided.
Another speaker requested that the potable water pipe line must be
reconsidered / amended, before planning the sanitary sewer network. This is
because they feel that the project will not terminate before some considerable
time and they have to explore solutions to the frequent water cuts they suffer
from especially during the prayer time and our search for water for abolition.
One of attendees raised a question on the conditions and criteria for preference
and how villages are selected.
A member to the local council said that at the time, a rumor spread elsewhere
saying that sanitary sewer causes damage and off smell.
With regards to required lands for constructing pumping station, many speakers
mentioned that a number of selected villages do not have lands owned by the
Government. And they may be able to buy the required lands for erecting the
pumping station in spite of the fact that it might not be affordable and may be
difficult to collect or two. In addition, community members expressed their
willingness to voluntarily sell and donate their land. One of the main issues raised
is land pricing, participants claimed that land prices should be determined through
an agreement between the executive organization (Governorates or WWCs) and
the beneficiaries. They also claimed that the criteria for pricing land should be
based on a fair market price of similar lands
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Talking about continuity of the project, another attendee said: roads at the
village are very narrow, and main roads exist only at certain places. He added
that their experience with other projects is that consulting firms when they
arrive at the village, they start digging and excavations at all roads of the
village level, and the work might last for long periods.
A participant raised issues about the current stage of the project design and
implementation and whether the inputs of stakeholders will be considered in
other project phases
A participant raised issues related to expected social impacts of the project on
the public and Involvement of the community in the project.
The following table documents the key issues and concerns raised by the participants.
Table 14: Key Issues Raised by Participants in Public Hearings and Comments and
Correspondent Actions by ESIAF
Key Issues Comments and Correspondent Actions by
ESIAF
People are willing to pay
Willingness to pay has been
addressed in the ESIAF
People are willing to
positively participate
RSU social component can
discuss ways of participation by
community
Cost for connections RSU in collaboration with the
NGOs, funding institutions
should look for partners, and
payment thus reducing burdens
on people side
Replacement and renewal of the
potable water network while
implementing the sewerage
network
The potable water network will be
among the problems to be discussed
with the WWC.
Priority that should be given to
high level maintenance after the
project completion
A maintenance plan should be
developed by the ISSIP-2
Exploring solutions to the
frequent water cuts especially
during the project construction.
A plan should be developed by
the RSU in collaboration with
the water sector, the technical
office, and contractors for
reducing or eliminating water
cuts during construction phase.
Transparency on the conditions
and criteria for preference and
how villages are selected.
Disclosure of project
documents to the stakeholders
and the public
Organizing sessions by the RSU
at the district level for providing
clarifications about project
rationales.
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Key Issues Comments and Correspondent Actions by
ESIAF
Rumors spread elsewhere on
damage and off smell caused by
pumping stations
Developing awareness raising plan by
RSU (social and environment members)
on project effects and impacts.
Community remarkable characters from
WSSCs (public relation unit and the
RSU), religious institutions, NGOs, and
natural leaders can share in raising the
public awareness
Land acquisition and valuation It is expected to acquire land
(State-owned or private- owned)
for the establishment of
pumping stations.
A committee from the
governorate should be assigned
for the valuation of lands
Leaders at the village are
capable to allocate the land
either through donation by one
citizen or by collecting the price
of the land required for the
project through public
contributions.
Fund raising through Charity
Associations, SFD or others
Digging and excavations works in
the villages, and the delay of
projects
The project has a fixed time schedule by
the contractor and the holding company
as it is supervised and revised by the
World Bank.
They have established a time schedule
for excavation activities to start with
one road then move to the other.
A time framed schedule should
be developed with no delay.
A monitoring scheme will be
developed for the implementation of the
project.
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Key Issues Comments and Correspondent Actions by
ESIAF
Current stage of the
project design and
implementation and
whether the inputs of
stakeholders will be
considered in other
project phases
Social impacts of the
project on the public
Involvement of the
community in the project.
The ISSIP-2 is currently in the
phase of the environmental and
social impact assessment, the
input from different stakeholders
and community members at
these public hearings events will
be reflected in the report before
being finalized and published.
A social assessment report will
be prepared to determine the
overall social impacts
The social study recommended
the involvement of the
community during various
stages of the project.
The impacts of
construction works on
roads, the environment
(for example increase in
traffic primarily trucks
will increase noise and
dust levels in residential
areas).
ESIAF mitigation plan will
include all required mitigation
measures necessary to deal with
negative impacts of the
construction phase
Conclusions of the Public Hearings
The main outcomes from the public hearings demonstrate that there is a high level of
optimism regarding the results of the project. However, very high expectations and
diversity of problems facing the community were dominating the discussions. It also
showed that, the wastewater is one of the main concerns of the majority of the
participants. In fact, there is a need to demonstrate that the project will eventually
contribute to improving the overall living conditions of the project areas.
Other concerns that were raised during the consultation were concerning the social
impacts of the project and the inclusion of the community participation during the
project implementation in order to maximize the socio-economic benefits of the
project.
Annex 1 of the report includes, A) Transcript of Public Hearing Assiut Governorate,
B) Transcript of Public Hearing Sohag Governorate, C) List of Participants Assiut
Governorate, and D) List of Participants Sohag Governorate.
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Chapter 10, is a conclusion of the whole report and describes the work done in this
report which mentioned above.
The Annexes of the report are:
o Annex 1: Transcript of Public Hearing in Assiut & Sohag Governorates
o Annex 2: Sensitive Archaeological Areas
o Annex 3: Official Letters
o Annex 4: Study Photos
o Annex 5: Resettlement Policy Framework
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It is concluded by this integrated study that the project is expected to have positive
and negative impacts on the environment during both construction and operation
phases. Major envisaged impacts are as follows:
During the construction phase
Construction activities are expected to have some adverse impacts on the
environmental and social parameters as health, flora, soil, population and air
environment, to a lower extent on landscaping, water resources, acoustic environment,
and utilities, infrastructure and roads, and to lesser extent on fauna and archaeology.
Positive impacts are expected on both employment and political issues. However
when applying proper mitigation measures within an integrated environmental and
social management plan, these impacts will be substantially mitigated.
During the operation phase
Operation phase of Project is expected to have limited adverse impact on the
environment from possible breakdowns, malfunctioning of parts of the system or
excessive emissions concerning water resources, soil, landscaping, air, flora,
population, utilities, infrastructure and roads, archaeology, health, fauna. However
upon applying mitigation measures and a proper Environmental & Social
Management Plan these impacts will be reduced or transformed into positive impacts.
On the other hand the project will have remarkable positive impacts on political issues
in view of the Project achievements of improving the quality of life and living
conditions of served communities which will contribute to social stability and creation
of a healthy infrastructure for economic development and consequently improving
income for population. The political impact is also positive considering that the
project translates developmental government plans into concrete actions through the
construction of wastewater services that far improve health conditions of people who
have suffered for decades from the absence of proper sanitation services.
Also the Project is expected to have positive impacts on employment at the served
areas in view of temporary jobs that will be generated during the construction phase
and also jobs and business opportunities from feeding industries and services during
both construction phase (short term) and operation phase (long term) as construction
material, transportation, food supplies, etc.
Accordingly, an Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP) is designed in
this ESIAF to include activities that aim to achieve utmost compliance and protection
of the environment in relation to the WWTP activities during construction,
commissioning, operational and decommissioning phases of the facility.
In general this ESIAF study paves the road to the detailed and focused Environmental
and Social Impact Assessment Study (ESIA) that will be tendered in early 2011,
which would include more detailed studies on served areas by the project.