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Page 1: Psychrometric Chart 1
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• When the dry‐bulb wet‐bulb and dew‐pointWhen the dry bulb, wet bulb, and dew point temperatures are the same, the air is saturated It can hold no more moisturesaturated. It can hold no more moisture. When air is at a saturated condition, moisture entering the air displaces moisture within theentering the air displaces moisture within the air. The displaced moisture leaves the air in the form of fine droplets When this conditionthe form of fine droplets. When this condition occurs in nature,it is called fog

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• Humidity ratio can be expressed as pounds ofHumidity ratio can be expressed as pounds of moisture per pound of dry air, or as grains  of moisture per pound of dry air There are 7000moisture per pound of dry air. There are 7000 grains of water in a pound. To  appreciate the magnitude of these units of measurement atmagnitude of these units of measurement, at sea level one pound of 70°F  air occupies approximately 13 5 cubic feet and one grainapproximately 13.5 cubic feet, and one grain of water in that air weighs  about two‐thousandths (0 002) of an ouncethousandths (0.002) of an ounce

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For example,  at 25°F, one pound of dry air can absorb and hold 19.14 grains of water; at 30°F it can absorb 24.19 grains; at 35°F it can absorb 29.94 grains; and so on. Each of these conditions is a saturation point

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• The air entering the cooling coil may beThe air entering the cooling coil may be 100%recirculated(A), 100% outdoor (B), or a mixture of the two (C)mixture of the two (C).

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• Sensible Heat RatioSensible Heat Ratio

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Air QuantityAir Quantity

Before proceeding, one more set of curves on the psychrometric chart must b id tifi dbe identified.These curved lines represent the changes in dry‐bulb and wet‐bulb ytemperatures as airpasses through a “typical” cooling coil. These are commonly referred to ascommonly referred to as coil curves

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• Some designers prefer to set the supply air So e des g e s p e e to set t e supp y atemperature at 55°F or use a 20°F  temperature differential (RoomDB–SupplyDB) without regard f h l bl h f hfor the actual sensible  heat ratio of the room.

• Using our same example, let’s examine how this h th t ti l f ti bl Ahas the potential for creating a problem. Assume that the building design changes to use a much‐higher‐quality glass that will reduce the sensiblehigher quality glass that will  reduce the sensible portion of the design load from 80,000 Btu/hr to 47,000 Btu/hr. This  reduces the SHR to 0.70.

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• Plotting this new SHR line on the psychrometricott g t s e S e o t e psyc o et cchart, we find that the SHR line crosses  the coil curve at approximately 49°FDB(D).

• If the system is arbitrarily designed with a 55°F supply air temperature D', the resulting  room 

diti ill f ll th 0 70 SHR li dconditions will fall on the 0.70 SHR line drawn through D'. The resulting room conditions A' will be 78°FDB, 57% RH. This arbitrary design practicebe 78 FDB, 57% RH. This arbitrary design practice results in a higher  room relative humidity than desired.

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TORTOR

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• In the previous example the sensible heatIn the previous example, the sensible heat ratio was based on full load or design load conditions It must be understood that theconditions. It must be understood that the sensible portion of total heat gain is particularly subject to change throughout theparticularly subject to change throughout the day, causing the ratio of sensible to total heat gain to changegain to change

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• To maintain the design room conditions A forTo maintain the design room conditions A for this part‐load sensible heat ratio, a different supply air condition—one that falls on thesupply air condition one that falls on the 0.70 SHR line—and a different airflow are required But suppose the system in thisrequired. But suppose the system in this example was designed todeliver a constant quantity of air and vary its supply temperaturequantity of air and vary its supply temperature to meet the changing loads.

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• This new supply air temperature D’ is delivered in pp y psufficient quantity to absorb the room’s  sensible heat gain, but it does not fall on the part‐load SHR line and is not dry enough to completelySHR line and is not dry enough to completely absorb the latent heat gain.  When the conditioned air enters the room, it mixes with 

i l th 0 70 ibl h t ti liroom air along the 0.70 sensible heat ratio line from D' to A'. The resulting room condition A', where the SHR line intersects the room dry‐bulb ytemperature line (78°F), shows that the relative humidity increased to 61%.

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• This is the manner in which a constant‐volume, variable‐temperature system with a modulating coil performs. It provides a constant quantity of air to the room and responds to part‐load conditions by varying p p y y gthe supply air temperature. This is performed by modulating the flow of the cooling fluid through the coil, typically using a 2‐way or 3‐way control valve yp y g y ycontrolled by a thermostat that senses the room dry‐bulb temperature. Such a system can provide good dry‐bulb temperature control. As the sensible heat ratio pchanges from full load, however, it may lose control of the room relative humidity

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• One method of improving the constant‐One method of improving the constantvolume system’s ability to control room humidity is to reheat the supply air In thishumidity is to reheat the supply air. In this example, reheat is provided bya heating coil located downstream of the air handler Thislocated downstream of the air handler. This reheat coil is controlled bya thermostat sensing the room dry‐bulb temperature whilesensing the room dry bulb temperature, while the cooling coil is controlled to provide a constant leaving‐air temperatureconstant leaving air temperature

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• Adding reheat permits better room humidityAdding reheat permits better room humidity control at various part‐load conditions while maintaining room dry‐bulb temperaturemaintaining room dry bulb temperature control. Realize, however, that this system uses more energy than the previous constant‐uses more energy than the previous constantvolume system with a modulating cooling coil: it constantly cools the supply air to 56 5°Fit constantly cools the supply air to 56.5 F, then reheatsthe air as necessary when the building sensible load dropsbuilding sensible load drops.

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• The face‐and‐bypass dampers are controlledThe face and bypass dampers are controlled by the room dry‐bulb thermostat. The cooling coil is allowed to “run wild ” causing the aircoil is allowed to  run wild,  causing the air that does pass through it to be cooled more at partial air flowspartial air flows

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• This supply air E mixes with room air along theThis supply air E mixes with room air along the part‐load 0.70 SHR line, arriving at the resulting new room conditions A' While theresulting new room conditions A . While the quantity and temperature of supply air are suitable to absorb the room’s sensible heatsuitable to absorb the room s sensible heat gain, they are unable to completely absorb the latent heat gain The result is a shift in roomlatent heat gain. The result is a shift in room conditions from the design point A to 78°FDB, 58% RH (A')58% RH (A ).

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• The result is a shift in the room conditionsThe result is a shift in the room conditions from the design point A to 78°FDBand 59% RH (A') While the simple VAV system does a(A ). While the simple VAV system does a better job of controlling room humidity than the simple constant‐volume system it is stillthe simple constant volume system, it is still unable to maintain the desired condition of 50% RH50% RH.