psychosocial development
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Psychosocial Development
Erikson’s Psychosocial Adolescent and Adult Stages
Stage Developmental Crisis Successful Dealing with Crisis
Unsuccessful Dealing with Crisis
Adolescence13-early 20s
Identity versus Role Confusion
develop a strong strong sense of
identity
confused and withdraw or want to
inconcspicuously blend in with the
crowd
Early Adulthood20s-30s
Intimacy versus Isolation
will have satisfying intimate relationships
will be isolated from other people and may suffer from loneliness
Middle Adulthood40s-50s
Generativity versus Stagnation
will be creative, productive and
nurturant
will be passive and self-centered, feel that
they have done nothing for the next generation, and feel that the world is no
better off their being alive
Late Adulthood Ego Integrity versus Despair
will enjoy life and not fear death
will feel that their life is empty and will fear
death
Erikson’s Generativity Versus Stagnation: Parenting
• Generativity- process of parenting the next generation and helping them through their crises.
• Stagnation – process where one is unable to focus outward and is still dealing with issues of intimacy or even identity
Parenting Styles• Authoritarian Parenting – tends to
be overly concerned with rules• Permissive Parenting – occurs
when parents put very few demands on their children for behavior.
A. Permissive Neglectful B. Permissive Indulgent• Authoritative Parenting – involves
combining firm limits on behavior with love, warmth, affection, respect, and a willingness to listen to the child’s point of view.
The Impact of Parenting Styles• Authoritarian parenting styles generally lead to children
who are obedient and proficient, but they rank lower in happiness, social competence and self-esteem.
• Authoritive parenting styles tend to result in children who are happy, capable and successful (Maccoby, 1992).
• Permissive parenting often results in children who rank low in happiness and self-regulation. These children are more likely to experience problems with authority and tend to perform poorly in school.
• Uninvolved parenting styles rank lowest across all life domains. These children tend to lack self-control, have low self-esteem and are less competent than their peers.
Midlife Crisis
A period of personal emotional turmoil and coping challenges that some people encounter when they reach middle age, accompanied by a desire for change in their lives, brought on by fears and anxieties about growing older
Who experience midlife crisis?
• People who live their lives fulfilling their dreams and with a purpose are less likely to experience a crisis at midlife.
• People who put little thought into what they want out of life and more thought into taking care of others are more likely to experience a crisis at midlife.
Stages of Midlife Crisis• Shock • Denial • Depression • Anger • Acceptance
External factors causing midlife crisis to become problematic
• Stress • Childhood Issues• Debt• Significant Loss• Avoidant Personality
Characterisitics of a person having a hard time getting through midlife crisis
• Unhappy with life and the lifestyle that may have provided them with happiness for many years
• Bored with people and things that may have been of interest to them before
• Feels a need for adventure and change• Questions the choices, they have made in their
lives and the validity of decisions they made years before
• Confused about who they are and where they are going
• Angry at their spouse and blame for feeling tied down
• Unable to make decisions about where they want to go with their life
• Doubts that they ever loved their spouse and resentment over the marriage.
• Desires for a new and passionate, intimate relationship
Differences Between Male and Female Midlife Crisis
• Changes that come with aging. • Becoming ill. • Becoming less attractive to the opposite
sex. • Not attaining goals they have set for
themselves. • Dying.
Men go through midlife crisis because they reach a certain age and realize that life is passing them by. They become afraid of:
• Women, on the other hand are thrust into midlife crisis because they reach a certain age and find they finally have the opportunity to do all the things in life she has put off doing while caring for her family.
• She goes through menopause, which means both biological and psychological changes. The psychological changes a woman experiences at menopause can cause her to question how she has lived her life and whether she should make changes to the way she lives.
Erikson’s Ego Integrity Versus Despair: Dealing with Mortality
• Feeling of integrity – a sense of wholeness; final completion of the identity or ego
• Feeling of despair – a sense of deep regret over things that will never be accomplished because time has run out.
Erikson believed that at the period of late adulthood, people look back on the life they have lived in a process called life review.