psychosocial development in early childhood psychosocial development in early childhood chapter 11...
TRANSCRIPT
Psychosocial Psychosocial Development In Development In Early ChildhoodEarly Childhood
Chapter 11Chapter 11
GenderGender
• Gender Identity• Gender Differences
– Psychological and behavioral differences between males and females
– Most pronounced difference is aggression
– Overall IQ scores show no gender differences
GenderGender
• Gender Differences– Females tend to do better at
verbal tasks (but not analogies), at mathematical computation, and at tasks requiring fine motor and perceptual skills
– Males excel in most spatial abilities and in abstract mathematical and scientific reasoning
GenderGender
• Perspectives on Gender Development: Nature and Nurture– Gender roles: culturally influenced– Gender stereotypes
GenderGender
– Socialization-Based Approach•Peer groups: a major influence on gender-
typing; boys more strongly influenced•Culture influences gender •In the U.S., television is major transmitter
of cultural attitudes toward gender•Children’s books transmit gender attitudes•Socializing agents mesh with biological
tendencies and cognitive understandings
Play: The Business of Early Play: The Business of Early Childhood Childhood
• Children engage in different types of play at different ages
• Children’s play is classified by its content and its social dimension– 3 levels are notable
Play: The Business of Early Play: The Business of Early ChildhoodChildhood
• Types of Play:– Functional play:
repetitive movements
– Constructive play: using objects or materials to make something
Play: The Business of Early Play: The Business of Early Childhood Childhood
• Types of Play:– Pretend play (aka: fantasy play,
dramatic play, or imaginative play) involves imaginary people or situations (symbolism)
– Formal games with rules: organized games with known procedures and penalties
Play: The Business of Early Play: The Business of Early ChildhoodChildhood
• How Gender Influences Play– The tendency toward sex
segregation in play appears universal across cultures
– Sex segregation increases in middle childhood
– Boys like active, forceful, more spontaneous play in large groups
Play: The Business of Early Play: The Business of Early ChildhoodChildhood
• How Gender Influences Play– Girls prefer quieter, cooperative, and
more structured play with one or a few playmates
• How Culture Influences Play– The frequency of specific forms of play
differs across cultures; influenced by play environments reflecting cultural values
ParentingParenting
• Forms of Discipline– Reinforcement and punishment:
external and internal– Corporal punishment: physical force– Power assertion: physical or verbal
enforcement of parental control– Inductive techniques: designed to
induce desirable behavior by reasoning
ParentingParenting
• Forms of Discipline– Withdrawal of love: may include
ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child
– Induction is usually the most effective– Power assertion is the least effective– Psychological aggression: verbal
attacks causing psychological harm
ParentingParenting
• Parenting Styles– Authoritarian: values control and
unquestioning obedience.– Permissive: values self-expression and
self-regulation.– Authoritative: values individuality but
also stresses social constraints.– Neglectful or uninvolved: focuses on
parents’ own needs rather than child’s
ParentingParenting
• Parenting Styles– Are there ethnic group differences?– SES?– Is there truly a ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ way to
parent?– Recent research