psychology chapter 7 altered states of consciousness sleep and dreams

PSYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER 7

Altered States of Consciousness

Sleep and Dreams

Section One Page 1831. Consciousness2. REM sleep3. Circadian rhythm4. Insomnia5. Sleep apnea6. Narcolepsy7. Nightmares8. Night terrors9. Sleepwalking

Objectives• Describe the research

related to sleep and dreams

• List and discuss sleep disorders

Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)

Meanings of Consciousness (Three views)

…as a Sensory Awareness

• sensory awareness of our environment

…as a Direct Inner Awareness

• mental pictures and “feelings” (like love, anger, etc.)

…as a Sense of Self

• different viewpoints for different people

Levels of (Waking)

Consciousness

1. Conscious Level

• Perceptions and Thoughts

2. Preconscious Level

• Memories and Stored Knowledge

3. Unconscious (or Subconscious) Level

• Selfish needs, Immoral urges, Fears, Violent motives, Irrational wishes, Shameful experiences, unacceptable desires

4. Nonconscious Level

• Biological functions (heart rate, growth, breathing)

Why do we sleep?

• Theories:– Brain recovers from stress and exhaustion– Primitive hibernation-sleep to conserve energy– Sleep to conserve energy– Adaptive process (sleep to protect us from the

dangers of the nighttime)– Clear our minds of useless information– Sleep to dream

Levels of (Altered)

Consciousness1. Sleep and Dreams

2. Meditation

3. Biofeedback

4. Hypnosis

5. Drugs

• Depressants

• Stimulants

• Hallucinogens

Sleeping and Dreaming

Measuring sleep activity




• There are 4 stages of quiet sleep and 1 stage of active sleep

• Approx. 75% of sleep time is spent in stages 1 thru 4

• Approximately 25% of sleep time is spent dreaming

• Electroencephalograph (EEG) and other devices are used to measure sleep activity


• Stage 1• Pulse slows• Breathing uneven• Muscles relax• Twitching• Eyes roll / visual images• Sensation of “drifting”• Lasts about 10 minutes



• Stage 2:• Slower brain waves• Eyes move slowly from side-to-side• Lasts about 30 minutes



Stage 3:Stage 3:• Deeper sleep• Large delta brain waves every few seconds• Varies in length



Stage 4: • State of oblivion• Delta brain waves 50% of the time• Varies in length• Sleepwalking• Bed wetting• Talking out loud



REM Sleep(Rapid Eye Movement): (dreaming) cycles in and out after stage 4

• Irregular breathing/pulse• Adrenal and sex hormones increase• “Awake” brain wavesoccur every 90 for 10


• Upon reaching stage 4 and after about 90 to 100 minutes of total sleep time, sleep lightens, returns through stages 3 and 2

• REM sleep emerges, characterized by EEG patterns that resemble beta waves of alert wakefulness– muscles most relaxed– rapid eye movements occur– dreams occur

• Four or five sleep cycles occur in a typical night’s sleep - less time is spent in slow-wave, more is spent in REM


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4

3

2

1

Sleepstages

Awake

Hours of sleep

REM SLEEP



Hours of sleep

Minutesof Stage 4 and REM

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

10

15

20

25

5

Decreasing Stage 4

Increasing REM



• Sleep Disorders: Insomnia, Nightmares/Night Terrors, Sleep Walking, and Sleep Apnea

• People need less sleep as they get older• Babies need 16-18 hours of sleep daily• Teens 10-11 hours, adults 8 hours,• Seniors citizens need 5-6



Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration depressed immune

system greater vulnerability to

accidents


Sleeping and Dreaming• Dreams get longer throughout the night with the last one the most likely to be remembered• Dreams have a purpose according to many psychologists but they disagree on what it is• Sigmund Freud: First to thoroughly study dreams believing they fulfilled hidden wishes• Manifest Content of dreams comes from the re-living of the day’s events in your dreams• Latent Content of dreams comes from repressed unconscious desires, often of a sexual nature


PSYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER 7


Section 7.2Hypnosis …Hallucinations …Meditation

Section Two Pg 191

• Hypnosis• Posthypnotic suggestion• Biofeedback• Meditation

Objectives• Determine how hypnosis

relates to consciousness.• Describe research into

such techniques as biofeedback and meditation.

• Hypnosis: Characterized by a narrow focus of attention and heightened suggestibility

• Hypnotic trance is not sleep, but rather a loss of interest in external distractions

• Subject must be willing to cooperate, and will only do things they normally would do

• Dissociation Theory Vs. Hidden Observer Theory


Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis

• State of subconscious control through focusing

• Certain thoughts, emotions, sensations, and/or memories are separated “out” by your mind

• Can also be reached thru traumatic accidents/events

• Examples:

• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

• Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

• Formerly Multiple Personality Disorder


Hidden Observer Theory of Hypnosis

• When under hypnotic control, awareness of the world around you isn’t “off” – just merely separate

• Person may be “aware” of actions but not have any idea why the action is taking place or how

• How those actions take place is through the “hidden observer”, who is like an autopilot for your mind


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qI47UVChncw

• Posthypnotic Suggestion: Hypnotist gets subjects to do things after trance has ended … normally for treatment of a psychological condition

• Smoking cessation, anxiety relief, weight loss etc.

Non-hypnotized persons can also do this


:Perceptions that have no direct external cause and are not input from the senses

• Causes include hypnosis, meditation, some drugs, addiction withdrawal, psychosis

• Detect increase Dopamine levels in the brain

• Hallucinations are very similar from one person to the next due to brain’s reaction


• Sensory Deprivation: Severely limiting sensory inputs to a person’s brain

• People quickly become irritable, restless, upset and some begin to hallucinate

• Biofeedback: Learning to voluntarily control autonomic nervous system processes with the help of feedback

• Scientists used to believe heart rate, blood pressure, sweating etc. were involuntary


• Meditation: Focusing attention with the goal of clearing the mind to gain “inner peace” (self-hypnosis)

• Mantra: Special word that is repeated over and over causing deep relaxation response

• The Four Elements of Meditation; Quiet, Comfortable, a “Mental Device” (Mantra), & Passive Attitude


CP PSYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER 7


Section 7.3Psychoactive Drugs

Section 3

• Psychoactive drugs• Marijuana• Hallucinations• Hallucinogens• LSD

Objectives• Describe the effects

drugs have on consciousness

• Define drug abuse

• Psychoactive Drugs: Interact with the Central Nervous System to alter mood, perception, and behavior

• Ranges from caffeine to marijuana, alcohol, amphetamines, LSD, Cocaine

Psychoactive Drugs 7.3

• Depressants: Induce sleep, relaxation, impaired judgment/coordination, anxiety relief

• Types include Barbiturates, Quaaludes, Valium/Librium, Alcohol


• Opiates: Induce sedation, pain relief, apathy, impaired intellect/coordination, nausea

• Types include narcotics such as opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, Demerol


• Stimulants: Induce alertness, elevated mood, wakefulness, appetite loss, high heart rate

• Types include amphetamines, Dexedrine, Ritalin, Cocaine, Caffeine, Nicotine


• Psychedelics: Induce distorted thoughts and perceptions, hallucinations anxiety, mood swings, violent behavior

• Types include LSD, Mescaline, PCP, Psilocybin, Marijuana, Hashish


• Antidepressants: Induce relief of depression, mood elevation, stimulation

• Types include Lithium, Dibenzapines, MAO inhibitors



• Inhalants: Cause Euphoria, Shortness of Breath, Nausea, Headache, Dizziness, fainting

•Types include: Hydrocarbons, nitrous oxide, chlorohydrocarbons

• All Psychoactive Drugs have Long-Term negative effects Ex: addiction, withdrawal, paranoia, brain damage, DEATH!

• The Short Term effects of psychoactive drugs last from 1-12 hours depending on the drug used

•Alcohol: Most used/abused mind altering substance in U.S.

Trends in Drug Use


Small Large

Drug dose

Littleeffect

Bigeffect

Drugeffect

Response tofirst exposure

After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect

Tolerance diminishing effect

with regular use

Withdrawal discomfort and

distress that follow discontinued use



Drug Tolerance Potential Addiction Potential(Leads to higher dosage) Psychological Physical

Depressants Yes High Yes

Opiates Yes High Yes

Stimulants Yes High Yes

Psychedelics Yes Low No

Antidepressants No Low No

Inhalants “Unknown” Moderate “Unknown”

Near-Death Experience an altered state of

consciousness reported after a close brush with death

often similar to drug-induced (LSD) hallucinations



• Treatment for drug abuse– The drug abuser must admit that he or she has a

problem.– The drug abuser must enter a treatment program

an/or get therapy.– The drug abuser must remain drug free.

psychology chapter 7 altered states of consciousness sleep and dreams

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