psychoanalytic approach developed by sigmund freud psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy...
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Psychoanalytic ApproachPsychoanalytic Approach
Developed by Sigmund FreudDeveloped by Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is both an approach to Psychoanalysis is both an approach to
therapy and a theory of personalitytherapy and a theory of personality Emphasizes unconscious motivation - the Emphasizes unconscious motivation - the
main causes of behavior lie buried in the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mindunconscious mind
Sex was such a taboo that it may have Sex was such a taboo that it may have caused Freud to become fixated on the caused Freud to become fixated on the subject and leading him to make it the subject and leading him to make it the root cause of neurosis root cause of neurosis
Psychoanalytic ApproachPsychoanalytic Approach
Ego
Rational, planful,mediating dimensionof personality
Id
Irrational, illogical,impulsivedimension ofpersonality
Superego
Moralistic,judgmental, perfectionistdimension of personality
Conscious
Informationin your
immediateawareness
Preconscious Informationwhich can
easily bemade
consciousUnconscious
Thoughts,feelings,
urges, and otherinformation
that is difficultto bring toconsciousawareness
Psychoanalytic- Divisions of the MindPsychoanalytic- Divisions of the Mind Id - instinctual drives present at Id - instinctual drives present at
birthbirth– resides in the unconsciousresides in the unconscious– born with primal urgesborn with primal urges– does not distinguish between reality does not distinguish between reality
and fantasyand fantasy– operates according to the pleasure operates according to the pleasure
principleprinciple– Primary processPrimary process
attempt to achieve gratification (reduce attempt to achieve gratification (reduce internal tensions)internal tensions)
fantasies and dreams fantasies and dreams
Psychoanalytic- Divisions of the MindPsychoanalytic- Divisions of the Mind Ego - develops out of the id in Ego - develops out of the id in
infancyinfancy– understands reality and logicunderstands reality and logic– created to satisfy the Id but within societal created to satisfy the Id but within societal
normsnorms– mediator between id and superegomediator between id and superego– executive of the personalityexecutive of the personality– operates according to the reality principleoperates according to the reality principle– resides mostly in the consciousresides mostly in the conscious– Secondary ProcessSecondary Process
Ego attempts to reduce tensions of the Id within Ego attempts to reduce tensions of the Id within society’s norms in attempt to release pent up society’s norms in attempt to release pent up energyenergy
Psychoanalytic- Divisions of the MindPsychoanalytic- Divisions of the Mind
Superego Superego – internalization of society’s moral internalization of society’s moral
standardsstandards– created by society created by society – responsible for guilt and uses guilt to responsible for guilt and uses guilt to
attain goalsattain goals– operates according to the moral operates according to the moral
principleprinciple– resides mostly in the unconsciousresides mostly in the unconscious
Psychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesFreud’s five stages of personality Freud’s five stages of personality
development, each associated with a development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone (sensitive)particular erogenous zone (sensitive)
LibidoLibido– Energy (Sexual)Energy (Sexual)
Fixation - an attempt to achieve Fixation - an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it was are equivalent to how it was achieved in these stages –stuck in a achieved in these stages –stuck in a stagestage
Oral Stage (birth - 1 year)Oral Stage (birth - 1 year) Mouth is associated with pleasure from Mouth is associated with pleasure from
breast feeding/bottlesbreast feeding/bottles Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not
handled correctlyhandled correctly Fixation can lead to oral activities in Fixation can lead to oral activities in
adulthoodadulthood– Smokers, drinkers, nail biters, lollipop suckersSmokers, drinkers, nail biters, lollipop suckers– excessive eating & talking, chewing pencils excessive eating & talking, chewing pencils
and eating ice cubesand eating ice cubes OptimismOptimism
– Overindulged- optimistic dependent Overindulged- optimistic dependent PessimismPessimism
– Frustrated – pessimistic aggressiveFrustrated – pessimistic aggressive
Anal Stage (1 - 3 years)Anal Stage (1 - 3 years) Associated with pleasureAssociated with pleasure Toilet training can lead to fixation if not Toilet training can lead to fixation if not
handled correctlyhandled correctly Fixation can lead to anal retentive or Fixation can lead to anal retentive or
expulsive behaviors in adulthoodexpulsive behaviors in adulthood– Anal RetentiveAnal Retentive
Neat, orderly, organized, careful, hoarding, Neat, orderly, organized, careful, hoarding, precise, prompt, withholding, passive-precise, prompt, withholding, passive-aggressive, stingy and stubbornaggressive, stingy and stubborn
– Anal ExpulsiveAnal Expulsive Messy, disorderly, disorganized, careless, Messy, disorderly, disorganized, careless,
wasteful, extravagant, reckless, tardy, defiant, wasteful, extravagant, reckless, tardy, defiant, aggressive and stubbornaggressive and stubborn
Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years)Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years)
Focus of pleasure shifts to the Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitalsgenitals
Oedipus or Electra complex can Oedipus or Electra complex can occuroccur– Desire for the opposite sex parentDesire for the opposite sex parent
Fixation can lead to excessive Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in for attention or domination in femalesfemales
Latency Stage (5 - puberty)Latency Stage (5 - puberty)Sexuality is repressedSexuality is repressedChildren participate in hobbies, Children participate in hobbies,
school and same-sex friendshipsschool and same-sex friendshipsGirls/Boys have cootiesGirls/Boys have cootiesSome believe that since there is Some believe that since there is
no sexual expression in this no sexual expression in this stage then it is not really a stage then it is not really a psychosexual stagepsychosexual stage
Genital Stage (puberty on)Genital Stage (puberty on)
Sexual feelings re-emerge Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward and are oriented toward othersothers
Healthy adults find pleasure Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied adults have their energy tied up in earlier stagesup in earlier stages
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
Unconscious mental Unconscious mental processes employed by the processes employed by the ego to reduce anxietyego to reduce anxiety
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms Denial – refusing to accept realities that are too Denial – refusing to accept realities that are too
painfulpainful Displacement - when a drive directed to one activity Displacement - when a drive directed to one activity
by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the egoby the ego
Sublimation - displacement to activities that are Sublimation - displacement to activities that are valued by societyvalued by society
Fantasy – Unconsciously dreaming up false realitiesFantasy – Unconsciously dreaming up false realities Projection - reducing anxiety by attributing Projection - reducing anxiety by attributing
unacceptable impulses to someone elseunacceptable impulses to someone else Rationalization - reasoning away anxiety-producing Rationalization - reasoning away anxiety-producing
thoughtsthoughts Reaction formation - replacing an unacceptable wish Reaction formation - replacing an unacceptable wish
with its oppositewith its opposite
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
Regression - retreating to a mode of Regression - retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of developmentof development
Repression - keeping anxiety-producing Repression - keeping anxiety-producing thoughts out of the conscious mindthoughts out of the conscious mind
Para praxes – Freudian slip; a Para praxes – Freudian slip; a compromise between desire & defensecompromise between desire & defense
Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories: neo-FreudiansTheories: neo-Freudians
Carl Jung’s collective unconscious Carl Jung’s collective unconscious (inherited experiences), (inherited experiences), introversion, extraversion introversion, extraversion
Alfred Adler’s individual psychologyAlfred Adler’s individual psychology Karen Horney’s focus on securityKaren Horney’s focus on security Erik Erikson’s psychosocial Erik Erikson’s psychosocial
developmentdevelopment
Carl JungCarl Jung Division of PersonalityDivision of Personality
– Conscious EgoConscious Ego Perceptions, thoughts and feelingsPerceptions, thoughts and feelings
– Personal UnconsciousPersonal Unconscious Threatening thoughts similar to Freud’s Threatening thoughts similar to Freud’s
unconsciousunconscious
– Collective UnconsciousCollective Unconscious Ancestral memoriesAncestral memories Archetypes: Inherited, general tendencies Archetypes: Inherited, general tendencies
passed on from ancestorspassed on from ancestors– Universal across culturesUniversal across cultures– TypesTypes
Hero- good, courageous, nobleHero- good, courageous, noble Mother- kind, caring and supportiveMother- kind, caring and supportive Animus- male side of the personalityAnimus- male side of the personality Anima– female side of the personalityAnima– female side of the personality Persona- mask to protect egoPersona- mask to protect ego
Alfred AdlerAlfred Adler
emphasized social influence on emphasized social influence on personality development personality development (disagreed with sexual (disagreed with sexual motivations)motivations)
childhood feelings of inferioritychildhood feelings of inferiority– Striving for superiorityStriving for superiority
Failure to overcome physical weakness Failure to overcome physical weakness creates an inferiority complexcreates an inferiority complex
– Fixation on inadequacies Fixation on inadequacies
Karen HorneyKaren Horney First feminist voice in First feminist voice in
psychoanalytical theorypsychoanalytical theory Basic anxietyBasic anxiety
– Anything that disturbs the security of the child Anything that disturbs the security of the child in relation to its parents produce anxiety in relation to its parents produce anxiety
Mother creates neurotic tendency in Mother creates neurotic tendency in childrenchildren
Womb EnvyWomb Envy– Mothers have a stronger connection with their Mothers have a stronger connection with their
children and fathers are enviouschildren and fathers are envious