proximity to mother : cross-sectional and life-course aspects

Proximity to MotherProximity to Mother:: Cross-sectional and Life-course Aspects

Motivation: Spatial availability among family members is important, especially for lower-income population.

Spatial availability is the key channel to provide care-giving for an unhealthy family member, which emerges as a social issue with growing, elderly population.

Yet, proximity among family members is under-explored.

Research Questions: What is pattern of proximity to mother over life-course? Are there disparities of such patterns across economic levels? What are important factors in determining proximity to mother?

Previous Work:[Lin and Rogerson (1995), Rogerson et al. (1993), Clark and Wolf (1992), Lee, Dwyer and Coward (1990)]

Data: Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) - Longitudinal Study (1968 – current) - Main File, Family Mapping File, Geocode Match File

Analysis Sample: Sample:

- PSID Core (SRC + SEO)

- Biological mother identified in PSID sample Unbalanced Sample: Ages 17-50 / 23- 47 in 1984 - 1996 Balanced Sample: - Ages 23 - 35 in 1984 - Stay in PSID in 1984 - 1996

Overall Pattern of Proximity to Mother

Cross-sectional Factors

Life-course Factors

Life-course Events Proportion (Balanced Sample)

Multivariate Analysis Results (Balanced Sample):

Conclusion / Discussion: The lower the income, the closer family members tend to reside to each other. This might be associated with both greater spatial restriction and greater incentive of pooling resources (e.g., risk sharing) Aging mothers’ health problems might reduce significantly the tendency of further proximity to mother among adult children. This might be a reflection of care-giving for unhealthy mothers. Such health impact on intergenerational proximity seems greater for lower-income population.

HwaJung Choi PhD in Economics Research Analyst at Medical SchoolUniversity of Michigan

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

173754

193431

213192

232954

252835

272725

292737

312645

332508

352280

371942

391669

411291

43961

45677

47454

49259

out state

same state

same county

same zip

coresident

Age = N =

Sample: PSID Core, 1984-1996

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

17(962)

20(810)

23(741)

26(721)

29(743)

32(696)

35(629)

38(484)

41(346)

44(203)

47(113)

50(69)

out statesame statesame countysame zip coresident

Age = N =


Lower Economic Group (Bottom 25%)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

17(946)

20(928)

23(807)

26(725)

29(688)

32(658)

35(575)

38(485)

41(354)

44(226)

47(111)

50(40)

out state

same state

same county

same zip

coresident

Age = N =


Higher Economic Group (Top 25%)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Son (N=24583)

Daughter(N=25244)

out state

same state

Gender

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Non-causian(N=18391)

Caucasian(N=27138)

out state

same state

Race

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Years <=12(N=38573)

Years >=13(N=10448)

out state

same state

Mother's Education

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1 sibling(N=11226)

2 or more(N=38601)


Number of Siblings

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Not Rural(N=38601)

Rural (N=11226)

out state

same state

same county

same zip

coresident

Mother Lives in Rural Area

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Years<=12(N=27324)

Years >=13(N=21886)

out state

same statesame countysame zipcodecoresident

Children's Own Schooling

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Not working(N=10883)

Working (N=37043)


Working Status

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Not married(N=23907)

Married (N=25920)


Marital Status

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Fair/Poor(N=42092)

Excellent/VeryGood/

Good (N=5397)

out statesame statesame countysame zip

Mother's Health

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Without spouse

(N=21824)

With spouse

(N=27977)

out state

same state

same county

same zip

coresident

Mother's Sopusal Status

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96Yr=

Child: Schooling>=13

Mother: Poor Health

Child: Married

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96Yr=

Child: Working

Mother: Living with a Spouse

.2.4

.6.8

84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

Mother's Health in Good Mother's Health in Poor

Year =

.2.4

.6.8

84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

Mother's Health in Good Mother's Health in Poor

Lower Economic Group (Bottom 25%)

Mother in Good Health Mother in Poor Health

Predicted Probability: Same Zipcode area with Mother by Mother’s Health and Economic Status

Non-caucasian, lower mother’s education,

fewer siblings significantly

associated with closer proximity

to mother.

Controlling after cross-sectional factors: - Children’s higher education, marriage

and working are associated with

further spatial location from mother.- Mother’s poor health associated with

closer proximity.

Same Zipcode

Child's

-0.096***(0.012)

-0.045**(0.019)

-0.216***(0.021)

Mother's

0.072***(0.020)

0.017(0.021)

Poor Health

Spouse in HH

Marginal Effects of Life-course Factors (N=16860)

Schooling

Working

Married

Same Zipcode-0.014***

(0.003)

-0.008***(0.001)

0.040*(0.022)

-0.128***(0.024)

-0.085***(0.024)

-0.064**(0.029)

0.038(0.034)

Age in 1984

Year

Male=1

Causian=1

Mother's scholing>=13

Number of sibling>=2

Mother in rural area=1

Marginal Effects of Cross-sectional Factors (N=16860)

Higher Economic Group (Top 25%)

Mother in Good Health Mother in Poor Health

proximity to mother : cross-sectional and life-course aspects

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