prospects and opportunities in a changing marine science and policy landscape

Prospects and opportunities in a changing marine science and policy landscape

Dr Luis ValdésHead Ocean SciencesIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO

Ocean Acidification peer review papers & authors per year

Emerging issues since 2004... last ICES ASC in Spain:

Science Language

Ocean acidification Governance

Microplastics Ocean Literacy

Blue carbon Human dimension

Dead zones Blue growth

.... ....

Emerging issues since 2004... last ICES ASC in Spain…

… a changing marine science and policy landscape

Science Language

Ocean acidification Governance

Microplastics Ocean Literacy

Blue carbon Human dimension

Dead zones Blue growth

.... ....

Emerging issues since 2004... last ICES ASC in Spain…

A World of Science?

Mapping the EU marine landscape

The science-policy interface

Prospects on marine sciences

Outline


Outline

Science and innovation

Science for sustainability

New scientific knowledge

USA UK

National Regional

Global (NGO) Global (UN)


Outline




Valdés, L, L. Fonseca and K. Tedesco. 2010. Oceanography, 23: 160-175

Multiple stressors

Possible effects of combining different stressors:

Amplification, Compensation, Resilience

Valdés, L, L. Fonseca and K. Tedesco. 2010. Oceanography, 23: 160-175

13

Core projects started since release of AGENDA 21

1992 2002 2012

Post-Rio?

141992 2002 2012

Future earth

Core projects started since release of AGENDA 21


Outline




1992• UN Conference on Environment and Development

(UNCED)

2002 • World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)

From Rio 1992 to Rio+20

2012• UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD)

EconomyInvesting in new opportunities, innovation & sustainable activities

SocietyPromoting well-being & equal access to services& resources

EnvironmentPreserving ecosystems and their potential

ScienceProducing new knowledge, common understanding & an integrated vision

Space equityDeveloping

geographical balance in access & use of marine

resources

Time equityManaging the means of

subsistence for inhabitants of today & generations to come

Policy makingFostering good ocean governance

BLUE SOCIETYOceans of new opportunities for all

No Science= No Sustainability

SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABILITY

18

Call to scientific community to provide data to achieve massive reduction of marine debris.Commitment to implement measures on invasive species

Investigate climate change, sea level rise & coastal erosion.

Call for ocean acidification initiatives

Call for support in international cooperation for coral reefs

Substantial section on oceans with 20 paragraphs addressing:

Rio+20 Follow up Document The Future we want


19

Call for sustainable fisheries

Called for support for SIDS; implementation of Barbados Programme of action & Mauritius strategy

BPOA

Commitment to protect, restore health, productivity, resilience of the ocean; to maintain the biodiversity, to enable sustainable use

Call for full implementation of the World Ocean Assessment

Need for international cooperation in marine research & transfer of technology according to IOC guidelines.

Substantial section on oceans with 20 paragraphs addressing:



• Contribute to the full implementation of the outcomes of all major summits in the economic, social and environmental fields

• Focus on priority areas in the Rio Outcome document.

• Address in a balanced way all 3 SD dimensions

• Integrated into the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015.

•To be approved by UNGA 69th session (2014)

Decision on a set of global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)



Rio+20 launched an intergovernmental process to develop a set of SDGs, building upon the Millennium Development Goals, following these principles:


Outline




Private sector Business

Genetic andPharmaceuticals

Renewable energy from the sea could one day enable the world to end its reliance on fossil fuels.

One of the advantages of tidal, wave and wind power is the predictability. If an energy buyer wants a specific amount of power in five years' time, tidal movements, waves and winds can be forecast accurately enough to provide for a precise future requirement.

The fact that the industry is at such an early stage in its development and not yet fully competitive (wave power is now at the stage wind power was 20 years ago) means that investors have an opportunity to buy into a fledgling industry that is set to grow quickly over the coming years.

Marine Ren. Energy

In future, oceans will be continuously subject to natural and to human pressures for change. Global warming is a fact confirmed by scientific evidence and it will be, it is being, the central environmental concern of our times. More and new research has to be done to fully understand and evaluate the impacts of climate change in the oceans and to internationally cooperate to monitor the effects of CC and Ocean acidification. Societies are demanding from policymakers proactive positions towards respecting the sustainable use and management of natural resources and mitigate the impacts of global warming. Sustainable development will depend on our ability to manage future ocean changes. In the next 10 years, social pressure will encourage policymakers to reach agreements regarding limits on carbon emissions and set up planetary boundaries for other anthropogenic impacts.

Future Earth (ICSU) and the UN Sustainable Development Goals are providing the ground to establish some new large international research programmes following the legacy of other past successful initiatives.

The blue economy/growth is underpinning in science and innovation. The private sector needs to work closely with the marine scientific community to maximize the opportunities.

Prospects and opportunities

A World of Science?




Outline

Environmental Policy has been generally been driven by science (e.g. side effects of pesticides, thinning of ozone, health effects of mercury, CO2 for climate change).

Science is key to generating acceptance and legitimising policy intervention.

Scientists feature among the voices more «trusted» by citizens.

Environmental indicators and trends need to rest on solid scientific evidence.

The entire policy cycle from ideas to policy implementation & review must rest on a firm technical and (constantly evolving) scientific base.

Setting the scene (science)

Democracy depends upon the policymakers having the best knowledge of the consequences of their decisions. Research has shown that politicians are generally scientifically illiterate and therefore have to depend upon scientific expert committees to obtain this knowledge. Membership of these committees is not democratic and this introduces bias.

Over time, environment policies have evolved from being very targeted to being more holistic which implies more knowledge demands, in particular to characterise the added complexities and uncertainties of integrated issues having long term consequences.

Setting the scene (policy)

Main Assessment reports


Europe

The field of knowledge is the common property of all mankind, and any

discoveries we can make in it will be for the benefit . . . of every other nation, as

well as our own.

Thomas Jefferson (1807)


Europe

Science-policy interfaces(translating science into the advisory process)

IPCCIPBESWOA

SOFIA MSFD

Scientific ProgrammesConventions

IOCWMOFAOIMO

UNEPEC-EU

GOOS, IOCCPWCRP, IGBP, DIVERSITAS

UNFCCC, CBD LC, BALLAST, OSPAR, MSFD

Scientific knowledge and policy interface

via COP SBSTA

Example of Science-policy Architecture for Climate knowledge

Scientific knowledge and policy interface

IPCC report process: scientific drivenOcean Science meets Policy

Criteria for best practice

• Scientific independence, excellence and credibility

• Geographically balanced: representation of the global scientific community.

• Interdisciplinary knowledge and information

• Transparency of the process(es).

• Good communication by scientists about processes, strengths and limitations of their work.

• Open, inclusive, including also major civil society actors and the private sector (participatory approach) (?)

IPCC report process: scientific drivenOcean Science meets Policy

AR5

The phisycal science basis

There is a need for increasing translation of scientific knowledge on links between ocean health, ecosystem services and human well-being into specific policy action. However, there is a long time gap between scientific findings and policy responses.

It is necessary to continue develop strategic interfaces (e.g. MSFD, WOA, IPBES, IPCC) to strengthening science-policy links among organisations (e.g. IOC, FAO, WMO, EC, etc.) and Convention/multilateral environmental/sustainable development agreements (e.g. CBD, UNFCCC) at the regional and global levels.

It is a must to follow “best practice” to ensure high quality, independent,

policy relevant, and “geo-politically” legitimate scientific information and advice.


A World of Science?




Outline

© Valdes. L., 2013

EU Marine International Scientific Councils EU Regional Fisheries Organizations EU Regional Conventions UN conventions and treaties EU legal framework on marine/maritime affairs Think tankers European specialized agencies European Marine Scientific Clusters European Maritime Clusters

Databases International Programmes (IPO in Europe) Funding instruments Reporting Processes UN specialized agencies with marine/maritime mandate Other marine International Organizations in Europe Main Marine/Maritime NGOs in Europe Other main International NGOs UN Funding instruments

GESAMP UN-OCEANS

GEF WB-GOP

UNESCO-IOC UNIDO WMO WB IHO OECD

GREENPEACE CI PEW SCAR SCOR GOF

Periodic Table of the European Marine/Maritime Elements

CBD FAO IAEA IMO ISA UN-DESA DOALOS UNDP UNEP

ICSU IUCN POGO IDDRI WON MCF SEAS AT RISK WWF PLAST SOUP

IhoIsa De Do Dp Ep Ido WbWmoIocImoIaeaFaoCbd Oec Ge UN

Gef GpoIcsu Iucn Po Idi Sea Wwf Ps Gp Ci Pew Sca Sco GofWon Mcf

ARCIC ICES CIESM BLACK

NEAFC GFCM NASCO ICCAT

OSPAR HELCOM BARC BUCA

Ar Ices Cies Bsc

As AtMfAf

Os He BcBa

ESF

MB

ERC

EEA

EMSA

JPI

DRAEGER

PRINCE

CALOUSTE

EFCA

JRC

ERA

ESA

WCRP IGBP DIVERSITAS IHDP GOOS GEO-GEOSS IOCCP GLOSS HAB

EMSEA MYOCEAN GMES MARS MARBEF CORIOLIS EMECO EUROCEAN EFARO

WISE Vol ob ship ECORD OCE ENERGY ENMC EMEC OGP CMASV RACS

EMODNET PSMSL OBIS IODE ICES FP7 OCEAN TOMHORIZON 2020 NSF-MSIPCC SOFIA IPBES WOA

EU EU EU EU EU EU EU

EU EU EU EU EU EU EU

UNCLOS UNFCCC LC/LP BALLAST CITESSTOCKOLMCBD

Jpi

Df

Pa

Gul

Erc

Mb

Esf

Eea

Msa

Fc

Jrc

Esa

Era

IcesIodeObisSlEnet Cc WoaBsFa NsfFp Ot H20

Los Ccc Lp Bw StCb Ci

Msp Acc Bg Bs Re Msf Imp

CfpMs Bw Wf Ha Na

MyoGes Mar BefMse EfaEuoCor Eco

Sp FishOgWise OdrVos Eng Clu Meg

Cr Gb Bd Hd Oo Geo Oc Sl Hab

OSPAR SR HELCOM MSFDNAt Bal EuW

41


TODAY

FUTURE

The EU as a key player in Ocean Governance:

Joint directions towards an integrated maritime policy/marine strategy

Enhance communication between the clusters to ensure a broad ecosystem focus

Combine marine and maritime interests for a better development of coastal regions

Prepare ourselves to use the science policy landscape in our own benefit as a vehicle to reinforce and add value to marine scientific research and to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and technology to third parties

A World of Science?




Outline

43

Citation map of the world where the area of each country is scaled and deformed according to the number of citations received, which is also indicated by the color of each country

Pan et al., 2012. Nature/scientific reports, 2: 902, DOI: 10.1038

Science today - transfer of knowledge?

GLOBAL OCEAN SCIENCE REPORTGLOBAL OCEAN SCIENCE REPORT

FEASIBILITY & DEMAND SHOWN BY:National activities, e.g. Canada & Belgium (2013)

GLOBAL OCEAN SCIENCE REPORTGLOBAL OCEAN SCIENCE REPORT

49

Citation map of the world where the area of each country is scaled and deformed according to the number of citations received, which is also indicated by the color of each country

Pan et al., 2012. Nature/scientific reports, 2: 902, DOI: 10.1038

Science today - transfer of knowledge?

…Protect our Oceans…together

¡Thank you!www.ioc-unesco.org

Principles of Scientific assessments (e.g. IPCC, WOA, IPBES, MSFD)

• Establish the current knowledge on a given problem and its future risks; most include assessments of options for action.

• Need to be repeated or updated periodically (concerns about time lags)

• Based on interdisciplinary scientific research and knowledge

• Participatory approach

Ocean Science meets Policy

• Conflicting priorities and policies,

• Lack of monitoring and coordinated reporting

• Capacity gaps between developed and developing countries

• Limited educational, training and technical capacity and financial resources

• Ineffective enforcement of obligations

Problems we face – barriers to break down

Much related to perception that full implementation requires trade offs among pillars of sustainability

GOVERNMENT

Administration

Society

Hierarchicalrelationship

GOVERNANCE

Plurality of actors

Public & private organizations

Integrative and Interdependent relationships

Government vs governance: A paradigm shift

Jones N., H. Jones and C. Walsh. 2008. Political Science? Strengthening science–policy dialogue in developing countries. Overseas Development Institute, Working Paper 294 (ISBN 978 0 85003 878 1)

Setting the scene